Number 1 - Australian Acoustical Society

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EDITORIAl. CQMMITI EE;
[mery Schubert
JohnSmilll
CONTE NTS
Vol 33 No l
April 2005
Joe Wolle
BUSINESS MANAGER:
Mrs Leigh Wallbank
AcausllcsA utl ralia
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AcoustiC$Auslrillil
AlIf dilariillMan erl
(oo't dos," I'O'S-_,lIO<t-'_I"OII4 _ 1
rne tditors. accustes Austrillia
Schoolot Physics
University 01NewSouth Wales
Svdne~ 2052 Australia
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_.acoustics asnau
Auslralil nA«!ustiCI ISociety
fn~ u l rin see pl g e 40
PAPERS
Control of Eccentr ic Building Vib ratio n with Base Iso lation
Helen Wu, Bob Fltzell & Blian Sa mali
• . Page 7
An fnexpenefve DIY Impact hammer fo r Vib ratio n A nalysis of B u il d in g s
Carl How ard •
•
Page 13
Some Current Issues in Computer Modelli ng for Room Ac ousti c Design
Yourog-JIChol & Denail Ca br. ..
• •• . Pag e 19
Meas ure ment 01 th e Eff ec t on vro uns 01 Ag ein g and Play i ng
Ra Inta , J ohn Smith & Joe Wolle . . .
. .. . _.. . . . .. . ... .
. Page 25
FORUM
A Code of Ethics fo r the Au st ralian Ac ou sti c al Society
Ferg u!lFric ke .
. . • • • • . • • • • • • • . . . • • • . . . • • P8 1J1'3 1
Ob it.,ary • .
Aeoustics Australiaispub lishedbyltlt
Auslra~i1n
AcouslicalSociety
(AB,N,28<XlO712 658)
RosponsibilHy lor the comems 01
aniGles and advenisernents r&S
lsupor ,
Ihe comribUlnrs and not the Auslralian
/lcouslical Soe'ely. Articlesare copynghl.
by t ~ Australian Acoustical Socle!y
All anicles. bUI not TethniUl NQles or
cornribuhons to AooustK;s Forum. a f ~
stnt to relerees lor pelIr revlowbefore
acceptance. AcnoS!JCS Australia Is
ablilracledillldindexed " lIllPllC.lnQof\Y
Compendil and AcollShC$ AI'(hivlIs
--
M eeti ng
R epol1 ~ . •
Fut ufll M&/lliog • • • .
Oiafy . . .
.
39
• • •. •..... . ... . .... . . . . .. 39
Pnnted by
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Cover illus/ra/ion: Two of tho resonant modes 01 a violin /lack
ISSN081H03 9
Vo l. 33 April (2005) No. 1 - 1
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A Sustaining Memb., of .... AUllrolion AcOU'hcoI Society
2 · Vol. 33 April (20061 No. 1
mmI'
Bradford
Insulation
Excellence in
Acoustics
fostering and rewarding
exce llence in acoustics
Entries due June 2005
www.acoustics.asn.au
Acoustica Austral ia
may be of ~e""", l ;nl........' 10OUr memb.:n
Firstly, ]' d like to n lcn d a plann-silc"<! but do nOl need 11 formal I~hnlcal ~
ne.... commerc ial offi ce de¥c1upm e:t11 in the
thank you lOall youst ar gat.ing thrills«ken;
cily. To l'Yand~'cl hecl icntsomemoocy
Cos m ic Nols e C o ns pira...) ' Shorkt' r!
for your colourful co mments R~a,ding my
ch<:" p, but ultimale ly , oc, ,,,.. f,,1 alll'm pl
review
Speal ing
of
new
a ppoi nl,ncnts.
congra lllbti on ~ ar e in or der for louis
Apparcnll)'.a b,icf was received about a
it " '85 dec ided lhal hel;au'C' ba<lgrt, .md
no;..., mea,u,,-'fTIro~ Iud been maok a lmost
~tl ;:I:;~h~IO~:I;::~a~li~~i,;7: :n~:ri~~~ ~h:~~i~b::Oof":~ 7;~:I:YO;'::~~I::i"w;~~ op~ile
the
51((. there wa~ Il > reed [0
~~~:;::~~~a~:nr,::~~~:~~~pepa~ ~~ ~:~: i~oa~nr;'~~I:,~;~;f ~:ii~cc:a:rl~~'~~ ~;::::r: ~:n::~'n~~il~::",::~:
any a~'QU>tic enf!i""'-'T' S 100100\. ;1 etso
pro,'r<!lMl SOfl1('Ql1e other than m~ mum
reads this column
.
.
S urpnsmgJ~, after .pcod ll1~ hleraH~
about the counlry' . top 100 enl!ineers, Can fur m~"Chan ical planl "' .. re~ie"' t'd end
I j ust sa~ lllal it i s fa nlasl ic to s....., (me of our
,,"Commendalions made. Ooce the dc~ ign
members beinl.l I\:eugni",d fur lheir , l ills was completed. a report "'01> prepared 10
and contribulion 10 .. ",iet~, we , h"uld all SUpIXl" the DA and ,,:nlto lh.. e1ic,,1bt:lilre
Sc,enl" l. J uneanh ed a c(mli"" nllal draft
""
",>ling thaI I w," ranled lo r
in lhe same rankini'. Ck."rl~ I should ha~e
il
e1ienl required
compliance tesling.... a I~-c hn ical " Ilk er
engmccr"
On a mOrc sobermg nolc, I' m s"d 10
report tha l d ~e for health ",a >oIlS, Ken M,lI
recently resigned a.~ a NSW eommluee
~,"ber. Ken was also a Nalio1lal Councillor
"nd had heen Pres i de~ l Of lhc AAS for lhe
laSl 2. years, KC11 Will no.... "" .""votlng
lontion on the map. he made a fewc"'lu irie<.
and I" " l cd OUI he wa.<at lhe wmng end of
the CBD from the de,·e1opmcnl. Ne\ er
m1l1d, a qu,d cah " de IHI,"I'he " as al
lhe new b ~i ldi nl/. ,mden akinll I ~sl ing . Thc
nexi day a report was is> u ~-.J to the client
contirrning all aspects 'l l' lhe design mel
~~I~:;~i:mpo:;n~::~:::cs m: f ~~~en~~\;
r::,0flh
W;;"::U;d~~a~O~a~:;llhe
~~:~o~O~S;~~I:~,U1p:;;~~~~~~\~~~; ~lnm:U;:I~i~ C: t:i~~~e: .~: .. as~llOthcnew dc, e1upmt'lll .. il haeop~
~~e:~~~: :~.~d;~~an:~;~,e~~l~:;:~n~~ 7::~:~~i~a~:~~~tn;:~~~~~a.od~:;r ~i:: : : ::: n :'~71:e::~::I;::~~::
~N':rl~~07:e~~c:~~e~~~:~n ~:~I~:~~ :~~
recipos for Beel'Stmg:motl", M ~ Elhnian is
a teue rusty mcse days. however I I,.-a. ahle
10 deduce lhal mcan moon nois<:can he
calculaled as follows
Mean <>rl>iling Sp«d ,\ Gravitalional Pull'
Wiod , pced in Slockholm
The report read and looh odhke a qWlIJI~
piece of wild thaI any AAS member ""0010.1
he proud of unlil 'n'ad lite far-reltChing
noise control recommen.lalions
Reduce lIloun speed
(iri nd surf.ce of m,~ m smOOlh 10 reduce
lurbulence
;,~:~
moon trawl limes 10
\~'~ D a'ld even though I Lnew Iilt~ of his
p...,f.-.sio",lI worlc in ;\coo.lics, I Lnew he
wn pa» .. ""ale about ee induslry and Ihe
soo:ic1) mto which h.: pul an "",m no...
~m ""nl of effort. Ken had lI«n llle dri,'ing
f,II",....,n preparinl( and winning ee bid for
lhe appropriate ~·rile~a. in p:lnieular the
lraffic nOIse mg~ss . So how eome the QA
e...."Ck~ dl dn' I p,d lhe de~dopmenladdress
and Sli e plan were 1.. 0 dlfferenl places.
more i mpnrtanl l~ the di~'fIl never nonced
and even moee surprising neither did lhe
Council? 111<: mind hoggles!! P~'fhaps
da~ligh( :~:I~~n~::;~'·;;:~.:;t~~d::'?nt,n I2~~~~~ ~~:c:=~~ W~~:h'7: ;;:: ~:h:~
~U:;~;'ngbam::;;ria~l:~l~n a e~7n~m:~
surtecc d<.'fIsil~ Ilf OJ
"e li'e Nui", Coo\(ol
=:~§hearing dcfendm
;::~'~m: ~::a:~:i :~erl~~:'~~:l h~~
10 all
zs:
cnnlrll>~tl0n and
~~~d 1;:e~'~u~~I~~I~C~ J~ ~~:~/~:~
pfUf~'Ssioo
"A S ('/In recogmsc hrs
h ' s a greal ren,inder tl1JI as •
full moon, it will come around very quickly.
,,:e should be foc used on understandrng the
h'g picture and USIMIl unr ears and heads
Ii~ing ~~"h~;~=a~i:':~:~~~~:~l::e~d~;:,:cek ;~v:~~:Jil~d::;~:'~:~::~:~ ~h:;n~::;~f::
spo~:~~~si:;r:Zat~:":'::":;"I= in~
in real reports. conelusi"e proof lhal ,,'e
all have m lel 1!ra , i l~ h ...,pollr f~ on lhe
ground and exercise cml1mon_;cnse at all
nmcs
So down 10 busilk'SS, I would like III
to all me d ubs . nd SOCielies where hi:
was a 111<.'111her. I think ~ou' 11all agree Ihal
we need mon: IX,,,,,lc willi Ken' ~ anilude
and approach. The AAS will miss Ken' s
comribuli ~. he ""id l~l he fell he:coul.ln' t
do half .. JO ~ and I >1110.1 lu 111mal lhe lIme
make little differencc,
S.. Ihal' s it from me for now. Please
don' t forgetlhal if you have an~ in lere~l ; n g
link an~m"" or slories lhat yoc ...anl 10
sh. re with ~'el')'ooe, I " ould love 10 hear
from )'ou. Unl,...~ of cou""-')'our 'IOries are
::~:~ :.,;:;n;nW~;~;c~I{:~; ~~~~o~: :~:~ :al~l;j:,~bfr~:~n:~7: " 0010.1 he he~ler ~~~:,:,~.n min..-in .. h~h ca~ k«1' I~em
Wolfc. l look ror.... rdl u yuuan d your lcam
che excellem .. andards lhal ha~e
been set, as "ell as injt"Cling a fresh
pt:rspect i,'e on pushinl!lh e OOuodariesand
exploring I1('W . ' t'llll..... 1>00' I forgef lliefC
i, an Arnu. ..cs Forum, for J'IlIpo~ which
eom inllin~
a lread~
So howahoul "'l1le" t th"s." n1eft'\lI~
SlOrieS l l'mmi..-d ~IlU. t' m di...pptltntcd 10
reIX'" lhal nil one ha< " een brave enough
lo scndm e any slorics " , l'm lloing lo start
uSoffwi lh 011(' of my own. Are ~ou silling
eomfor1.<lbly1
)
l'
l
l~Il .I·
tr.=.
Vol.33 April (200S) No. 1 - 3
A
NATA
V
ACC REDITED FOR
TECHNICAL
WORLD RECOGNISED
COMPETENCE
ACCREO ITATION
4 -\lQ1. 33 AprIl (2005) No. 1
This is the flrst edittc n of Acou stics Auslrulia 10 have been
produced by the team of Marion Bu rgess. Enl<:l)' Schubert,
Ju hn Smi th and Joe \Vo lfe, all of the Univershy ofNew South
Wales,
So we are happy with the co ntent fonn at Of lh is i" ue. BU1are
you? Wha t wo uld yo u like thejcumalto bct Arc there any
tnp ics that we shoo ld consider ror a ~f!'-"I;ia l topic issue, or on
which w'e sho uld in\ 'ile an art icle uoman expe rt?
newest of AcoesucsA uslrah~ ' s ~adcr.; w ill he un·
~1l."'A: of t lle e xcrdkn l work thaI hasbo:'endor>C,ovcrsever.a1
yea ...., by the prt"viuus ed ilOrial t..amof Marion Burgess, ""cv .
ille Fk tcher and Juse ph Lai. lhcy ha\' ehand..-d o verJKIt o nly
a jo urna l in gond health,but a set of cardu lly \Hi Uen inslruc·
ti", ,, on how lllrun il. Even better, Mario n has slayed on as
cd itur n r lhe News Notes sect ion and adv ise r un II range of
maller.;. So n ur co ngratu lalion s and than ks to her, to Neville
artd 10 Jose ph . The lHJsiness ma nager, Leig h Wnllban k,a ndthe
printl'r,5..'tlt tW illiams of Cronulla Prin ting Co Pty Ltd, are unI'hang etd, and locir exp<:rti..... ha~ made life ea.,y fUTthe nov ice
1,,'1I m. Our thank S-,too . 10 rcvic wers , nearly all o f whom ha" e
ht."I;O\l'ryp rom pt andhdptul
In sc bolarly pub-lishi ng,i l is norma lly thccaselhatllnt: ' sup<:'
ricocc i:llirslas"naulhor.secondasare~ic"er,,,nd lhi rda~an
edi tor It i~ certa;o ly theca.....fur us. Recalli ng whe n we "ere
Ilcginn inltauthors, we ad mit to ha \'ing regarded edi tors an d
revie we rs as ba rriers tubeo\'eroom e on 1hc w'ay tnthe gllal of
l' ublk atio n. We q uickl y realised. of m urs-e, that lhc ehanges
requ ired mak e our papers bcncr and so we sho uld be g rate fu l,
despi te the i nc()n ~ en i ence. As authors,one may se e editors as
umpircs arbitral ing bel\\ ,,, n o nc ' s ck arly rea"'lIK"t! argum CJll
andthe aSloni shing incompreh en sio n u rt he unsee n foe s, next
as linie ky sl)'k pu lice, antllinally as incompe tents who overs.:~<lel a)·" who su perv ise lhe reductio n of one' s works of an
10 unreso lvab jy sm all ~i7e and who stifle rhe origi na lity of
une' s grammara ndspclling
Onl y the
We have also bee n fortuna jcin rhutboth artides and ad vcrtis ing have con un ucd to arri ve, which kee ps the jou rnal heal thy
both imellectually and financially. Wea re pleased to lead this
issue with an arti cle from a team of aco ustic ians working in industry. and addressing the topical issue of eart hquakes {SCOtl,
hold page o ne!) , Th is is fo llowed by three paper s from aca demic r esearch laborat o ries , The Forum co ntin ues in this issue.
with an n .•.ay propo sing changes toth e Au...", han A~'uu"' \I:;d
Socie ty' • Code of Ethics .
An nld sa) 'ing C'Mm~cls: .. Never crit icise a ma n until you' \ ' 1.'
w41kcda milein hisshocs. lltatw ay, wbe n hehcars )'uureriticom, yo u'll be a mile away- and you' II have h i ~ shoe s." Having walkcd in the shoes ofNe\'iIl c' s leam (and big shoes the )'
arc to nil), we have so far no criticisms. Hut we d o have some
"" w 1M-np<:<;ti, ~
n Jsome """,. Wkl CS,
J(>t. J101k, £ lfIt ry Sclruhal. Julin Smith
SUSTAINING MEMBERS
The follo,,'ing are S"'lai",r ~ M..~nf t""Au,t",han Arou,t ;,:al Socic1y. Full conbcl det.i l, a",.,·.iL.blc frum
a>n ...'''l l'. ust. ini"i.php
......"""''''''lic..
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VoI , 33 April (2005 J No. 1 · 5
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6- Vol. 33 April (2005) No. 1
CONTROL OF ECCENTRI C BUILDI NG
VIBRATION WITH BASE ISOLATION
Helen Wu l , Bo b Fit n ·n l • m j an Sa ma il!
I Acoust ic Groo r . Hyde r Co nsu lting Ply lid. 116 Mille r St, No rth Sydney. NSW 2060 . Austra lia
2 Faculty of En gi ~rin g. Uni' -c['l;ily ofT.,.;h nology, Sydney, NSW 2001, A usualia
lb..:-iwlalion isfoundelTC<:I;'·ein ~ ll<'inSlorsinnal""'f'O'1scoflJl'U<:Iu<n...illlma>.se.;CI:fllricity"'...., ,'u...jel.1 <."d toe. ,.,hquakes. In rhrs
.rudy . dy....mic characlcri.tic. of an """e nt,;c fi,'c-s,ore y ben<hmar1<modd , ,....I.oIC'" ,,-nil b miTI:Ilc'd ", ~r hrarinJ" t LRB) and lead W IC:
ruN>er bearing.s ( LC RR). 'w re coom ined using . ,h •• er tallie and four dilTertnl rmu nd molioo... TM rOflI>.j....ke-<n " t. m ~rformallC. of
l k 13;mel lCkB isolator wa, cvolu.h,d . II " a. obse rved ,lIal bot h lnm s\-ctK .oo 1~1 N.
""f'O""'C'"fIT ~&(nl flranl l y red uced ,,'itb the
.ddi ti" " or an LRB or LCRR i,o lah.'\Isys tem regard le<.<of groo nd motion inpUI. ll ollicv.r. th. LRFI.. as ident,fied. o he mure clT""l i,," than
I.CRll in n,dueing relative lursional , nille. mudel rcloti" e displacCTTKnts•• ecd er. tiot" and angular .c ccle"' i,,us. atld therelore, pnw ided :l
b<'ucr protoclion of lhc , up"15tructoJe ., td ilsc ontcnl,
INTRODUCTION
Gro und motion s rrod O\.~d by severe earthqua l<L'S are o llen
quae damagin g 10 structures and their co ntems. Co n\ entional
eanh quake-resisumtdesignsuIlL'flfO\: usonlhestreng lhe ning
of struc tures to resist suc h di, lul'banc..... and av oid struc lural
conepse. whi'[st lill ie anc mion ia givcn to tbe preve ntion of
da ma b'e· U' ingsuch desi gn arrroa chcs, il i,almo, ti mpll" ible
to consuu ct co mpretcry " ean hqecke-proof" strucrures shara re
blllhrcaw nable ill cus tand aeMhct ica lly acc cptable
Sc ismi<;isola tion of the build ing structure is an efflcicut
design sc heme tha t ca n sue<.'t.").$fully red uce earthq uake
loading 10 improve sa fety and red uce build ing da mage ( I).
A scism icall)' iso laled slru<;l u~ can ha \'e a fundament al
fn:'1ueney co llsi....'Tllb lyl.w. ·crlhan the fundam ental fl'l."quency
ofthe sarne structure beilt ...itboutisolation andalsolowerth en
lhe usual prctlum inanlfn,q u.end es of a lypieal earthq uake (2 ]
Th isis ac hie\ ed by moum ing the structure on a sc t of iso lalo rs
that pro"i de low b orizoma l , til1'n" ,s, thereby shifting the
fundamcn talfre<Jucn ey of the slr uctureto amuchluw...r v~ l uc .
Asa rcsuh,most defo nna lio ns oc curwi lhilll hc iso iali onkvcl ,
all<lw ing the supc rslruc turc to rcmain essenlia lly undefo r mcd
and able 10 mo ve like a rigid hody. This techn iq ue prevents
damage 10 the st ructural ant! non structur al com po ncnts cfthe
build ing II].
Howev er; a rea l "'·orld strucmrc is usually ecc entric ,
meani ngits ct'nlrcof slilr",:~ i s o II'Cl fromi ts crll\re .. flTlllS>
Som e slruL1urcs arc inhere ntly cec<::nlric, d ue to an as) m mc lrie
lloorplan{usuall y d iL1a ted bY lhe needs of lhcbuildin g
occ upa ncy) lca din g to an asym mclric la)'oul of the struc tural
membe rs, orma)' 1Ieccccn trie d uc 10 Ihc lucatiun of stairwclls
endlift-shafts, c tc. Whc n a lranw crse mod e is cOlll' lcd toa
rotationa l mode. arising fromth... ecccnt rieil y, thC lorsiunal
eompo ncnl of scism ic responses will be amplified if ccJ1ain
co ndition s are mct
Up to no w, studies of lhe seis mic be haviou r of asym metric
Slnl crure5,c>pcciallyusi ngshaker labletcsts, havehcenvery
l im ited.Asa l'l.'Sult.undcf'!<umd ing oftherolcandc n"''<.1iven~''''-'
o f rubber bea rings in prolL'C1i ngeccenlricstroelurcs ha.\
rema in...d limited . Con "equen tly, expe rimcnt al stud ies o n thc
response ofeccentric struc tural systems wuh base iso lalors
....iIlprov idc"al uable i nsi ghllOth ist~"Chniquc .Wd l-cond u.etcd
e~pe:rimL'fllalion ....ill pro vide da ta for ana l)'sis and design
o f suc h structures isola ted with rubber b.:arings . Thi s paP""
dcsc rthes asenesofsh akCTla bletcstsdL",ignc-d to e \"aluate
lhc se ismic pt.'rform ance of an eccentric five-'lO re)" bu ilding
m,"k l subjecte d to vari ous sim ulated ea rthq uake inputs. Tile
effective ness of two ru bhcr isolation sy <tem. against tors ional
response is in ws tigatL"C1in de tail lu a" ist lUJ1hcr dew lol' menl of
new and etfe ctive iso lation systems fu r asym metri c stru cture s.
EX PERB-1ENTA L STUUIK"i
Ftve-stcrey benchm ark sled model
l'iguJC1, [ ce. ntric fi.e ·""rcymodcl ....ith isol. ''' rs
The expenmcntal benc hma rk build ing model, huving
dim ens ions uf 1.5111 x 1.0111 X Jm.odesigncd by Sumal i [J ],
offers the flexihi lity needed lU lUoo el and les l varinu~ bu ild ing
configurations. Th e ecce ntric mode l was created by add ing a
IOtal of 350 kg mass 10 u",,"side of a sym metrical concen tric
Sled frame we il;hing 1200
as shown in Figure I. The
addition al 350 " g rna' s con sisted of 140 steel disks equall y
"g,
Vol. 33 April (2005j ,,",0. 1 · 7
di.slril>uled 011the front sid e of each floor. This produ ces an
ecee ntric i1yo fO. 125L, w helT Lis the widrb oftb e Bo...r, This
leve lofC<.'Cenlrici ty is rcga rdedll.s moderateeccen1rieity.
CHARACT ERISTICS 01-' R U88ER REARIS G
ISO LATO RS
The laminated robber bearings ( LR B) used in rhts study
cn m,ist('dof2.5 thin rullbo:r slledswith a she<:t thickness of
2.2 mm and 2.5 thm layer ed steel plates eac h 1.8 mm thicl .
The rut>ncr sbeers were vulcanized and bonded unde r press ure
and heat so as to alternate Wilh each lhin ~ 1~1 plate. Th e dTed
echjeved by indud ing the inne r stcd pla k s is to contro l the
shapc factoror each ela stomeri c rubbcr layer, so as to preve nt
latera l bulg ing. a,;b ievi" g a "e rtica l stifTness a pproximately
5(~l l irnes the lateral stiffness of 22 0 kNrn · l . Thi s en sures a
large \'Crtica l loa d carry ing ca pacity. Ho rizo ntal flexibility is
pro vide d thro ugb shear de forma t iOlt of the individua l rubl>cr
shee ts , The o verall dim ensions ofthe lami nated bear ing use d
for the ex peri me nl were 120, 120 , l rx'm m. Two thick.
mo unling s1ecl plales (200 x 200x20 mm) were bonded to
the botto m and lop surfaces ofe aeh lamin ated bear ings so as
t... pro vide for conn'....tion fixings 10 the shak.cr table an d to the
supcrstrue t ure,asshowni n f igurc l .
The configura tion and dimensi"n s of lead core ru bber
bearin g' (LC RB) (Fi~urc 2) were the ....me as I.R R hut a lC1ld
plug with a diameter of 30 mm was inSl.'r1ed ir no a ma chined
hole al lheccnternfeachbeari ng .l nadd'1ion10 1h~c1astomer1c
chara.:te ris1ics o rusc LRK type, a furthc r energy d issipalill n
mechan ism can be ach ieved with the LC RB due 10 the plasuc
defo rma tion of the lead plug. A lead ru bbe r bearing also
pro vides initial rigid ily under lateral l>I.'rv iec 111
00 ... slleh as
d uring wind loads . due IU lhe hig h sli rrn~!>.'i prim 10 yielding
of the lead plug. In thaI arrange ll":" t, howe"er, the energ y
<hs.sipatio n mec hanism is llCti..-at,..J u l1lyatier the ka d plull.has
yielded, Lead ru bber bea rings also pro vide a g reate r restoring
efT«.1. to re-eenlre lhe iso latv rs at their o ti l:inal loeal io ns after
normal se rvice loads
rubberl>caring le'el. lhe2"" andthe5"'floorle,dsrcSp......l i, c1y.
A funbe r accelero meter and l VDT ccmbmation "'as irn;tl<lI.:d
otlth~ sh'lker la h1c lomc:u;uf<'lhetablerespoo"C
A lUIal of 14 channels of data were therefo re recorded
usi nll 1"' 0 YO KOG AWA A nalpelS. The shake r tab lu "as
driven in ll>c lonl£itudinal direc tion of the Ih,<;-,toreyJT>(l(\.:I.
To dct~nnine a suitable input ex eitalion to the tab le, mot io n
records from lour earth'lua kes were used: EI Centro (l <J94),
Hachinohe ( I 90R), 50% -inlcnsily Kobe ( 1995) a"d Nurthridge
( 1994) , Measured max imu m acceleration s lin the , haker
table we re 0.4 2g. O.23g, 0.4 1g and 0.45g rep resen ting lhe
abov e four earthq uakes res[1'....t ivcly. To mainlain d ynam ic
similitude, each record was com pressed in t im.: by a fa<:tor of 3
to ~n Sllre 1he fi rsl tnlldc fre'llle n cy ofthem odelw as co" sislellt
....ith dominan t frequenc y of the earthquake record . That is,
l h~ dom i" anl freque ncies ofthe , imu lated eart h'l uakes ....ere
incl"l'a", d hy a facl<lrllf 3
The shaker tablerests were con ducted .., ingbothllxed·hasc
and ba se, iso laled struc tures, ""ith lhe elll".:!im cntal se t_llp lill'
the LR(), iso lak-d Ii'e-sturey bcnc hmarl< model On the shak~r
lable>ho,,'nin Fig ure I .
r-
Rear side
•
Accele rome ter 2
Accelerometer I
,...---.:':V
--DT 2
.
LVDT I
From sldc
Figure 3, Lo cation or accdc11Imote", and I.VfHs in plan
RESULTS A~ n DISC USSION
Theeffecti v en~."s o f lhe hase i"<llal ion slstems ,,'as nal uatcd
Figure 2. Pholoofan indi..-idual lead con: I1lbberhn"n,
Sha ker table testing
TC"ts "'~re carri~"" OUI using the unidirecnonal shakc r
table fac ility at Unive rsity of Tech no logy, Sydn ey, Th e plan
di me nsionsofth~ lableare3m ll3 m . The lablea lluwsmvvement
in a horilonlal dif<'elionoperut<'dbya hyd rau lic actuator wilh
a mni mum acceleration of 2.5g (ha re table) . with a maximum
s lrok~ an d pislon velocit y of ±l ()() mm a" d 550 mm.s'l
l'I,.... !"<'cli,·cly. As sho wn in Figure 3. twn ae~....lero mcter and twn
LVOT ( linea r varia ble displac eme nt transducer) measurement
loc anons were utiliz ed fo r each survey measurement level .
Two aeccle rnmclcrs and twn LVDTs were located at <;a<'h uf thc
a - ver. 33 Aptil (2005) No. 1
bye<lmparing lhesu\l~1.ura ltra n..\·~'fl.I:and lo n;ional responscs
of lite tWO mode ls - isola ted and non_isolated - for ca<:h
load case. Th is was determined by mea ....ring thc variation
in ma xim um rela tive d isplacement with fI<xlI' he ight in the
di .....aic n of shake r for eac h mode l. Fo r lhe l'KXl. iso latedmodc l
lhis WaS de fined as the floo r dis placement relative to the shaker
lablc,a nd fo r lhe iso lated mod el as d ispl.....e rne ntt'l: lat i~e lothc
base of column pads
Tho<: res ults are show n in Figure 4. It can he see n that
relat ive displac eme nt increases with the fI" o r heigh t. as
el\p«t~d. A compariso n of max imum relative d i. placcmenls
bet wee n fro nt side and rear side s ofthe mmlels rev eals larger
val ues fo r the fron t than the rear, am ibulahle 10 a higher
ma, s distribu lion " n the fron l side. Time hi' lories of t'l:lativc
dis placem ent at 5' h floor level due h, EI Cetllm earthqua kc are
sho wn in Fig ure 5. Clearly, both LRB and l C RB i,,,l a1 o~ arc
effec tive in Kdue ing the relative move me nts o f lh<:mode l in
bot h d ispl acem ent am pl itude an d lime . Ho we..-er, LRll iso lal<;>r
is the superio r isola tor, The smalle r improveme nt loearthquake
Acou8 ticsAU$lrah.
...
~I mml
.
, ,
[)i.;placftIHftlmml
•
J
4
,
J
KI
II
.6
Ill", l. ",,, ...nt lm m!
h ,..-.: S. T~ t.Nuroa ol
...... Ell·m&I" """...... ~
-
Barrl nlme; . -
Le RS ooblat;
_ L R 8 i!lOlatc:d;
"'~na1ioro
Fi",,,, 4.
nf
rN~im~m
....... ,,~
d;~
...~h
flnt'll'bC'ight
rc:sflo no;eachieved by ' he IX R H- i !oOla'~... m,~tc1 i~ aurillulablc:
\0 its IIOO-linear suffn ess chorac tcristic, "" I~~ high initial
stiITnt:Ss j'mainlaillCdulllil theel aslicli mito f thc kadcorc is
reached,
h"" 'ev"r lh" su~riur"am rin8 e nt,1SoflllclCRtJ
j" ,lalOr are vicibtein the ,limiuished lime effects
Considering l'i i\urc 4 furthe r, il is " "(>llI"l'" l lhal tile high
inilial stllln",,, ufthc U: R H i 'iO la l,,r ap~""'I,,ha ve p rov ilkd
lin k control of re lal' \ (' dJ\j)laccm....,. for lhe I"w et' inle'''ity
k13d
C'lL'iC
of Il ac hlllo hc . but also for SQ% Ko be .....here
loads " '0:0: cclll1f'l1Tl1ble ",'jlh Fl-Cer nro. This lNy indicate .
dilfrn:na: in I"'" fmjuencyronlnllof l l3chmohc. ho","C'\·er in
.n cases .he imrnm:d o.bmping ~Aio of ~ l CRR
i~la1<lr
"'flUldbe "'--"1in ~
!he build ing
raridtknIy
of OOiCi lblion in
n:bl::I~ d ~
on ~ S
Tllrliiona l anslt ....0 U>ai .... dwacteriL.e Ih.: IonioN.I
bcN..'iour ofthc mood . Th r.. i••imp ly ddlnedn!he rowional
angk o(lTMJ\Icmmlo(!heriltidftoor dia phragmo( lhcrnodel.
g etauve lOBional '1,,&10: i, ddi ned a~ the di ff~'n......-e in
l"r~ioKl31 an~1c: hc1wcc n lhe fiflh floor and the base (iwlat ioo
level ). "' hich ~ hract<,ri l<' the IOni" n.a1 d<'foll1'\ation '. n thin
the hu ilding nlO<lcl. V,ma lion of ma,imum rejanve ton iona l
an gle wit h flour heigh t for each case is present ed in Fillllll:
b . It is clear that a ~ i lln i lican t reduct ion in model tursin nal
an gle Cli O 1>0: I'btained whe n either LCRFl or LRH iso la1o n all:
i n'La I I <,d . ~is"la led lTlndd sl>o:have lTlore l i kc a rigjdb"dy
lhandocs thcbarc fram c. ln the i" ,lat<,."d ca"" . rubbe r bearing s
absorbnl<"'loflhe ttltalll ""itln al eomponent. ...-sultinginunl y
a '>ffia11 10f5;ul1J1~"Olnl'<......,n l " (energy being lran!oln itted into
thcbuild ing. Morro vCl. thc: effec tiveness n f LC RH is allTIOSt
as good as lIut of LRR . The: U1pac ityofi soi alul'S to redUC'C'
"'OI'S~ dam aj!r i, ach il.""cdb y \"m.U rin gl he fu ndam ental
bon7Ol1W (rrq~ <If tho: i",>l3tor is far lower than tho:
domiTl3nlfnq lJmC'ingcnrnt lcd by carthqWlkes
W\Kfur~ .
VoI. 33Apri1l2OO5jNo. 1 . '
u
u
A.Dr:k1~ 1
u
u
Andt' ldo1tn't"l
f ijJ:utt7. Time hiSlOricsor mood It,,,,ioNl anlllc:under K<>Ilc
eanbquak e.
-
Hn cl rnme;
- · -
LCR R isolated;
U l.ll i.......ed ;
Figure 6 , varial;"" o fn: IaIi'e l'JO;i"r.. I ....~ I~ ...ith floor
hei~hl
Time histories of tile mode l torsion al angle fOl the fillh
" oor under 50¥. imen~ ily Kobe car1hquake are depicted in
Figure 7. Ma)l;rnurn t(ll'5ional angle fOfl he bareframe rcacht.-S8
maximum ofO.4 ~ d egree~ compared with 0.23 and 0.25 degrees
IhT LRB ,mo.! LeRn is.. lated models rc~pcclivcly. In addition,
decay nf thc torsiona l angl.: vihn,tionclli:clsi,consi.krnb ly
faster for the isolate d mmk ls than it is in the barc framc
Time histories of mo<!d.c~'C lcral i "n atthe backof fifthfloor
subjeclcd tn50% intcn, ityNort hridge enrthquakcareplotll'di n
Figurc Scand the full test data arc prcwlMd in Table I
Mu imum angular acce lerations of base floor (rubber
bearing), second and fifthfl<Km; of bareframe, LRB and LCRB
isolak....model s under the four earthqu akes are SlImmarizoo in
Table 2. Angular acceleratio ns vfbv th LRB arKILCRR isolated
mood s show ...,nsidc rably k)wcr <lll l<....m1<,."S for all ean hquah."
andflo " r lcvcls, w mparc d wilh lhl ofba reframe. FOIinslanCe.
10 - Vot. 33 April 12(05) No. 1
muimumllngu lar acU' lmI lion on fifth noorof batt"fl'lllTl\;ulllkr
Hachino!le can hquake anx,unls lo 16.7 rad_s·2, while tbos.eof
l RR and l C RB isolated model< are on ly 3 .~6 and ~.36 rad.
S·2 respectively . It is al>o clear that LR" is morc effective in
reducin g llnl!'"lara cc.:lerali" nlh an LCRIJ
In considerin g the LRB and Le RB char.lCleristics it mUSI
be emphasised that Le Rn IS stiffer al h". dcfl<'\.
1io ns and
therefore more stable than LRB under nom)a1 w(lrking load s
suc h as wind. Th is is an oUlcome of Ihe presence of a rigid
lead core . For situation s where sillbilily ofthe structure isof
conc e"" such as wilh increased 1lCillht. the use of LCRB over
LRB may he prefem......
Abs olute dc[o nn alion and torsional angle o j" rubbe r
bearings are presented in Table 3. In c<llllparilill LRn and
LC RR, a lall!er absolute rullbcr dcforrnauon and torsional
angle o f the mode l i, ola\<.... by LRBare seen which Is related
tosma llerlorllinnal sti nncss oflhe l.RB .Th c resuh sa lso show
lhal LCR R is mure stable than LRR due w lhc prescll<'e of a
rigid lead corc. Ther efore , when s l~hi l i l y o f the smn fure is of
co ncern the usc of LCRR over LRR is f~.,;"m m~ndcd
Ac:OUSliesAuslr1l/ia
EI CelllTOun hq uah
Ru ,
Ra""
Fn;m l
,"
.~k
h o nl
s'
F~'
.~k
~,
1.21
0 .77
2.07
1.1,
Hachinohe eartho.iWlke
Bu ,
,..
s
F~,
~,
,..
0 .4'1
B.W
0."
LRB
OJ ,
0.30
0 3<
063
B;ad .
0"
0 .33
F"'1I1
I.
"
1.08
0 <0
0.<0
Fronl
F_
- ....
~,
LCRB
0.77
O.M
n.1I2
0.65
1.3,
0.83
lOR
0 .71
0.>0
Ow
03'1
11>1
0.76
LRB
lOB
0."
UO
.
OW
1,13
1.)8
1.42
2.26
0.'"
0."
,
O.q l
2.11
2,43
0.82
1.72
LRR
lOR
0.10
088
~k
F~'
~k
"
o..n
F~ ,
Bd
50'* KobeeMtlt Qu.u.e
Bu .
&~
FJ CcnlTOean hqualc
LRB
0 .46
0 .' 2
....
' .<0
Bare
Ra.w
2"
11.3
17.2
Hx hinohe carthquakc
Ru ,
"
&~
2"
.,
8.71
"
....,.. ....
"
....
LRR
Le B.
HO
' .32
' .46
5.1111
9.24
13.7
LRB
Le BR
H I
4.72
2.66
2."
J.s6
'.36
SO'I Kobe~wc
17.7
3O~
lOR
8.26
12. 18
16.80
LRR
''''
s.e
6.72
501> Sonhrid &ee~c
LRR
2"
17.3
".
- oe
"
28.2
H 2
R. .
LeBR
13. 16
1J.30
24.3t>
::::::::..,..;;;:j
- " '1
~ Sunhrid,ee~u».c
,..
F~'
Buk
f ron l
~k
"
h on l
1.24
1.00
1.&7
1.'19
0> 1
0 .6'
0.10
0."
0.79
0.78
0.66
un
1.1'
1.77
1. . . J. " bwIu te dcf"" .... ioo( rnml and ......ionIIl .ngk
id!:Jn'r) lOfrubbnbcu"'ll >
Ti.....I_1
"
Rear
~ idc
18.16
12.119
16.62
13.77
5O'* Kohc
SO'{-
~gc
LR 8
LCRB
LRB
LCRB
26.26
17.16
3.5.26
23.60
23.27
16.1'
3·08
22.71
0.468
0. 118
0.402
0.08'
-
,
j ~ ~':j
To_ lweI
figUfc8 , Ti"", hislofiel;uf'.:ukr.t"",lIlhcrur"f fifthfloor
YI1doerNnnhridt<cea" " 'c
Vol. 33 April (2005) No. 1 · 11
CONCLUSIO NS
REFER ENC ES
In this study, a series of shaker tab le tests were co nducted
0 11 non-isolated rnodet, LRI:J- isolated and LCRB-isolaled
eccen tric models . T he objective of the tests was to evaluate
lhl'bcnd il to building SlJuI'lurcsof thl' inl'Orl'o raliullof LRB
and LC RB isolators 10 mitigate against to rsio nal dam age
under strong grou nd motio ns. Both LRB and LCRB have been
shown lu rcduc el"rsi onal<kfOllllation, relat ive displal'ement,
accelerat ion and angular acce leralion within lhe mod el
structu res. Importa nt differences betwe en the two isolator
types were iden tified. The LRB was foun d to be sim ilar to
LCRB in protecting torsion al deforma tio n of the model bUI
was more effective than LC RB in reduc ing model relative
displacement. LCRB rendered a smalle r tors ional angle and
abso lute deformation of the base isolation system, a more
sla bl~ struct ura l sysl~m. Therefore, base isolation ca n greatly
reduce tors ional as well as translational response of buildin g
structures
ARL
[ I] Skinne
Robinson
W-H , and
r.k Vcrry
civi l buildings in the united sUtl:S", illl'ma·~1iing., of /he
imem"tion,,1 pOJt-"marr am(..·ft:nr;,· wmmfJr, Taorm ina.
Sicily, Italy, p69 -H6,August 25 -27, 19 97.
[3] Samali B, Li J, Mayol E and Wu H, •• System identifu tion
ofa fiveswreybenchmarkmodc lu , ing moda l analysis
Pro <"tn lmgf oj in/analimldl ronfi' n· '''...• fill 'lflfllicatiorlS
of mod,,1 analysis, Gold Coas t, Q ueens land . Australia.
papc r 12. 19'l 9
RION
SoUDd& Vi....a ti oll MeasuriDglll.trume lits
_... .
NewR·31Bbll Noiselogger
lIewlllillel'l1illl llllUlmetePs
N~ R'115 t1Pe I NoiseI 0llllt"
IIl·2lIlrPlll SOllllllevellJelllr
Push __ IINrmIPJ lIIfD
1I1·211JpBI SlUdI8VIIIIlI1IP
NL·l lptpl1 l SM11 lenl ll81er
Fl. PISl m~
COInPlVwilllE8IB1l-1stalllM'll
O~ ~lIl'
Meutn llll stDl't ~le s1a1lslil:s
l'iHeramctlons
IIpIooaI d
DJ1IOOII lIUllI'Ycl'll "" datll'Insler
DlIIiooII l neP c-.l 1aP 1PequeIcJ
l ...eu
~-----~
Noise an d Vib,aMn
Mo n ~o , ing
....
lnst,umen lat"", 1o, Indusl ' Var>dt"" Erwironmenl
A SOUN D THINKING GROU P Company
hl>~ru· Lah. l'<nh ,
12 · Vol. 33 April (2005) No. 1
G-H,
.,ei.. mic i",lali (!"". John Wiley & Sons.
1993
Sales & Hire
No l... , Vibratioll& Wea.tber1.oggenl
R. I.
" l nrroducl iml /0
[2] Kelly J- M, " New dpplical i<)rl' and R&D for isolated
ARt Sydo'Y (O! l ?-lM .J1IlOO W• .-noo .. .\l <lhou m <: (03) 9R97·47t l
(08) 9,'l56 1'J'j'J W. _nm Ad.I.HI. , IM l 8J .tl .811n B<lcu< B, isMn e, (07) 3820
24 ~ 8
AN iNEXP ENSiVE OIY IMPACT HAMME R FO R
VIBRATION ANALYS IS OF BUI LDINGS
Dr. Ca rl llo" ud
Sf" oolof:\llI'('bu kal[n ci.f'I'rine.
Th .. l -nl... ·nlty or Ad~l.tdr
S.A. ~S
o:arl.h.... .
rd -i .d~I. Id ...rd
....
The Cha...........WIOOor ~otnl_ in Wi ldirlp uf\ft1 in' oI.-eo e",il;",1ta: huildu.g lUUrUIrr .. iLII alUrtt Illd - ....riDI lbo ......... ioa
~ ,Thc""o rommon_-.dcwucti,~ fom: ncilati<>a ....,h<><h..., 1l'K ..... ofll\ ~ICd~loaohmtror.d<ctrumIpoouc
vllnh."',Juk". Th..
p.oorer ronlaons .di~~
....
"-lO build."""-~ ~ 1wTwnco"..... ~ t h c ~ o r
.~ lIamnlCf .. ilhI C<Jlllll"OtR:illl
y • .,..;I.bIe ime-;thammcr ud . wrnrnerciaJi}' .\ai~ dcctt>.~ shal." x. ......... hoold"'P
Thc .......... ...d d'...a....... llnof~b orl~ lh_ in.<lNmem.are dllCU"oftlandit islbo opi.ioftoflbo_ho.oftNI""tho" ......
... lyw1;ol'lcnCtlnduclcdi.a~urlPWUfldurinaf",ililic:l.~and ofToon..tbe ..... of . . ~ ....... "'-t1mof
"", po.. h~qooalily_.lkrwcrC'<.KItban lhc" """,,fanclcctl"OlnagrlC:'lic wk.cr.
ISTROUl:C fl O-"
Tberon:aJ ~ 'R.lI~is of ri"ll r.nucturn anln'·ol\-e
thc oJPPli atlOOof morTllOUlo foKftiUC!l U Cl ploY ",do'ir=.
and n....,lel ftI Sine& I(l "cite dam .. . Us I ll. b~ IllW)
~tric .....-.s
l~ 12) 10 "cite honrontaImotion in
Ibc llppcr 1c.. :
f sJ,; ~ (a .. ... UloCd"'lnlthr SM
Franc N.-o Tn _ America Pynmid bu ildlnl (3)1.1<'1 n:bri.ely
mlall fon:C'S §uch .s • J'Cl"'t"O'l ......lkinl f'M,.... ("'c i.... ion
method has lb ad ...anl.lge5 and d".a,h l lllllgn and r" n,,,: I
lime charac1<.'fi"ti<,
.,. lh.:r.l I n: ....ited tol pan icul..r struc1ural
tl.:iUI;on problem. f unlk:rTTIOR:, vihn li...n an. I),..... ha,'<:
I"'=I"OM I pld~nccs and t ..n justi!) why thl:ir dlO_Tl ~thod
~ rr.we al,hanlllg<:'lJU§ than . "' Ilh<:r.The f,'I."US of the' "on.
practllcd in this 1"Ipt... is the method,u.;ed 10 induto: , il>nllion
inbu i ld inp usj nl rel.li ,ely 'tl1laJlron:es imra'1<"d b)aslcd~
bammer. Ahemali.emo:thodsmightbe!l<:t:n. ... .Y dq .......J.nl
onlhl:l)J'C' of ,ibrd lionanal)'sislhil l .. iII be t ondud t'd
Then: lll'e several OOInm<:ftially available inotrul1......IW
~kdge ba/tlltll;l'S !hat ~ ....itahle for vIbration and modal
anal)";, uf btJ il di n g~. bowever thc'y "..n c......t in ('l en.' of
S5000. An elcc uc megnet k ~ha k~.. for modal 1I,,",1~;s of
buildingswi l1CU'>ti nelct.., ofSI O,IMIO,Ac bt:o.a pt"l" lIltt1nati.'e
disc ussed here is the cons uuction "f an in, ltun,enl u. ing
a sledge hammer purchased frum a h.rtl wan: sto re and an
aeeele.....meler fiR'<.Iln lhe backof the hamme r h<"at!, which is
, uilal>1c for some ty pes orv ihruli"l1 analyw _ ufbui ldings
The' fir-I pan of lhis paper drscu.•ses the construction
of Ihis Oo- lt·Ynursd f (DIY) in-muncmcd sledge h:lmmer
Comparison. between ilS perlOrDlanC" and it "" mnH: reially
ava ilable iMtrum.:nrcd h" mmer are used 10 demonstrate Ihul
the DIY hammer ha.s Ihe!>a1TlC rnu lls " Ihc "" mmerd ally
available hammer. The 5«000 p.an of this paper contains
... perim.....lal "", uIISof\ ibnllion m.."Lsun:mcnls~'OndU<.1Cd in
a lImlirooouetor manufaclurinll facilily using lhe I>IY slcdgt
hammt1 and 11building !>haLt1 ~)"'I,'TJI. Thf m ults ~"""". that
tho: "'" of the sledge hamlTlfl" I!" f sinuw Of betlCl".",.,1b
lNnthesha1er sysh:m. 'Thf la....p.uto(thl:roaflCrronla irtS.
diSoCmSiooofaddit ~t f'lll.:lon lo '''''fhidc:fbef''~ flClcetini
Ihc clcitation mt."tbod for . vibnt lOOanal)"iii ofabuildmll;
such Ulhc .. eighlOf wC<l uipmtnl.ndlhc numh.:r of JlCT'J'k
faj uirt'dlOoon<tuetth.:lc<b
R"Y""ld. and .... vic (41
ha~ e cood u.:
a similar
comparison of . rommr.-n:Wl ) a,ai lablc iMt
Io:d .1t:dF
hall1lTlerandanda:t mrn:agncticshakt1. and coadudedthal
the use of the ela:tr Dmaltoo ic w Ler p se bett'" quality
measuremerns than lIM: inslrUmmkd hall1lTler, ~ on a
single hammer ;;Irile. TIle .ul",,", should ha. e compared
lhc a,·erag.: of multiplc of hamlTlfl" W U.C'S Io Ihc ' \ er&@:e o f
muhipk: tnInsfef fUnclit' M using lhl: shal t1 iy olem. lky
SUIlll'o."St that a hamm.... can be u...:11.... "slartn" nOli. modal
k"l.llnllsySl...m III ,>bla in ",,~u l ls of limited qualily . They al."
claIm thaI u.... shaker "yolem can itllJlllf1 c. dt ali.... """'llY
lhal IS many ordc... uf ITlagni lwJc hillher Ihan from hammer
impulse excitation. This slat,..",e nl might be lrue fur n eitali"n
;al • s ingle fn-q....."" y. howev er fOf bmad"'md n cilatKMlthe
"""ults in lhi. paper ~hllw the ''I'l''",ile lu their lindings. TIte
\1."'-' of a sledge h:Jm~r i~ al>l" 10 iml"'n gn: ak.. excitali" n
force 10 Ihe l>\ruI:lu"" than the shale . system. ~i n" ... Ihe
shaker syssern is limiled 10 vibnll in.: the n:a.:li,MlmlL" to Ig"
othcrwisc lhc shilk", ,,'ill hn ,, rrlh eno.x v, h,lst lt iopo<;.'oib le
10 bolt t hc shaktrlll l he l1' .". l his i. _J1 ~ "", pemll ll<-d by
buildings O"'rH:rs. Greater cxcitation e.....'}:) ('.n t...· "pplicd
by the skul!e harnmcr I>y m<:~ry S"Itl¥-llllj II .....rdcr. (If
obtauung a 5ledge hamn...' wilh • bcsvicr ml~~ [2). Clearl) .
there is I pl1lclieal 1imi lfor i rtCrea~ in g lhe impact frne unlil
the hammct stnke cen damagc lhe srrut.1utc. in ..,hiehca.se
an alternative excitation melh"d mUIII he employed sUt:h a~
an electrodynami" , hakef The findinll' of ll.ey.....lds 100
Pa, ic are fun ht1 diiit.
1lSS<.-d al lhc end"flhi, p;,per. lli.
SUrprisinl!lha 1 in an e.arlit1 p;1pe' I'a,'ic. ct.al. 15) d.:scribr:
Vol.33Apn1f2(05) No. l · 13
hamm er leslin g as an " exce llent invest igalive too L.': . T ile
us.: of iml'"ct hamrrlt''' for modal analysis o f buildin gs i~ wd l
es tablished 12. ~)and th is papcr s hows how one ca n bllild a
Inw<O!It instrumen ted sled ge hammer.
I:"STR UME:'IiU :O "'I PACT HAM:\ IEKS
a functio n of the sy stcm resonance freq uency which is give n
by the "'Iuar e wo t Oftbe ....lllUCIsti lTness divided by the masS
of the hammer head (2). and can be chec ked hy exa mining
lheallt~po:e1rum o r t he fllrtepulse.for frequencies abovc
the sys tem reso""n~. il is difti cult for the hammer 10 imparl
o:nergy inlo lhe slnK:turc. As a gui de . doubli ng the u..: ful
There are a number of commercially ava ilab le illSUlJlTII:lltro
frequency r1Ingo: woul d cu m"SfM>OO approx imate ly 10 one-
impact harnll'lCBthat are suita bk for ind ucing vibra tion in
buildings , Vell<lor>incl ude Brut.-l.and Kj"' :f . PCR Pie-.r£Itronics.
Oytran.and E.nde\'oo.Aoommercial-olf·!he:·~fi!L<,u\lmcnled
~gehammercan eOSl:inex~ ofSA5000.Anilll:xpees i ....
,
Do- lt ·Y.. u~ lf ino.trumen ted ham rroer ca n be con"'ructed
usinga ~edge ham lTll.'1" purcha.sc-d fr"m a ha"",are stoo: and
QU3ru:rthepad lhic k~s(forcon >Unlmalerialpropcr1in)
an..xeleromc:te1'gluedlOlbeback oftllema.~ ofllleslcdge
ha mmCl'. The ftllkwoing di<;<,:ussioo!Jlo»slh.allhc DlY sledg e
hammer will prov>de resul ts W I arc o f 1m- sam e Qual il)'
as a mn" .. eApcnsive com merci ally a\'a ilable insuumemcd
1ion of the 00.; 1. The (M,inl impedance of
hamme r. at II fra<.
a concrcic floor wa' mea sured u.sing both a ccm n....r eial
and DIY hanu n<,;,and il is show n that sirmlar resu lts were
obtained.
A DIY instrume nted hammer was buill Ircm a sledge
hammer purch ased fru m a hardware ' lore, The mas~ of the
sled h<ad on the ham mer was 7.95 kg. An aluminium bloc k
was g lued toooeend of asledgehammer usin g epo xy glu eand
a 8 rue l and Kja.T t)l'" 4394 acce1cmmel er wus se re......'e.... nnlo
lhealum illiurn bloc k. Previo us le<>ting using ey ano-at:l)' late
(su pt.T·ll lue ) ",as unsuccessful as this typ: o f glue is loo briul e
for imp;ll"tloads. 11le a.",el o:romeler can alsol>c aUac hed to
the hamlTlCr head wnh I threaded stud . h''''' 'C\er can: must
be taken .. hen lapping irtrothc steel iM:aoJ u lhemalC'lial is
case hardo."t"--d and it i$ \ery easy 10 break a tap in Iltc heiod
A long micro-dot: ~abk .. as connected to the lCCCl.;rum,;ter
and taped alonll !he: length o f the handle:. The cable: ""IS
The magnitllllc of the impac t U.tktcnnined by the mass of the
hammer bead and the v"k'Cily "'ith " hic h it is mov inll ",hen il
strikes the rubho."l' pad. (2J. Thcop.'r1Itor control!; the velocity
rat hcr th.an !he: fon:e Icvel.
The commercially uaiLo blc haRlll1Cf that "'IS US<d for
!he: comparisce was 11 PCB Mode l 086D20 instrume nted
impact ham mer that hasa 1.I kg head. an Icr powerOO fore"
trnnsd uce r het we.;nt hc !<lce l head andint<"r-chan gea ble rut>bcr
tips of van"". stiff nesses. The force transdu cer on the PCB
ham mer was cu nnccned to the PCB le p voltag e amphfleT. A
Bruel and Kjaer type 83 18 accelerometer was use d to measu n:
the vibration res ponse ofthe floor.
lt i, l1eyond the sco pe of this paper 10 d isc uss the Signill
proccssingmcrhods npprop na tc for impacl tesno g. The re an:
man y rcCerenccs lhlll discu ss app ropr iatelesl ing mclhvds till'
moda l anal ysis using lln impact ha mmer [2 . 5· 101.
Fig ure 1 shows the meas ured "",cek mrl<,:e o rme e<lncrcl c
~Iab-on-grlldc n.l<"r using lbe 1"'0 types of hamm ers. The
accelc rance is lbeaccelerarion respo nse of the floor , in mls1•
divided l:1
y ee joree apph ed by the hamm er. in New10ns.
oonn«ltd lO aBrueland Kj.a."'l)"pe 26J~eharge ampliflel".A
BIUeI and Kpcr l)'pe 113 111..xelerorr>e'ler""1lSesed 10 IDt,'IW~
Ill<' \i bnll ion res pon se of a COIlCreIe slab-o n· vade lloo r and
"'1lS ronnecl('d 10 a Brue l and Kja~T charge amplifisT, Botb
~ha"ieamp ti fiers " ere set 10 me asu re a.:ce lertlt ion and lheir
OlJtJlOl~ were cenrected to a tW'<H,'hann o:l Data Physics AC E
signa l an al)"'Cr. Tile sledge hammer was used 10 st rike two
ru~rpad ,.placednntopof eacholber. th.aI"" l'rc n.""l ingon
a eo ncrele slab- on-g rad e noo,. Thc rubber pads had a 10Uli
thic kncss uf abou t 50mm and a duromctcr raling [the units
used 10 defi ne the stiffness of rubbe r) of 50. The pUIJ>V>e
\>flh e rub ber pads is to mec hanically fillcrthe imp act load
so tha i only low fre<.J u~ney force is e pphcd rorhe structu re,
whic h in lhis case is the concrete 1100 1', Lower d uromeler
(so fter) rub~r pads thal are lh in ner arealsosuilab le for
impa ct testing, howe,' er care must be taken 10 ens ure lbat the
hammer does nut pierc e the so ft ru bbl.T. whic h will deg rade
the n::po:
a u bilily o f the measure men ts after severa l strikes.
1llc u...:ful fretluency rmg.;'for a hammerand rubhe rpads is
14 · 'Jol. 33 April (2l)lY.ij No. 1
10
100
Frequency (Hz)
Figu"" l :C"mp,ri...,n " f lhemcasured >lC\
",lcranecof lhc n"ur
using lhe . l.-dgc hamlller "lid the r c B hammer.
The res ults show tha r the acceleranccs arc similar from
6 Hz 10 100 Hz. No te the ex pec led 40dB f decade increa se
o\ 'cr lhe fn:<Jueney runge. Th<,;n.""ponse arnond IOO-2001lz
is the co ntac t 1'eS!"IflSC, Th is is a funclion of the hammer
mass and rubber stillhc:ss . The commercia l imflllCl hamme r
has a low." Quahty fad or (which is des irab le) dlJl' to lhe
prudenl ,;,ele\."tion of ma teria.1. The d ilr~ hetW«rl lhe IWO
systems occurs abllve ll KlIl1 which i~ due III lhe di IT",,-nl
fore cimpul'ol:s providcdby ea"h llilmmer."ThcI'UJ llamm er
coot ain s a calibrat ed 1'1R.~ lranwu cel Illal meas ured lho:
force ap plied d uring lhe imflllet evCT\1 d trtcll y. Tlw DIY
s....
-dg" Ilammer has an 1,:l;c l~'cr allu il..-d 10 the he;l(J
romcasun: thc;ll, :«ICl1Ilinnllf tho:ho:ad"1bc: im ract foo.-e
from tho: ha mmer is e_kulalN by muh iplying lhe ma:ss of
the ham mer h.:ad(7 .95lt.g) by the n.."lI .... ro,:d...:.:dcu ,lion. The
mass of the hamnt<.,. head is mn<UrC'd by plac ing the Ilamnt<.
...
head on ",·cigh onll <;Ca .."'S"' hik: ..... d lDg tlw.-nd nfthe handle
hori zontaJ. l'i llurc l mo "' thc COlTlpmson of theimptet fon:es
app lied lO lh<ooncn:1elloor.
1,E+02
co nnec led to an A PS Mod el 114'[ P p<''''cr amp hfier , whic h
wa~ purpose buill 10 pn....ilk hillh cu m-nl leve ls al 10""
frequcn e"-'Slo thee lmrical l'o il 'lfl the shakcr. Typ ica l poy,er
amplifie rs lor audio ap phca 'ions are not do:siJUKd10 gencnlc
high cu rreTlI]e, els al fraju,:nc ;'-sbclov>aboo l20 llz .
A ccmparison ", q made o f lho:~u llS obuin<.
-d fro m the
" ihrat ..... ~ ....re 1TlCfll' in _ w mirorwlU<.1or ma nufacturi ng
fd(;ility using Ihis sha ker ~ )', Io,-,m and _ DIY ill$TfUmen lC'd
slcdgc ham lTk.
" . ...."hilsll hcbuiloJinll .k-sign o rscrniconduc lot"
man ufac:tunn ll facili ,ies is in a special clan of its o wn. lho:
same commenls art' ;1150 arrl icab lc 10 bu ild ings tha I use
typica l wot'llrUCli"," met h" ds using steel "nd coec rete frames
for o llke bu ilding... htn pillll... sponi ng stadiu ms. and cal
parks.
Semiconduct or mlllufaeturi ng fac il ities art' uniqUC'typ""
of build , ng~ lhal are purpose bu ilt for Itotr<ing c>.t nmely
vibol tioo :<cnlitivc . . -ufaetwi nS C<luipn,.:n l. Tbese build ings
4fCtk:signcdlolul'en'l")''''i lf lloort.COlT1pln.-d lOoon~tiooal
buildin gs. This i:s dtwoc 10 w pp Jrt lhe \ 'ibnlioo lIC'Donivc
cqUlpmcn l and .II"" m", 'm '"" vilqtioo transmi"Ut throu gh
the bu ilding from v,bralinn soum:s suo:h IS mcdtanical
10
100
1000
FIeQU8f'q (Hr)
Fi,," 2.1mpuloc prwntcd hyw okdF"-'-'r andtbo
0'<0_
equipment (for e umpk punt", and all"Iwt<Jhns lID' ts ). and
fromlhc,·ihntionindllCftlbypo."fIJ'k ...alking on ll...urs .
F~un 3 sbo"" a I)--poc:a l des ignlOf a bu ilding for a
scrnicvndoctor IIllIn"faetun n, facilif)'. A typica l dc"jgn of
the procc:» floor ~ I\Oo-"'ay ' grill.oF (al.., klltJ'oll n as '"
.-a ffic
beca use of Ihc:~imillll!)' to a cook ed .. all1c) of
n....lf.
MJcmIInck eoocn:te bea ms and suppmed on t\"",:ly >peed
rigure l ~ lhll l he fon:c c>;.'T1o.'d by' the sledllC
I'
hamme r has _ .ha rp m il o lT hcg inn ing
30Hz as il
a pproaches a resoee ece " I 220Ht . Thi s ~man.-e is caused
by the inlera et ion of lhe l"'o ru bbcr p.ooh and thc hammo:r
head . Thi~ i. nul l i ~dy III he: a ll lseue for the Sll'Ul'tural
e\'a luat ion ofbu i ldmlP "s l hcf~llcneyra nge ofi ntert'st is
heln", I OOllL.l f thc f~ucncyra ng<.:nf i n1creslis grealer lhan
lOOl lz, an I llemalive stifi"" orihinner rubber pad can be used
dilTc""nl impul se respon se spec trum
n:"u lts s1>o.... tha i the DIY slcd lle IIiImlt'l'-'r "" n
he: lIsc d to ICCurale ly meas ure the " ibra tiun ropo n'IC of
~tf\ICtll rt'S ~uo;h " , 1>oild ings
The: MI " "'i nll: sec1 inn\ks( ribc's lhccomparisonn rlhc
"'I"'rime ntal l'C'oult s oht ain<.
'd l"inll: a il lY instrumcn,.,.j
sled ge hamlll..,r and an clec trom egncnc . halt.e r tu induce
vil>r.Ilio n in a 'ICln iconduo;lo rmanurael\Jring raci lily.
10 gcncr;l l C a
n.c..c
«o lumm . Tbe sub-fab lclel coola ios nt<."Cha nicalnjuipmcrtl
thal gc nerat e5 vibra lion. such u pumps.
See CIos,eup
Proces s-Floor
TdTTTTT~fiJ]T~TT~IT~T
Su b-Fe b
l evel
Colllmn _
.
Rigid Ground
'= S"= "6"""E?' g=~p
Sectional
v_
CO:\I PARISO N WITtI A RllILIlING SH AK ER
SYST E\.
The shaler u...-d 10 cx citc buildin gs in th i~ study "' ll-~ ~ " AI' S
Oyna' nil"S F lccln~sei~ M"dd 113 shsker . tha t comp rises a
13.3kg reecuon mass which i< ~U <rendl'(j by ...la,li e hand s.
and allalmagnclanddectri cal eoila, SC'mhly lhat i$uSC'dl o
mOH' the ma~ aklflll b.:arings. T he shaker ....a _ ekx:lric alJy
Figure l: Typical building dc,ig" for I ""m,cn.. t1 ~.tur
manufa.lUring facihly.
Vol . 33,6,pnl 12005)No. 1 . 15
During the commissionin g phase uf lhe facil ities,
often a stru ctural evaluanon is colldllClcd lo enslirelhc
vibratio n environme nt wilh in lhe huildi ng [JI~TI S the design
sp~'Ci fical i"n ,;. TYI'i cal i nvest i g.oli"ns i IlV()lve lhe meosu rc mcnl
of lhcrcsonancc frequcncies nf thet1oors,lh e amhient vibraliu n
amplitude induced by upo:ruling m~'C hanica l ~~ u i pme n t , the
vibration attenua tion between diffe rent l1" ur levels, and the
vibration atte nuation with distance alvng the Iloors [12]. For
mosl ci vil slruclu~, i f lhe vibral ion le vcl §areloo h igh, the
btJilding owner lI,;ually don not care I l ij. tluwevcr, for this
rype of buildin g ifthe vibration 1c\"Cls are 100 high then the
man ufaeluri ngo:qui pme"ltwi llnotfullCtion
l1>caulhorllasconducled numeffiU'\sl"Klu rnl investigali(On§
(Ofsemico nductor manu fae:t urillg facililic-; using an electrica l
shaker system and an instrumemed h<cn1l11Cf, BUlb exc itation
systems were escd al one manulacluring facility 10 cu m"" re
lhead vanL1 ~anddi !<ad valltab'e§ of eaeh sy§tem.
Figure 4 sh"' .... a ske tch of lhce xperi"...,ntal set up fin Ill.:
vib",l ion measurements in the semico nductor manufacluring
fac ility.
portable ~
Spectrum
Analys er .
Acce leromete rs
f;1 f;~ C har~~
~.~ ~~ Amplifiers
Sledge
Hammer
swept sine wave as a control signal.th e maxim um displace ment
ofthe shaker 's moving rnass is go\ 'cTlled by thc acccjcrano n
al the highest frequen cy oflhe analysis range, which mlJ.SI
be kept below 19. The analyser was co nfigured to collec t 30
lincarly avera ged sp..'Ctta and ine recording y,a$ tngg crcd by
thc sta ri o f a sinc swcepfrQm lhe signal gencrator.
Th e measurement, u,ing the DIY instru mented hammer
were co nducted usillga force-ex pon emia l w indow 10 capture
lhe dy namic respon <,C o r lhe slruelure. The ex po nenlial
w mdow applied to the signal fOr lhe fC<;po nse of lhefioor was
made as loog as powible so as 00110 distort the results and
give the impre:<.
.io n of lin lIr1itk ially high ly damped stru<:ture
Th is measuremen t involved collectin g 10 linearl y averaged
spectra. However, usuall y the results arc very repeatable
and only 5 linearly as-erolled spectra arc c.. lI.....,led fnr most
strucruralevaluatien v
Figure 5 shows the a,:c:c1er.loce mca,u red using the IWO
structural excita tion methods. fk>th methods clearly , huw
thatihc reso nancc freq uency ofthe colu mn system is about
4411z. Nolel hat lhehamm er rcsp"n ,ecompal"C!>wcl1a gaim l
rhc cXp<.'Cled 40dB I dec ade nee, whereas the sha kcr dri \'~n
respon se docs not. The results differ at fro:q u<:n cic~ below
3011l, which is due to the loss of ~iglla l coherence in Ihe
sha ker sys tem . The corresponding eohcren<;e bel"' « n Ihe
signals fcr thcsc two structcml cxcita non meibods is shuwn in
Figure f>. Figurc 6 shows thatlh c coh ereoc eusing the hammel
is ~vnsislentl y irealer lhan using Ihc sbakcr and eXlends 10 a
IQv,cr freq uency range . The reas on for tbe drop in cohe reece
forth e shaker system is the loweramplilllde inl heexcitatiun
force compa red to t he sledge haml1l<.'T, wh ich is fUrlh<:r
disc us....- dbelow,
Rubber
Pads
r igu", 4; Skelch uf lhe ~xrcrimenl. 1 "" up for the vil>mlinn
mca,urcmcnl, in a $CnliconduClurm anufm.1uring faci!ily
Th", top of a ",,, Iu mll " n the pror~"Ss l1\1or was driven by
a vibrat ion source and the vibralion response was measured
at Ihe mIse uf the column in the sub-fab. Thi s measurement
was co nducted using both Ihe shaker system and the sledge
hammer as excna uon sourc es. When the shak er was used as
the exchanon source. the ACE signa l analyser was uso.d as a
signal [ler>eraIOf 10 oUlput a swept sine wave in the frequcocy
range 511z Ie' 95117. into the power amplifier.l1>c sha ker' s
f'owc:r amplifier "' as set 10 the max imum amp liliealio n such
Ihal lhc mov i llg ma.~s d idllOt sl ri ke the ends sl0p5 0rcallSC: lhe
sha ker lo lifl otTthc:lloor. T hc:limitations on the opc ", tion of
Ihe sllakcr are tllat Ihc:accelcration has 10 be kept to less Ihan
Ig , olher wi"C lhe , haker wil1 lift off the lloo r, and the slroke
o r til.: mewi ng mass has to be kept belo w 150mm peak-to-peak
otherwise n will strike the end Slops. Heocc, when using a
16 · Vol. 33 April (2005 ) No. 1
10
Frequency (Hz)
100
f igure S:Accd erancc:bcl",ttn\'i NatiOllexc;talion onl op ortho
columna ntl ","",suring thon'SflUll$<'al thooo.e ofthc column in
th<:mb.fab. using the shalrr and t!><: ham"",r as cxcilalioft
,
1
"o.e
0'
0'
' .7
0.7
es
I ,
4
"
01
0
.
'I '
ce
0'
0.2
, : :HM;,'i : - f~ :: '"
,
,
, ,,
,i+-it
"
I r+
,,'I - .......
1-· ...... h-,
1\ 1
"
0.'
02
, I
I-
.v
0
1
10
,
100
FNq.lWq IHZ)
F igu~ 6: CohcTnll:c ~
ill Fi,...:
ilhlhc _
...
"".
~
"
f~ (Hz,
t ~l : l.~ ............- -*'d
.. LIhF'Il""" 7.
t"ipn: " shcN.s tbe c:\ciution force thaI _ D applied at tile
. ilhthcft'WIhs
5hown in Ficun:s 7 .008. The amplilude uf\hc f..-ttarP1ied
bylhc skdgc harnmcr 10 the l100r i~ srcatn lhan thewl "
m~y oflbe Jl'OCC"'$ flox,.. .. hich ",. _iakd
AnoIh~r Com~"'tlVIr mo:a, .. r~cnl ...as conduc ted
bctvo·«II thc two u"~lioom.:d..l<hby .m.linl!tN.mid-bay
of lhe prol" l"U f1OOI" and ma~un nil l~ vibntion rrspoo >.cat
tht mid-bayinlhewb-fabdim:t lybcloll, c'ci tation point
fi~n: 7 sho.." ,. !he Ka len "" 1T1C'U\lI1'd w;ing thc two
c\Ciwion nx tho.b . lInd lhc R"!l\l,"arc d,ffm:n I M fn;q~
bd", ... :!OtLt:aoo abln c SOlll'
~.
n... ~ noI' ~lng l'C'W 1I
becauic~"1cf (OR:C
em be imparted by the skdgt' h:arnn>er ~Iy by awinging
han:kf. .. h..~ the wl" is l i ml1cd lo lhc{.. m: ~cd b)
Ihc n:actionma."5mo ...ingat ..na.ccelcflll..... u { l g
'O O ~
1~rr_~ 1# ':\~
"
F~(tll)
fi llu", 9: Thcncil..ti""fDrce fmmlh" .lcdl\e h.o'11.... , .odtht
"'.l«inlO a mH.\
·bay r>nth"I"o el'. . n"",
h gu'" 7: ACU'kr :c "" ',>uk<! t..1W«lI n eil. ,ion o f the
mid·"")' " n I ~ pa "'
n ""in K ,'''' . Iedge twnm ..... nd lht
shaker ' f , Iem, ~n<J "
mid·h. y ;n thc w h f. h
' ring'.... VI" " U,," 1nf'OII'" of II><
Figure II ~h(l "''' the cohcrcncc for this measurement
am! reveats tll " l g n' :l t.. r coherence is obtained using the
instrumental . I cd ~ IIolmmcr than the shaker system
l1M:!oC measure ment s d,:mo nSlrate IhJI an inl'opc:n_ivc
DIY im,lrumenled , ledge IIammcr can ee u-cd III co nduct
struc lurnl evaluation s of bul ld ltll.l~
in Ihi. C","",. yi..-ldro
better resull~ lhan using lhe , "' ,l e< system. Th is is b«aus.::. in
Ihis ca>e, lhc sk dgc hammcl provicicdll", alel e. ciuu iun fQll;e
Ihan the shake r system The accck ratio.. o f lhe .hilkel system
hil.' 10 be kept belo w 18. olhc,..,.·;!iC' it 1Ia~ In be ph ysica lly
atta,-hcdlo lhc slru<;llIn:. ll wOuld hc r<>"l',blc' loi nclea 'IClhe
lorec (lulpUI from the sh..ker by using a fccdha~k co ntrolle r
.nd.
Vol. 33 Aprill2OO5 ) No. 1 . 17
lu m:n imi'Cl l1c fllll:I: UUlplll al eac h frcqlll:ocy. hu...t;Vef this
l ~ res.u lls show lhal (lrca lerl"orl:e collld bc impan~'d lO lhe
",u ," >l av~ilable for lhe tesli ng
Allhuug h R"I\llls hue no! been PfnCnted in this paper.
thu ~ k<l gc ha m,""," s~lem has be-.:n u......d ~sfuny 10
measure 1M mode sb:ipcs of ~<:1}' stiff tloors lhal Mlpp<>rt
photoli lhogTllr/ty ......s in sem icond uctor factorin. o t1lCeand
lahuralo'f)' fKl<Jf'I and obIa in mea Mlrnnents o f the: h<x1Ln"tal
st; ffnessof bui klmgsi>lll:h .l.S laboralofi..-s and !il."Tlli~...",dllClt""
fao:lories . l1lt:u.wofan dccuodynamic shakefcooldal~
bu ild ing slnlCtuo: by I..... sk.-dge hamme r tha n the sha kef
S)'SICm. Th is n.-,wll "' u n"l surpri sing as the greater exc iulIlion
jorcc can be applied by ' ''' lOging thc lwnmcr ha rdc r. ...bereas
the shakCf .ysto.'TIl ~ lim ited 10 a maxi mum .......-.:lcntioo of
I g bef""" the !'haker 11th o lTthe floor . From his nperieoce.
il is ,he op inion of thIS au, ..... thai I..... DIY instru men ted
sledge tt..mm<'f i.ehcap.:f. pnMtks higha- ll... lity ~lts.
~ eas ily tnnspor1ed. requ ires bs propk 10 pcnomt
prt>Vlde lhe sa~~ lts.
measurements. and '" ........... Cf
A I>DlTIONA I. FACTO RS TO CO:\S IDE RS
1bc: corn hi....-d .. cighl o rt he sha ker S) '>ICm . ... .... ee amplifln.
C'UT}' caoes.and instrumcnwion ;s in n cnl of In
g . nd
is iIotboedin Itmx (I f four larg c ca ll)" cases, Thi s hea~"y load
requires two people 10 ClIfT)' the: equipm<.... L The Ctlllipm..... 1
ha s 10 be courittcd 10 lho: bui lding she ...ell in ad vance
o r the IOlin g. Upun amval al the dcsI inalion airpon . lhe
C<juipmt....t bas 10 be tra nspceted in ~ large vchic le. Vimtion
mea'U~lsnnhuiltlingsllsuallyO<.'C
u r la le al n il!:htoncc
'"
u>e -.-SlIC compared '" an
dcdr"rfl.lgnctic~. Iw...-c,er. inlOlTC siluatiom .. bere
tooalexciull ionis ~\Af)".lhe w.cofand«troma~ic
shaler may be:prr fcnbk
ACIo.::'\ O \ \ 1.[ UG f: M t:NTS
The a ulhor woald li"'e 10 gnt lc:fully ac k""""ledgc Cohn
C... rdun and Assoc ialf.'S furl'l"(I vidi ngth... e"'peri m....llal data
~ led,n lhis paJ'C'r
R F.F fR F.NCF.S
alloonstrueliun •••.-I;,·i1in ha' -ece a....,.J for lhc.uy. l>urlRgl his
lime co nslructio n lilh are unavailable so people have 1(1 earry
lhe eq uiprm-nl up and down nighls of slairll
Rey nold s and Pevic (4) describe a si milar com panson
"-' I......,n bu ilding cxchauc n systems using an el~....uic al
vibral "' nsha keranda ninsln"nrn tcdhamn....,.nd~hnt
lhc:" f'f.",ilc prefenmcc 10 tha i d<s.1ihcd here . Ihal lhe shaker
sylok"Tllis the preferable meawremrnl method . Rd-"'n:~ ( 13)
.hoIU a phologra ph of the ir M pomb lc mc--.:rno:nl sY'tem~
III C. n,if/1> i. R,. W;~'tl. U.• P'clu ko. $ .. DcI.l.T. Y, ( 1""'~).
.. Mooal in~C'"11al'on of a dam" I'~i~g. 0/ Ih~ IW II /fllh
/m~","'jo""IJto.t'/ A II<,lyJi.f Cotfrcretfce. Fl'h 2-S l'i'l8. Santa
llafhera. CA. IISA. r an 2 (of 2j.p I 151· 1IS5.
[2 1 FwiM, 0 J, (l9'.>S). M Moda l Testing: Theo ry and p, acli£c" .
Rncan: h '\oud on p",~ John Wiley and Son s
Ihal~,lw:I",-","nO.OOO (4Jand£70.000 rI 3Jll'ldrcqu,ro;s
141
131 StepM ... R.M. lIollin p. J.P.. Boo.. la mfl. 1,(; .• (1"14 ~
~ I>y""m,c hdI ....i.......
a mult i-store y pyramid .h~pal
b."ld ". , - , n ·RC Rc-pon 13-17. Un, ~eni1y " f Cal if"m ia,
1krk .. ..,· .Ca l,k>nol&. l'S A
or
asi" s.k pcf'SOfl
hidl
It is left 10 thejlldicious rad<:r 1<> dccide M
method i~prefenbk based 01\ lhe cap ,tal and labou r
ls.
mca.~un;mcnt cfflCirnC)'. man ual hand ling, time ~"."Irainls.
and des ired ll\l&lityor results.
CO:\CLUS l () ~S
T his pa pe r descri ht.~ Ihe ~onsl rud i"n uf a I'\"lali\'e ly
inexpe nsive instrume nted sledge hoimmer fOf u>Cin vihflllillo
ana ly,i, of build ing structuln. 1bc: il lY sledge h~," mer
""M w mpa n,d ...·ilh a f;OfT1 tnereiall y nailahlc inslru mcnl~oJ
hammer III ellSure thai ilI.'Cura le "'mllon fe'\lIl l~ e""ld be
ohta ined . The ill Y sledge ham mer ...'~, al.o rompan.-d ....i th
anelcclromllJPIclie shaker syste m f"re,citlOlll'lU,loJing• . ToLs
....ere ronduc1ed in a semiconduc1Of manufac lurinS f....ihly
thai has ~ay SI,n· floon compllred k. oon vrnl ionlll buikJinp.
18 . Vol. 33 April (20051 No. 1
Suurnual ......inf.~ hnl.
n.:iIat .... f<lrIh<:IllOdaI1ftt... ..r
lrnpu""" !Iafnonof_
Ihm:pcuplelOoperaleetTlf;iemly [4 ~
1bc: Ctluipmcn t for the DIY ins lnl me n...-d sled ge 1'I.lmrnet'"
e.nlilinlO a hardcaSC'dgolfcarT) , ..' .ndlra""I"......
..thyair
...;thin the luWg\' IimilS of most airl ines . TbeeqU11""C11'l can
be carried by ,1Of;' ~ . II ~ rerommcndcd.... 1 t... o pe<>pk
..reinn. lvedfOflhe effJCi..'1llop.. tionl)f~uremc'"" (4J.
The ~"<fuipmC111 B rd a lively 1i~JlI· eighl OOlllrared 10 sha kef
,)stml andi, e3Sily ca rricd up and do..wn n i~hls"f Sl&i ... by
~ p . P'alic:. A .(2t"J).·
buo\dI",n..x.s-
[5)
J..ztvr-
'"""....,..... 24 (3 ~ May. rJ<f...U
Pa\Y. A ~PllnmletR .\Ir~p ( I9'J7 ~ - I~ """
ha...-.cr JJTC*1nc.w-.- .. orttd c~M . l'roo:ftdtnp of
,he I ~ ..-....J \IWaI Anal)sis C.. fcrao<:e
. IM -\C-X\l 1
f"r<>cft<I".,..""N--~)J
1 l>1
ftam<y. K.A tl'ml..- Elf«ti,.~ ~forStruaurll
l>yaamonT nl'''C
P., .. ~s.-t.-J ~ ~ ( l l l..
(1 J 1lafR'iC")'.K .A ( l",,,~ M ~.IIo... ,~ "'~ b Stno<tural
(~)
[~J
Uyaa.. ics Teu "'l M 1"., 11: 5<-'..,,0.....,_ . 10 (4)
Rcynuldo.,1".• l"a>ic. A (1lII.1~ ~ St",,",""'_in,.mc..: 1"an8
f"Iu/Ihty.ILSIl.. nc:c................ "" hcln<lda ltCU inlof hu'ld m'
n.- structuref," . f:'l"'...-..,<II r.........,...... 14 (4~ Jul). pJ6.
".
1I. lv"""o. \\i,G.• II,,,...,... I), L. ( 1971). M lmpul"" IC<.hnio.l..: f'"
strucluralfrequ""'yre<......,""test i"g".SO"..,/""Olih"" IUIf,
p~·2 1
.,,<1
110] McCo nncll. K I L. ( 19'15). " Vibra tion Tc' l;nll: l h,,,-,ry
Pral.·,,,·e" . Wil( y·lntc~ if/1>c(. John Wiley . "d S"''' , New York.
Nc wY ",k . USA
'
( lI ) lJode"coU KI ,ld N........lettcrArt iclc... L>y"" mic 'e. litlil c f la'ltc
""ale S1ruo..1urn: Pan 2" • SumlTlCT 1998
11211"""'ard. C Q.. Hansen. C.H, (200 3). M V.bratio n .n"I~.i" of
.. 3f1lc rto:Joro- .(:-,-. ~ Sl_~. 8 1 (l ~~ 1 S.2b
{ 1l]M MO'.-.cd " ","COM., . .... (mI E ~ _ .\ .I<w«:.-....u/rfttf/iM _ Of e M! F"r"'f'r". lblltton. Unilf/d Ki~.
0<1<lt0cr19'l'l.p4 5.
SOM E CURRE NT ISSUES IN COMPUTER
MODELLING FOR ROOM ACOUSTIC DESIGN
\' nun Jt-J1C hot' and Den sn Ca bre ra
Schoo l of A IThileClu re, Dt'l\;gn Sdenct a nd 1'lan nillj:.
Wllkln'll n Bu i l d in~ ( ;04 , U ni ~ e n it~' of S~ d n,,)', :'iSW ZUl16,Au\lra lia .
E· ,nu il: )' j"h"j r<i'km ll as kr , d cD1j!(q'9[[ b un d ,"d u NU.
A R~'T KA CI':
Thi$ paper deal. with ..... " r. 1a.!""' l>
"rth" uPI'licul;on nf e<>rnputc r rnndcllin g in mom .. ...""I'Cde sign in ol\lcr «, pro mo,e
~ nder,;tand i ng
. ~lid; l ~
of In;. de, ign 1001. The fir" , ,,,,,,,m " r Ihc P"pcr dcs<;ri~. the rc, ulb of th<:Ih,."..,internationa l round mhm t....l~ "r the
lind lim'lalions of eu"",,! cornru, .... ",odcll i nlll~'Chn j'l""~. n.. ...
-cood and la.! ""cli,,"< arc ~"n"ern<lll with tnr va lidity of compulcr
m..okl h ng and au",1il al lOn lOrlhe predL<lion arlhe 3o:(lu~l ic qual ity of two Cnncen halls in Au" ",li a. Th. imr~r1 "n .." " fa "ign ing . " ;Iahl,,
.-aJU(1O of diffusion COClfOCKnb 10 oblJin n: liabl~ pt~dic.i"n results, and lh~ ~al ida lj oo of eOO1 p u l~r generaled au,. li'.l i,,,,, compared with
",. Jl'KOI'dcdmu<icin",--ru.al halb • • ", . l..., invn lig.t ed
2.
I. INT ROD UCTlO:,\
Room "Collslie cornpeter mode lli ng has ocve loped greal ly
smcetbe first trial by Krokstad et al. ( I J and has be....
... ", ide1y
adoptedi nhothre~earch .nd eon,ult iol! "'ori . l>c,pile sewT1l1
adva ntage s of co mpuler
modd~
over physical mOI.k ls, suc-h
as k ing flexible and cos t and time effective . tbcre are so me
problems with ,",urrent computer modelli ng techni que s aod
the selection of ' uilahic input values t<>r lhe-e mode ls. These
result in unrelia ble predi clio ns whic h ha, 'e tx..,n report ed in
inlem aliona l,erillcal io n lesls (2, 3,41·A notheriss uee o nccm ing
com puler modclli ng is lhe ,alid ,tionofaura lintion techn iq ucs.
lf thc prediction n.esuhs of eornpu tcr m...delseo mpa rcd with
measure me nts arc wilhin the su bj<.
......tiw difference limen,
men aurahzation is likely t... be a rehable prediction 1001 for
delelTTlining the acoe stic qua lity or a n........ Th ere fo re, the
vahd ation of com putet gene rated sound s compared with rea l
recorded so unds in . ctu al h.ll s is imfIVrtan t for thc asse-ssment
ofcurrent au ralization tc,<;h niq ues . Sue-h an assessment doc s
not appear to
ha~e
been ca rried out pre ~i "usly
T his papcr dcal. w ilh sc veral aspcc!s of currem eorn puter
modelling lechniques in roo m acousti c design and
a g uide to the so llwarc
U s~ r,
o n ho", to
ach ie ~c
prcsent~
reli ahle
predi ction rcsults. The main issueseo w rcd in lhe Jo llow ing
Feed back
lrom
three
internat io nal
rou nd
ro bin
The impo l1anc eo fa ssigni ngsultab ied ilfusio ncoeffieie nl
\'aluL"'S.
The compa ris onof c·o mputerge .....rated a uralizati o ns wijh
recorded sou nds .
T H REE I,,"T ERNATIO NAL RO Ul\D
RO ll i N 0 '
ROO .\! ACOU ST ICAL
CO:\f PUT[ R 1\1OI)ELLlf'liG
The accura cy o h 'ari ous C<.lfI1p"lerlllt..lcls has been etc-cked ,
inindc1'Cndffit \leri lieat io nlCS ls, lonaminc thc ir n:liability
and reprod ucibility. In this sectioo . the les1ing procedure an d
finding s of' thrcc internatio nal mund rob in. on roum acoust ica l
eompu ler mod ellin g [2, 3, 4], whieh were undertalen
by the Physika liseh·Te<:hnisehe Bundesansrah (PTB ) in
Braunschweig. Germa ny. arc briefly summa rized
The first inlernali onal ro und rubin was carried ou t " n
lhe PT B lec ture hall (1,800 011, 274 sea ts) hy sixtee n
partic ipant s from sev en countries in [99 3 - 94 [2] , Eight
acoustical pararnctcN we re eo ns ide rcd: rc,emeralion time
(T )0)' early dccay lime (E LlT, whi<:his a 60 dB decay time
extra polate d from the nest 10 d B uf the impulse response.
corres pondinll t<l a subjec tive impressio n ofrevcrbc....nee):
strength (G . which enm pa n'SoIhe sound pres sure le \'e l of an
o mn id irec lional source , al so me distance in the room. to Ihal
of .he~me ,.,.un'C at 10 m in eeec hoic co nditio nsuc teriry
(ClIO' which is Ihe bala nce uf c.arly « 110ms lto lale (>110ms)
sound energy in the imp ulse respo nse ); dcutl iehkci t (I) soalso know n as ' defl nhien ' , which is similar to cl arit y and is
relered lU speec h intell igibility); ce ntre lime(TS . the centre
of grav ity of the Slluared imTlUlse resp<)nse ); and ea rly lalera l
energy fract ions (LF and LFC, which arc ratios oflateral to
omnidirection alsound energy inth c Iirst 80ms of the imp ulse
respo nse).Thescwen: caJcula tcdin lhe l klfz octav c ba nd for
ten differ en t com bin ations of two source p oskions end Ji ve
receivcr p osinuns. The-se para me ters arc defined in ISO J J I\2
[5], key a'Pl~IS of which arc re pmd ueed in ASfNZS 241lO(0)
~ mCllsureme nls werc thenca rried out by sc\Cn d i t1erc nt
tea ms for the comparison .....ilh the calculated dala
·1'Tncn'odd""o:.·......, ryof Ardlil<Cl"~. Kcimy'"'g U ~ "":...,ry.
lOOO Si.... ,. tlmIl.IJoJ_-G... (}..."P-'-7lU-7<l I. K""'''Vol. 33 April (2005) No . 1 .19
The \CSt was carr ied OUt in tw u pha..cs. Th e firsl phase
wha l e Xien tlhedi fferettl software approachcs in l1ucl\, ed the
lesl edw ilh lhei nf"rm a li" ""n lhe nll llllgeo.lme lry da u and
....., .. raey o ft hc el !cu lalions
·cd thai sma lle r pred ic li" n cm>f!l
The rc...ull. aga in
s urflll.'\: ma ter ial desc riptions give n in w" rds. ,;0 Ihal lhe
particfpems had III ~...lilfl3le ahsnrpl ion eoe lTtcienls based on
tbei r expe rieecc and d ill in ac"u .. liu . All er the me:l.<.. remmlS
in lhe PT O lecture hall ~ been ~. am..JrJMioo and
d iffll-s,onooo:ffocicntsortbc ha ll"c«(SI IOUlIN lnd disuibulC'd
IOthejWticipanlS. ln lhel«Ofldpha..:.I"eSlm.. lll iom. .. ere
n urnated IbsorpIion and d,ff.Non dau.
1lle r'e"U1ts shooaed ll\II s ma ller dIIT~-n."IIC'CS t.."""ttt!tho:
rrpe:l1ed usins t hew
meas.uml .nd (aIcu..lCddata"'CTe . . .incd in l!le SCQ(JD(l
pha..: (wit h eqimalCd input data )lhan in the fiN plusc
(" llhoul ntimalCd input dWI ), but the d,ff~ .. ere still
,h<,..
.. ltre obla inedintlto:..,...ond pha~ ( ",ith '"'ti mal,.,ji n rul dala)
chan in the fin l phl se (.. irho ul cstim at.:d inpul dall). The
pn..,jidlon em.n .. ere ..ppro\ ima lely 2-l lilTIO h tghcrthan
It>it subj«1i>e di tf<'fCfK'l: limrns [!oCC rd. Il), p_9S3, Fi, Wl:
II ). One reaKlll for llul was due 10 measun:mo:n l em" ..
rcponedin(Sj bill lhc lNtin Jet,son "'as alrnosl: ",..ttai nty do.oo:ll.
therompukT ~Iand theassociatcd inputdala. Ovcta ll,
the n:Sl.Ilts ofthe .a:oad ruund robin .. en: nu;h improved
(>II lhose C\flhe ti~ rt'Und tobin. bul st ill syuemic: em"" doc
10 ee (a lcu lalion .l gofilluns ga ve unrel ia ble pn.-doctoons,
in the I2S111frequmcy band
l1>c lh ird round n obin .. "" carri ed ou l in the I'TB m usic
larJ e C'OmpOlred wit h lhe !<tIndard dni..rion o f the "Wl'llgc
lTEb urcme nl moulls .. nd ", ilh lhe j u... " "I M:e ah le dtff.:re~
lt~ l1y
(J~ Dlfortheeight ..COU'olica IJ'llnlmel~. Il ...as f(ll,lnd thal
reco.m ling st udio (4410m!) by I... lmly--ol"le partic:iJl3 nl~ fmm 14
oo lythree partie ip.m lS ...rn:ahlctoj!. ivertliahleprtdicrion
resu ll\ lha t ...ereaprro~ilTllIlely wit hin l hesuhj~..:t ive d , ffrn:nce
rou nlri,... m IYIN . 2002
Hmcns. Some plIr1ie iJ'llnts gav e :5-6 tim es higher pmJi et io n
errors th an the su bject ive lime n. 1<
... TS. EDT a nd C. Furth er
14J.Ninclloo ust,ca l para melcf l
(T\II'
EDT, nSl~ ell" TS. G. I.F. LFC and IACCj We re calcula ted
in si ~ ""IlI\ C bund. ( 12:5 11,, ·4 kH7) for .i~ co m bination s
n f IWO sou rc e "",i li" M and thre e receiver p.. sitio ns, TIle
in form at io n on the averaged pred i, li,," erro rs relat ive 10 the:
mCllSun:mcnts .. ,re Ihen ca rried out by five le arns I'" lhe
subjecli\ e di ffe renct limcn s f"r the e ighl ao;o ust in l par:lmeters
ca n be seen in [2 ]. 1',692. Figure 4 . Th e ma in "", '>Onfor this
oon tpari"' ''' \lIith lhc ea k tt lakd tlata
The 1e,1 " a.s ea rrkd oot in three p lt.asc s. In tbe fin l phase.
al'f'C3n:d 10 he thl diff usio n e ffects n~·,:dcd 10 be u ke n ink.
the st ud ll' "a. s mud d led
ecco u nt in tho:sim ulation program s. II . lso.ppeaKd th.ollhe
. t\o:nuati<"ln o f 'lOlUtld al llrvjn g inc idcRf,:cal lhe .udk 1ll.-e SC' lS
g~1ffiClri", 1 data an d abso rpno n a nd diffus io n \'alues gi\en
(wi thoul meas uremenl). In the SI'O.>nd phase. the ITlCPUrcd
s hou ld be imp lem lmted in the simulltlOrt JOttv.'. n: if good
..grecmcnl .. ilhmo:aslll"nT!I."OlS .. ,... ic be sc hiev ed
1bc s........nd round mIl,n 1....1 "lSearri~od lltlt in the
mUllipurJll)loC' ~11 (1 1,000 m~. 1.100
Kilt))
in
E L~lI"
J,.. ki, >ing .
S...-rocn, in 1'Ntl - 'IS (l ]. "There we~ thi n een part icipa nts
from n inc coe nl rin
in lhe .....:on d lest , Nine ""-"OlISlical
parur>ct~'n ""fcrn:d10 in ISO llS2 (T Jo' H >T, 0 scr ( '. TS , G.
LF. Lf C and lACe). .. en: ....Ir.
-U.. ted in ~ix ......
"ta~e bandsC l 25
III ha ~e
seven pl ain .. ..llll ,,' ~ h a ll
ab. o rpl i" n " nd d 'ffusion ~'OC11idents " ere gt\'Cn wilhout
changi ng lhc S......meuy. ln lhc thi rd ph.lsc• • ll lk-Jign d..'llIils
..nd su.rfao.-egromctOCoit data .. en: a.Jdcd into lhe: mock lling .
The a im o f lhi~ ptut"" .. n 10 find out .. lIo:tOO ~Ilng
de tailed geo.'me ll'ieal data for room lttoOde\ling imr r",,,,, tho:
ca le ula liomurdo:cn:aso.... lhc .......u racyofthe rn..de l.
The c.kttl..ted mu lts o f lhc second pha....,OOI'I\J"IlmJ
\1,.
f<>r t.. elve diffo:renl combi n.llium o ft...o scerce
lhe rtlI:a-'>Un:mmb for I F and l " CC at !iOIIn.~ J'O"'uion A I and
recri\erposition I c:anbc:so:cnon the PT8 .. cb!.ilc( b ap :J1www
P'J'5ihOOS and ~'Il !lUi>'CTpoloilioos. "" CC is tbt a bsol .. te
val.... m&'um um e« lTlC1Cnlofthe nuorm;aIiZ<.'d mlcr·aural cross
.ndanaly1.ilfor lhclhirdlOWldrobinha>ebcenwmplctcd,.
COfT'rilIli<wo funttion (~sed us ing btl!- limes .. ithin ~ I m:s.,
.. hidli~roughl) lhc limediff,..-cncc:bctwC'Ct> thearri\a1atthe
onl) • f..... ddaill .. f the n:su 11Shav e been published in ~f
[4 ). Therefore, the res.ulu. n:fcm:d to hen: In: dtl'1:(1ly from
H~
-"
kH ~ 1
l>mo:anofa"'I,ltfrorntheright sideorkft)idc:ofthch!tadl.
tnl:a) um:l u.mll: I mo,j,el o f a huttWt head (1]. Hence. lACe
d iffltn:no:eho.1.. ecn thesoundal lh!ttwo ears.and
. .'oC1>
........ lhe
has bee e relatcd maspects o f a ooi tory '!""lial i mprcs~ ion .Thit
mlta..un:mc nt~
wltre the n ca rried <1111 by thr ee lea rns for thc
c omp a nso n with Ihc c alc usue d da ta.
Like nie liNI ro und m hin , the Ic, 1 had two pha ses . T he
pl b.del CD"orgI lJ_mdell.btm l. Jl,,(xlt !hal although the Inti,,!!:
the PTO",-.:bl; nlt... hen: tunhcr delliJcd informalionalllllll the
th ird round ro bin c an be found. The brge!.tdillen..,.,....,."bco:.. 'een
the me ....ured a nd cefcnta ted resu llS ,, 'c:n: fo und in the 12S lb .
frequency band le~ dud i ngonc pa r1ici panlrt!ou ll .. hi<:h show~
ve ry hig h l Fv a lucs con , pa n:t "olhersl Thc d i ff"ren~-ebet.. ~-en
the mca n m ellsure me nt ~alu cs a nd th e co mp uted value s was
firs t p hase u f mnde lling was und erta ke n whh g~"" m clrieal
belw ee n 10 and 2WIo , The d iffere nce s bcrwee " Ihe ea k ulaled
a nd mc an me asure d val ues in the 500 H ~. I kil l 11(1<.1 2 kl l ~
and de~ript ivedala f<>r the h a n (e .g. l'h"lnglll phs. drawi ngs
freq ue ncy
. nd vcrb<ol desc npuons o f the sutta ce m" le-ria ls ) 10 exa mine
~ub;.:s1i\'e diff e re nce limen . Inlc rc.. ting1y, the va riali"..." in Ihe
rnca.\ un-mcn l res ullS .. e re abou t the sa me as in theea],;u l.l!o.
.,j
tho: in l1uo:ncc o fw ftware qua lil)' and user's ski ll {)II !hit
ca lCIIll lion n:-wllS. T'he...ooond phne .....s undcrta"~'1\ ", ilh
gi\.:n absorptIOn and dtffu.sioa vailln. fro m the urpn;lItr. that
Iud bc:cnltSIimalcd from room mtasurcmmts. kI find out 10
2O · Vol 33Apri1 ~No. '
ha nds .. e re abi ' ul HO/
. wh ich .... 1 more Iha n lhe
dotd. The ,.......,Its agai n demonstnlk.-d the impo rta lll..... of th e
rerroouci t>o lily "f m<3SlJreme nlS to the eva luation of computer
mo>dels. A . imt lar umd wasobtatocd for t ho:IACC cakutlltiorl
l'""=~'
200
' ,~ I
IE
'~ l
::
"
!__
=§.
o.-u ..", 0.3
: E-'~"
;
-.--_..
_
3-00 1----- - -
DoliJo""' O,7
::J
! -- -t< -- ~~ <la1O
..
l
~ ::
S
~. O· ·"":_; -{ I~
-~ "
'
:
_ _ OdlJo_ OJ
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[hb"", O~
_ _ D'",," ;"" 0 .1
_ .. _ Ddlue""" ' .Q
'
,~
z.o
•e
0'
"
S -• • _ ._
.~...u"tedd_
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•
Ddfus,"" U
-l --:-~:::~;
..
eo
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!
-
o;Il)s..... Ol
'
0iIl>s.,.., 0 3
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- .-Di" """ UI
. -.
80
as
O.. .. ... . I"' 1
--- ---
--- ,
~ §':§J
..»~ ~I___
_D
'.....""'0.3
I -~·.
DifkJl ioo O.5
:: ~~:~~i~I ~~~:~d
~O:"
..
" ..,_.dl.t..... "
50
Sour . ...
SOUOc<o....:. .... .,.. .. "". (ml
(a) 11.11A
_._-- _._
'"
! • • .& . . ""' ... -..1 .....
ee
' _
I , - ,,", -
eo
S<u<:....... _
• .
"
.~_~ J< .__
to
~:9
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n c.(mf
H XI
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ac
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s-_._.
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-E:J
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f :: ~...c-: _
--1
2.50
..."' ... . \....
.-
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~ ,~ ~:=- -:= il:-:-:::::
o.eo
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_ _ _ _ .......... ("'1
200
-
'~ ; '~;;;4i;>---'=~"']
.-- _." a; ~ = ~;
~ : : L- ,
(m )
(b) ll aIl Tl
f ill"'" I. The pn,d icljoo "" ull. fm RI . EDT . "d (j I l lhe I kill . fn:<.jucno;y band a. a fm""ti.." or dillu l ion ,,,dlkic nls in lh. audie nce area
in the two halls. (a) H ~I I i\ and ( h) 11.11 K.
rcsults, althou gh the diffe reo'c s between measured data aod
calcu lated values wn e smallcr thun those Ii'r Lf. lI nwever,
consid ering that (he subjective di n;~ren~-e limen for lACe is
0.01;, thc ddl crcuccs were still large, especia lly those in the
500 HJ, I kHr.und 2 kJlLl;-c'lllen eyhands, which are critic al
octave hands for this mcusurt.'. It wus ul" , ("und lh"l welldefint.'d roum gCt,mctriealdat a didn ut improw dlhe aeeuraey
ufl heprcd iclio ort' sulls.
The lim itationso fe urrent rooma com licalco mpulcr mudcls
rcportcd io the three internationa l round robin evalu auons cun
be summ anz ed as follow s
There are problem s with the calc ulation ulgm ithms
especi all y when dea ling wilh cu rved surfaces and
ditlTuction ell c.:ts onfln ite surfuccs;
The selection of suitable values of inpu t parame ters is
prublernalie, csp<..-.;iall y difTusion coe llk ienls for surfaee
mutcriuls: und
There has been nu ' '' li,fac lury valhta tiun of cumpiHer
generated numilz ation s - no comp arison of com puter
ge nemtt.'dso nnds wilh recorded sounds in re<ll rooms
3.
Til E Ir"ITI.m :j'Ir;CE OF l>1I' FUSIOS
CO EI-' FIC IE NT S O N I'R EUICT IO:"S
Comput er modellin g results arc strongly de penden t on the
sel ection or input parameters. in particular mom surlaee
pn 'peni Cs. ( )l'lho-e input parUl1lclers thepartk ub r irnl'nrtancc
oflls signing suilal1le value s M diffusion coeffi cients for room
surfaces. In ach ieve reliable prediction results. has been
rep orted in the imc mauona l Olund rubin test. . A1l1Klugh
there are sla,l<1anl rnea.,uring methods
surface di lTusinn
I,,.
Vol. 33 April (2005) No. 1 - 21
~~lC m~ i~nls d~v i-ed
by h....l <Jin i:n: nt groups ( 111l.· l n l~malion31
Sta ndard s Organization (ISO l a nd lhe: Aud i" En gi neeri ng
Sodcly (AliS )). ex perienc e in the U<iC of' suitable VHIIJiS of
dfff usion ~'tle fficic nts in wmJlu l~' r mude ls is ra ther limited. As
a IT''ult. lhe finding s from " l>y, ic;lI mod d
mca
remc:nts. e,g.
surfae~"I and 0.7 I
tlte lU\Igh
surf:l( CSwc:hiLSaudicllI.'e lllCali. hneb«'nwidl'lyadt'Jllai in
0. 1 fur the .mooth "nd " la in
cornpcter modds (9j.
lnth is sc:<.1 ion . lhe inn uc r...:e:
of d i lfu-. ion ~ftie ienl" on
the pn....lic ti" n ~ul~ i~ ~"" netl on. T", o e" ne." halls in
A USl~ lia. n: fCTTt'dto ... ll a lli\ (a la rgc vo lu mo:luoll) a nd Ha l1
R (a modenle ' olumo: hall ). "'rn: used for the in w~igalion
and 1Tll:l<k1k:d usin g tbc Odct Y.6,O 'ltll\"' "n: ( 10). The
3D moddling o f the 1" 0 ball,
based (>II dn.. ings and
phoIograptll,. Some li mp lilica tit
for the: audi~~ seats.
lhe c~iling!l and the p Ip" Il'll.an were mad.: in the compu te r
model s o f the ","0 halb The a hsoopl lOO .'Ol.'O icienu "'LTl.'
scleaed fn..,. the rnatmal hlnry P"t" iti.:d '" ith the prograrll.A' dc:w.
Tibo.
..t pre..i....sl y. lhe &SS
um piions from ph)"Sic:a1
modd ~lS "'m: uoed (or ""';gn,,,& the di ffusioo
coetTlCN:nh in th i, 51udy. The cakulalit_ ...eee INdo: .... ng
12%6 ra ys f<.>r Ha ll A and 9 774 13}'>O for 11. 118 . n...: lr.Jn§ition
onI.... l thc nllmbo... ofr.:I10:0.1ion. rnodo:"''<i u, ing IIle: ima gesocece mnhl>d• • ftn ...h ich l3y traci ng ;s mcd) ""M s.o,.1 a1 I
(Of hOfh hal ls. The c:alc:u lal<.
'd lm pu l..: n:sp.......ckngth "' 35 ~5
... .,
Fit:UJ'l.' I sbooYo~ the pmiiction ,"",Iu (Of RT. lOO T iIDd G in
the I kH ~ fn.-quenc:yt-nd"'hcndiffi.Tl.'ntdttru,.jonooefflCienl i
for thc aud i~ al"l'.in the t .. l>lullsiU\:LISO.'d
. ThereMllts.t
three receiv e r posui ...... (10m,20mand2 S mdistan.:efn'm
lhe C1.'OIrc uagl.' ." u n'l.'l in the ualls In eac h of tht: "' ·0 hall,
art prew'flled . The nnal lOlU in lhe: pmiic1ion rn.u lts dcpmd
on the: lull anJlhe scat pos ilion . O wnll, lal'JeT di lT.:n:nresare
~'I\ in Ha ll H than in 11.11A end for the more diuanl.cab.
The \'arial;oo in parameter va lues at • pa n i<:ular sea l seems
to be an almost random funcli" n " f the: lltlili cllI.'e ditfu~ion
CllCflidc m used . Th is is\ uc requrrcs fu rt....... inn...tigation
In H a I I A ch"nging d i l1 u ,ion eoc mc ien ~ i n ll>c aud iL"'L'l.' an:a
infl uence d tbe RT and u n prcdi ct i" " t\..,.uh •. Th e predi ct ion
\ariations a n: greate r than a subjec tive d itli:ren cc lime n "I'
0 ,05 s. The prc:dicledG 'al"..... a re varicd wi th in a iu bjcc tiv e
dilTerencehmcnof l ,OdH ,uccpt lorooen:c".;vl.'l'p"..ili,.....t
25 m from the sou rce. The pn.'d ic:lal G va lue at this POSlllon
ii hig ....... than Ihe OIhen ""hen a d ilTu.sion ClocfTlCien l of 0.1
isa.sipll.'d to lhc audlenec area . More sign ilie.nt pral it.1ion
nrial ions(or RTand El> rarcfound fur l la ll II. partic uLorly in
IhelWon.-.:ei\·Cfp;>lilionsat20ml nd 25m fwlI1 thcsoun.-.:.
/u.'>lgning a d ilfu,.i<.. ~vetTlCiI.-nl o f 0.1 In the audience: . fT.
mul1!.iolargern:dit:1ion ..arialiocuf.... (j .lthc 2 5m ~·
rccci\erdistanel:posilion
4.
A
CO \l Pun :R G£ 1\[ IU Tt:I >
A UR,\Ul...\T I():" S CO \l p,\ H,t: n WITII
RF.C Ow.m:n soux n s
receerde- elopmmt of
the cornput Cf IIlI.ldelllllg IL"Chnique ;5
ClIIIbc d.: fincd.."fol lQ",s;
aunliz:otion. The ICTm-auJ1I li7::al ion~
wA/J,.J!Cai i_ Ii ,11...fW"'CY'" of,. .,.J,,'rl"1: .-J,bI~. hy plrp N
or Iflat it..--UK.J "' c>Jd /", g. 11k-....-J {trlJ <J/<l SlNrn' in a
Jpac:r. in . .....h
Q
"'fl."
<D
'0 fi"'lJf",~ ,'" bi...." rol l iJtnl il/1I
~.""g'''C''pmJlion i'' '"...-J.·IIl'J.p<JN'~
(II I.
The aural ia lioo IJIllCCM can be ... mmari7Cd ;n the (ol.... ing
5Il."pS. The Room Impu lw R~ IRI Ri )
for
">Un:C:
and
receiver pos;11oPs In a mom an: Ulcu L.led us ing compu ltl'
~imulilions. The: liiroaul3l Room hl1f'Ul!Ie R~ t HRl1U 1
are thm CI>mputai u~ing • Head RcI.la1 Tra mofcr FWlClion
t H RT F),,·hic:hiinonnallylalr.e nfrom .dummyhead,F inalt y.
lhe: oola incd HRIR s afT wn "o lvcd ""Ilh a rw:<:hoic-r«<>nlcd
mus ic:or ~h . The: .unli7allion fnIIlh Ire pmocntcd to IIlc:
wbjert~.i.e ithc:rheadphoocsorfn:c(lCldn.-pn>du.."IM",u~inll
lood spealcn "' ilh cn lS5!all coml"", ..lion [ I I J
AllhulIgh . u n 1i13Iio n has lhc ",IImtia l for u...:
tool for
roomacol"tic "ua lilye\'a luatiof!, lhcv. lldi tyo f the lec hn i"uc:
is still u nce rta in duc to the limi ta tions o f wmput~r mndcl h ng
and sound repnodocl ion , No intemationa l round f\ll>i n o n lho"
Ill.
lu~hnltion .y..tcm~ in CUm pUItl' fI1OdL·l. hn
hcc ncarricduut yel ThissectionfTl"'rtson a pa rt;,tlulidation
o f co mputer generated aur . lil a lio ns u,; ng d umln y he ad
c:omparison.s o f
l\' cord ed su unds in actu a l hall s
A subj ective a'"",,~m ellt of m usic
e~ccrpt'l WD~ u n dcna l~ n
10exa m ine whether co m puter l ura lil.tl ion. g ive sim ilar rating'!
for scats and ha lls ai judgements based on rec...>«10.... music .II
the sam e scalli a nd ha lls . Th e
n..
....~,rdc d
mu sic Ilam" I.... were
made at ....'~lt s in the hall s refcm: d to in lhe pre vious sect ion.
FiI Ul\' 2. AVf'.~e . "hj« ti"e pre!",,,,",:,,,> " b,alrl•..J from
rec:ordfd mu, ic Ind cumpulC1'lo"""a red auralila lion •• •
fur.:tiunor_",.. il "",intho:"'.o""IIs. llallA(left)~ llall
B ( ri ghl). S<>Ic: thal .....l ylhcn:wlts r.... ti"CSI'alJlO"it""'. in
tac h hall ",hi~h .rec:om""", for rt.c. UI.Ii_ ion and m:ord.,..J
mu.~ic tv.! ull1 ' ..n•• re pl"l1Cd
22 - Vol. 33 Apr . 120051 No . 1
Hall A and 11.111 B. A nco;h oic: reco rded m usic signa ls [ 121 were
pro vid ed from a two c ha nne l recorder (AL ES IS . Master link
ML 9600 ) .nd e m illai by IWO 1000d SJICllkc rs, 3' Soundsphere'
Ioud..pc:a lr.tl' (!\"nic s}'>Ote ms. mode l 22 12- 1) c om bi ned wi th
• bus 10 wL-.peak Cf inita llcd wtl h two ... h", ouf~... d ri, e r'S, Iij
inc h dia~cr !lOOWP-Aud lO P l llf.kl2 241) . The mu src signals
obta inw hu m a du mmy ~ad micror hon to tfl&K bead and
!or.;o simulalor(HATS) I)·pe 4 1211C) Wl·n:lhe nd igilally SloreJ
00 I ha rd disk (Al FS IS. AOAT 111>2
.4) Impu lse n....j1I>n'C
and other ~"lIrm1CllIS ( for omn"h~lional . dum my 11c'nd.
I nd B-f"rrnat micmphonn) " 'm: obtaillC'd usin g tbe .....me
!i)~cm. The com pull'l"mode ls of l~ NIlnt' halls ...ere ~ 10
~lCTale: computer IUrJI l i7"'l ion~ aI the -.arne SCI !lJ u. inll l~
Odc:onV,f1.0 sofho,'lre 110). Thclurali atioo llfO('Cdurein Ihc
c:om pulCf mudcl s WI!> tho:same IS dc\(n bcd prc~iously. 111.:
URIT s uo.o:d f"r the: oomruulion of the DRIRs "ere lhose of
tho:: KE'4 AR dummy hea4(supplto:d . ilh the:Odcon prugnml.
Alltlough lhe: same t)p.:ofdummy head for rcronkd and
rompulCt" gmnatcd _nck should hc uso:d ror tho: ad«juale
c:omrari..-.n. 'h isoouldnol:bcU1ldmakl'l1b..~ Il Il.IT,
from HATS was 001 suprlied with the: PfOI!ranIused in Ihis
~udy.
fli naural pla) bad. IOCIvl~ lirn lo <qllllduce lhe ....und
that .. {as
~"l'dlt in-ar mi<::ropbono.'$ _ tho:: lj)ln>l"f·s
ean. and IS mdI lhe}' prcMoX I Iod of (..x lity 111J"I«l.C
f<Jl" l....pirica l ~in ... Arn- ic-w oflhac:-lCl;lvliqucs Ind
their limitalion . " Ji\ ~ h)' M.. 1cr I IJ). The: 11lf,"" roml1lf,lfl
. pproIIICh.... hichi' - .indi ,·idua lizcd bi... unll'qlfUduetion
(i.c. nol:\lsinglhc:li~C'M1" ' , IIIU ",), yic:ld!. loo;...huliooc:mn,
.. ith frun l.ll sound )<>un:n l}pical ly form ing aud'''-''Yima~
Ihme: or ho:hind the: li,1e1ICT in ~ n:r ro.tu.:1;"n
Alt!sough the pn:5C'Dl.. ortr. .. al don.: using this awn--h.
Azz:llin.I.(1 4)h ..tom:mtly sho-. ... t...t non-ind i.id'-LIliLed
bina un l reprod~l i"n u.i ng a CTm'\-tl llr. rompc:nsat ion
IOChniqllC.. ilh d .. ..:ly~ Io.IU(hPlClkc-n(known.,, · eeeo
dl polto·lyoddsmorc rea hSlic WlUndima~"l'Y f.... audJlorium
simulati"lIlI.
Two JC'~ of . " bjc:dive joogcmcn" bu n l 00 T'C'C'l,)flkd
mu. ic and ~'''lJI!""h:r g"'''''h.l~..J aunlit.lions wm: carried 001.
Twelv e sealS (mai nly In Ille ~Ialls and "' lfd.~ or ga lkr;""'1 in
each hall ...e:n:se lc:c:lc:d fOf assc:ssing the lubjcc:livej udg:~-mcn1$
'''ing record~ mu sic, NO( I II of twelv e 'Ci l posi t ions
("nl y lh ", 'Cals in \:,Md. hall l ....ere used fvr the .ubjcclive:
jud gemenl s u. ing co mpu ter go.'r",,.all..J aura liU lill"s Allh"ugh
f<:'\\-'e:r.call"'sitilln. ......re u'iCd in thtosub jc:d ive ju djlelnt' nlS
Ilsinll e:omputer ge:neralw aura lizalinn s. lhe: rC'SuJIll sull
",------ --
'"
" ~)
~ DTl."''''''f''"l1
I
"
N OI~ :
<!al.
"" .
1,0'1,
2.U.\'
J :l9 .
HJo
2.1 ".
",. I
' ".10
·H dll
ll\c ......... ;..;.1 ""ran"I~"
hands.(125 Ib _4 kHzJ
e. k .. ""'"
II T ~=
- M..~
2 110
H o~
o,
.... <r'f"'l v......
-e..._
JJ dl<
7.J dll
I 'd"
"'/oaR
"'~'e ."~ml:'..t lil t....
,,~
l oa R
alllr .:"u".><y
cou ld be used 10 examine \1I\:' rd iatllllly of lh.. ca mpu l..-r
g:..n.cratcd a um hzalion s fl'l' l11alch ing SCt!
sear posi tions
Ifof more delails "n the ... perimenral dc,i gn of lhc suhjccti \'C
jUllgement ' ..."I:' l SI, Ta ble: 1 1'r c-...:llIs lh"' ..H..-ag"'VMI...... " f
lhe mea . ured and calculaled ltC('U51icl l pa raflJC{en al five
com m"n<;l'al l" " ili('ns in\:'ach llall
T1>c: subjc:c:th e Judg~menls " l.'fC l>h!JI illC'd u. ing I I.....
cr
I lIernali~cforcwch"iccc:>.JI("rimcllt a lok.iltn. hghtsuhJ«ls
I~oed ho:l"'~"'TI
20 and 40 ilk ntil1c-4 ....h ich
(If\C
n f eech J'lIir
The:
nfrcct...-dings l~y ~ fc:n-N i n l~011s "f t",,"ac<MJ"'i..,..
wbjccb "m: I lIm" w 10 lisle n 1<> lhe mu . ic: pa irs lIS o il""
IS they wi5hc:d bc filll: giving their judge:mrnl• . lbc: mu.ic
smtl"ln. 10 s of so lo l..:110IWebc-r' . ' h ;m c l. " en: rn.....:nll:d
VD I e n player t l)enun Uf'O.('6:Wl and llive:n 0":"""""
II DOOO ) in an " ne\:t.,j c roc m .
The pii)e:hoIogICa11oCak:s of o. ·tonll prefm:nc-e, ba....d 01"1
1he:""bja;1i\-C ~pvrt'ln to lhe ltt()rdnJmU!iic: l nd ~'Ufllrul<..r
gen..·. ltlal aunl lin liom in lhe I" o b.all.. were OOLoi". :d lISin;
dlemdhod ofTh~'1 e lse: v [ 16. 171. Scale unil. o f
hcadphooc:s (Sm nhc ~,.
~fl'f'mCe an: SIIndard dct. uhOlls of l ~lIy dlstribu tcd
probabilityd.:Il>ityfu"",'iofl.AX!lnI ofgoodness"f filsho-.c:d
1Iwlh<:~malri,had sill"i flClnt ink.'f1I.II C<.""i,,~....,:-y
.
maning that lho::r ewlllnll raunp wm: .,gn,ficanlly dttterent
'" .-dom 'C'b :lion [ Illl- Tbc: I'en~.....t J'«'f.:n:nc rs of lhe:
to,!-ht sut;.x1sfor scat j1IlSili.. "" in Iho::lWo lwlls an: plou c-4 in
filtW"o:2. The:pttfel'ml:'O:~ht-cdOll_do:dmu~ic
show !bat mo>I!iClIb in l b ll B a~ ~ lIiShly ran ~w in te-rms
...f the:ir arou "icli lhan (hi: oeal. in Hall A The: ptt fc:n:no...:
jud,.:mo:nbbasc:doorompull'f Jl'1"Il'rJIkdlun.li"" l ionsllho...
simib r n lings for thl: samc-sc-alSin lhc l"o h.1lJsu fo r ihe
rcconkd m ~ in lho: t.amo: halll : the: Ii>.lo:ncr< had ~ F.-tn
preference for scalS ;n lI all R dian th._ in Hall A. Higher
prl'r"crcrlo:e rorso:ats in tbclWo ha lls ....a. obtained from co mputer
~~-d aUf1f l iJ:;u;un:"lhann.'1."OrdnJ musicre31 .ha ll sl imul i
This may he p.:1rlly bo:l;.-u-.: of . ..~ing mor c l'C31 I"",il iun~
ftlr 1110: 1tll bjo:l.' i,o:jud¥cmo:n~ u~inil r«ort.kd m....ie: than the
judgemen ts u. ing n .... puler gc'ffC'f1t!w S<MJo<h , The ~ II" of
prefere nce jU<lgo:menlSma.k u"inll cnm ru l<:r aura li, .alioos an:
inllgrwmo.TlI ", i lh pn: fcr\:'lI<...: jUlltr~"""oI.''-'''Un rl'l;ordw
mu~ ic: al malching Sl:alS.TIle 10.. ' subja:u.to r.llI njtS for r.<:alS in
Hal1A are: in agn:o.'rnc nt wilh mu:;ieian_a!il>CSiiCdn. ling. of lhc
act llal hl lls l 19] and e:VtTIwilh anc:c:dulI l cvi dc nce hy o:on\:'~rl·
gce rsin AIlSlralia.
Tho:indin:c:1suhj«tivcoomrari", ,",,nfe:ompule:rg cne:ralw
a ura li,al ;,,,,,, " i.h record ed "O" l1,JS Ii" lhe C\'ahmli" n "f
1110: ecoosues of the IWO hall ~ wm: carried 'MJI because
of lhe limita lion uf us ing d ilr'TCnl type.. " f d ummy head
The: pn:f",n:nce jUllgcmo....'" h.1"",,J 00 com l'Ulo:r g"'TICral~"l.I
. uralil aliuns lIivtosimilar rJlnl "rokl"ing nf'Clll" ..nd llalls as 1110:
jUllgcme nts madC'us inllm:ordnJ!iOUfI<I Tht:re is c" idl:ncc(21 1
10 "u~ Illal even IIllMJg h Ihcn: an: un in oomputa liona l
,.."hniq ucs. ilml y ",d1hc l" _ih!t:l o u<;l'su,:hlo:ch nlqu.n; \tI
make:judllcmcnb ..bwllhc arou>IlCSof (oocnt halls .
Vol33 Apri1(2OO5)No.l -23
5.
""l<......
CO /,\C I.USION
Wilh the tlevd"f'lTlcni ofcompu. er nlOlklli oi! l""h niqUl.-S,
" , p...:iJ lIy as a resu lt of the feetl....ck of lh!\'t' inlemalional
roundruhi n ev aluat io ns. il is nuw pu.... ihlelO u!oC lhem I sa
loolin ro<lm lll:,ltl sl ics oksi g:n ,l l<lwe \'er l hcn: a re sl ill ~veral
uoctrlainll("s a",.......,ialed ",i lh Ihis I~..:h n ill llt: and there is a
need f", any U.....
T 10 ga in pr.t~1 ica l cs peri cno.:
c in ar.signing
sui u llle inpu' va lucs fo r w rfa.x ITllllcrillla.
Somct hong Ih.ll 1M corn pu ltr m..deUinll can not do on ils
own.even w ilh a.u.",liD tio'l k·..:hnillues. il lOpredict tho:o\trall
arousl ic q ua lily<l f. IJ*.-e, unlC's.'lI.Ubjccti \c j udgcrnenll.~
ca.rrit."tl ou t Jr 1M co mpulcr mode lling is 10 be rd i.lhlc, i.c
if it is h' llivC ll... ><t . lUWrno:nl ", ilh 1TM:. .... ""n..-nlSOf even
jusl. &ivc tbc~ITM:r.lllk ..rdtrinll nf subj«liv... ll-...o;c;' mcnt s a.
in act ua l ha lls modelled. lhen 'ltWM .>I....T 1«hniquc , such as
1lC'Ilr.>1 ntI...'oO; ana.l) sis 120). t:<>tIld be U>oCtl in conju....-tion
.. i\h doc compu ler .....>dtIhnll lo obca.in pn."tl;..-tioRo of~
ha ll acoustic qua lity.
[51
[6]
(7)
(8)
191
in~ of 'he IIlA . 24
ISO n .2 (1997 ). A.........it;-r-Measu""""'" of KV.rt>oo.. li.....
li..... .... room...·i'h n:f""' ......, ln ''' ..... ac:.... ' licaI J'll"amo1.....
ASlNZS 24Ml \ 200! ). A'·'..."' . s-J,lu IU...........1 of the
"'\ '.rtcr"' ionti ..... in ......m.
Ik ral1t:k. l.. ( l OO4 ~ C''''O'''' n ulls "' ''' rt ,..... H.........
Srnn~ er, Ne"'Yort . 6 IS-616
LWJtkby, A., Yilll1lll. T. E.• !i 'C!I, 1I. • nd V LlI)I!er. M
(I995l, lJ....-ertailllicl of"""'...........nlS 'n
n""..... ' i.:s,
Ant>' ....... III,)44.)5 5
Lam.Y. Yo' (I 'l'N ). On 1M paramclcn contn>lli,. dlIT""""
uJe"bh on in . hylwWt( umpultr 1DOdcl
pcdi<:I...... I'Tnt:ffd, or !he' IO......16,H7-S4)
for.--.....-...
R......, Act>u in
{10]
~ OO LOO
In)
(.!OO2 1
10;" 00. M ,. IlrB
( 12\
~:\-l usic f(lf A"'blln• ..a~ .CD ll&: O IOI( I'i'92 1
( Il l
.... k:f. H. (1992). FlIl>llam." u h or iii...... 1cdI1IIJIo@y.
Aun h.."'
V"";""6.0, Dmma.rt.
8.l c~ , R .1..TId !O
.............. P n'i'9)).
c...ic... J. A""OOblf{. $.x.• 4 1.1U>1 -87S
Applitd.4roooJln.~( )-I ..
11-4J
I'rogr;w~ .
AznIi, A.. Cabttn.
l7l ·21 ' .
D~Carn.t\.,f
A . - t ),bnIap.
ilb
__ Auoho
'\ CK~ OWL [DG ' I ['TS
... t2005).kcpudur.-u...of-.l
Thc . ul"""' ....oo ld likelt) aclnovo led~ Pro f. F~ R. Fridc.
a' Uni\ cf"S'ty of S)' d~ , .. ho>t cnormot1l cnooun~1
. nd in\'a.luablcath·icr hclptdbring this .. ork. lo a. s\>..
'tt»ful
conc],ni. .... 10 l ha nk10 tht 1lCUlNM:lP\>up al Uni\'rmtyof
S)dnt) fill' ,...... hall meaw.n:mrn15. and 10 thank grad ualt
~udrnlS in the a ud>o *"'1" CC>Unt: aI Uniw nJ ly of Syd~
and col~ ... ho vol\lllta:n:d lol>c:llIlIb
j«ts
biNuraland~..-l~F'roc .lI
l:ng.SOC.C_~B.OrWiUfta.
(I ii
(2J
Krokot.1.A.. '\t
!O ands.ndaLS. (t%ll).C'.kv.Iab",
IM .............al _lnJ"'fIW' l>ylht """..,..raylrXlf>J
IcdI nique. J. S It<1lib• • • l l ll-I2S
'W>rl1 t>dtr. M (l WS). Inlcnur .......l n>und """n on ronm
_i<al~I''''''''I..-.Pmt:ffdin~. ofIbo IS· lCA.
Tror><Ihttm. ~-.y. to~2.
[J ]
1" )
Rtn. I. (2000~ Awa-.pen _ or room simuLolitw. ... n...n _
lhe 2T1d MInd mho.. "" _a<OlIS!io;;aI compulC1" Ioim ubl ion,
Ano....;r,,-.54. 'H) .9'>(,
llork. I. (2002). "' n...lar..... and .. ~ of A Ydllno ..'"
A"""""e.. Thc R""nd R'*,'''' OIl R",-.m Aoou~iaol'''''''ull1 ioft.
on. y J(~~r.--n&rIrY ~ u f C-..n HuI/
A ..--"i<' QtoaJlty.",f) ~UntVtTUl) t>f Sydncy,('tYpIcr 5
and6.1 1...
[16\
"q
Jllur.,io._. L.L.( 1 "27~AllI .. , of ~ ..
'ivcjudgctnC>ll.
Psyd>o>l. R"1 ~ .2 7H6.
[l 7]
<ioIt I1brR. II , tl9S6).AIeMl~"""'ionfor paorcd
,,,.
"""",*"", .. ilh ~c
REFE RE:\ CE S
III
IpM.-l~..
(18J
Mos&dlcr. f. ( l ~ l ).
..... "'.'.... -.ua.l l. 12S-
Rcn>arI<. _
lhc ...nhotloCpaiml
~: ).A_<>foirmf~fnrpa'....I~
.. ",""eqllll ...
ndard~;.a
i
... andcqualCOt1'<' Lot_ _
_mrd, I'J}~, •.
16.20 7.2111.
1191 Be.. ""... L I.. 4200) ), SlIhl"""iH .... l .." d.,riRgo and
. ""olic:ol _ _• fo! fili y~ i~ hl. ..- hill.. i1 l' lo>
A.......""" - - . I ...,. """,-"...... IN, .tou. W
Ire]
N~~II". J . o.man. R , aJ>df""Lc . r. k . f200 I ).R~ctlll
<b'clormc'nlO in tMarrt~ioftg(
archl1cc.1..n1 a.nd hui ld'"C ~
ros-ue.
A
lfICf...urk~51O
,,,....I...,.....riu. 29.
MEAS UREMENT OF THE EF FEC T ON VIOLI NS
O F AGEING AND PLAYING
Ra lnt a, .Io hn S m it h
l ind
J oe Wolf e
Sf hnfll of Ph )'~ ln,
IJ nl~ e r.lty
of Ne.. So ulh W all"'. Syd ney 211S2 I'iSW
u(op h)-s.lIosw.edu ,au
1
~IlSTRAl'T' Th" ". '.'1" >11 "" ~ ",alibI« ,...or. Uf ll""3'ICrnI.O,,"."""" <b ign«! 10_,~ _
,.... ""'Y >om
," '.lOIi'" <. """~ . .·;Ih ,..... , Mid
.. h,le ,.......hc<.. ployedrqrul. r1yb)'1
V,bn,."""".lI,"""''''',,'1I...'''..''''''''''f''"'''''''''''d-e,'''''''menl...... ......' Ihe'''''rdoufing ond.fIcf <Oll>lr'ol\.'UO!l. Pby "'llond l......lftll
bc' r.;I ( ~ · iR parlI UocI.· .., i> >'<Jml "" <_ rollt'lll «"' iUlw ill . ~Mdis pl"l'o:d lftrreq"",,'l y.
I"n r....
HlILIl......
I<,... .
1<>.. by .ponclor ~ 'I'ft'_ . j.ll_... ""' ~lN .. <omp kti "" •• fia~ ,can .. ,,!I no adJustmm1. _
rhe pl. y«I . lOh.. ".Iy. r-b."rp..,'<f>_I,-..nnwd lto<r.. o.,;"h". oI.II~ .nd .II ~I .. ~ ~
-.Ij_ ."""_ 10
l fIn".....
lk_.,""'''"..... ,...-11'." .
j.'>" >i~'''~«'''' pt<"f","",,"ror ~lIo:r ''''''''''''' '''''' ' '"''F of <al~
1. INT RODUCT IO N
(iiil l' la, inlt-f'cl:oiloo mttha nical ch."'gn
Th{'rei~ ,, ;de'l'read bc l icf a""'ngf'layrnl uf slri ngcd mll ,ical
i n'lrnm~'fIls. andeJI.J1<.Ti<'ncl-d li,h.'fI<·I!o. lhallhesc.o i""lrulm:Il1'
study h.a~
repon ed so me me asurabl e changL'Sassociated "ilh reg ular
playing of B \'ioh n I II The re is al least OIM.' commercia l
enterprise sell ing treatments that expose lhe instrume nt hl
vibra tio n (2). Ho" 'eVer, lcs ting this beliefis comp licated by
othe r possiblc foc«>rs. Foreum ple. f"rag i\'en play cr and
ins lrumen l, these ' impro\'em.:nt s' co uld arise from increased
expcricece in ovcrcoming the deficiroc ics and ex plo iling lhe
impro.e w ilh ase and/or playing. A
I're' ioo~
advanta~'Softllal particu la r inSlrumcnl [ 3 ] .
Sewral reaso ns ma y be propose d to ex plain ho w
impn.wements to Ihe ins trume nl migh l occ ur:
(1) F.\'o lutlonln pa r l mN er sp llec
Players willha\'e made Dllum ber of ehllngcs nndutljuslrllellls
to an old, reg ularl y pla yed ins trument These cou ld include
ehangc~o f bridge, typc o fslri llgll nd ndjuslnu:llt ofl he"o llnd·
ptlst. [n cach ca sc the play er is likcly to rewfSC lh",e hange
unkss it is percei ved to impro w Ihe i" stnn ne,, !. T hu, II
vio lin might gradually cvo l\'e toward s Il pre fe rn.:tl rcg inn in its
poss ihlcp" ram<:lerspace,T hcrew ill alsofl'-'ssihlyh c ll d itkre nl
selectio n pressurc here: in' lru me ul' lha l are un, ati, faclo ry or
that don't improve will, in gcneral, hawa Inwer ma rkel value
and will often bc pl<lyetl hy 1L
...' exper iellce, 1 playe rs , Tho M:
instruments that acq uire a bc tler reputatio n and mmkcl \'alue
will in gene ral be snught and played by more experi ence d
players. T hese improve ments wi ll occur independ enlly
of any ch ange in the Intrinsicmechanic al prope r1ies ufthe
instrum ent.
(ii) Age- r ela led
m l'(:h ~niewl
cha nR<'!.
The intri n, ic mechanical pro pert ics co uld cha nllc wilh
a~e
or
withe \fl\"urc tndilferellt en v ironmenl~.WoodsllSCd in slring
inm umenls often have a hillh r,u iooflo ng itudi nalYoung' s
modulus 10density. and d ryin g of wood over time wo uld 11Iwcr
the dcllsity.However, lhere ;~lI(l simplel\'ason lo ex PCI:l lhal
age-related ch anges in ge nera l wo uld nCl.'eSs.ari ly improv e an
instrument.
us
A violi n (and
com pone nts) und ergoes considerable
mec hanical vib ration during playing and this co uld alle r the
intr insic mechan ical propelt ie~. There is usuall y a stro ng
correlation betwee n the age of a violin and thetotal amo unl of
cxcita t ioo it has undelgOlle,Astudy has sho wna deereaSl' in
interna l dampin g as a co nsequence of me ehanicaI elic itatio n
in lsolated sunjples of violin wood [4]. Extended mech anical
vib ratio n of violin, has produc ed impnw em enls a,j udg<'I..l
by listeners and players [5, 6] as well as me asurab le cha nges
in the vib ro-aco ustic prope rties that arc associated with
impro ved lone and playing qua lities [5, 7 J. Ho wevcr, no l a ll
stu dies have shown a measurab le mechan ica l change of viol in
wond upon extc nsive mec hanical ex cilatio nl& ],andlhcft' i,
aga in no simplc apr;o ri reaso n to suggest Ih.al these ch anges
wi ll improve the instrument. However it mig ht be argued that
mechan i.,m s Ihal prod uce mechanical loss coul d be affected
by sutficic ntly vigoro us excitation.
II majo rdi fTlcu lty with Sludying Ihc efT<Xt, o f agcing and
playing, and se paraling thc relative contributio n of each, has
been thelac k of suita ble controls . It is, of course , ncioriou sly
diOicu lttnman ipu latc timea,a . ariab le,p"rticularl y inthe
rever....di rcction . lnthis stud yweanempf tot:lckletheproblcm
ofeslablishingacomrol fro m thcvcrystarl.
T he importanf slcl' was to com nnssto n a pa ir of vio lins lhal
were M simi lar 3.\ possible. To srudy ageing we have sta rted
a M:r in of mea' urcmenl , of the ir vihm-<tCfHj,lic pro pert ies
and a wrie s of'pta yin g and listen ing tests . To srudyrbc cffccts
of playing, o ne ins tru ment was kep t undc ren\'iron rnerttatly
Clllllml1c<1Cl,nd itions in a mu seum , whi ISllhc OlI..:r was pla yed
regi darly by a peof....sio nalmusic iarl. ltshouldthusbcpossiblc
lodistin j:uish lhc' se paTllle effects of playi ng and agein g
No IWO \'i" lin, arc uoctly identical. Eve n if the process
of milking ins trument s were wmple lely stan da rdised, the
\lI rialion in the fTln:hanical JI«>pcrlks of wood wuuld give
rise III vibr o-acousuc d inl:n:llees . Nevertheless, the aim of this
'IIudy is 10 compare t" ·o very simi lar vio lins as they age.u nder
\ery d ilTerent playin ganod sllll1lgeco nd itions
Vol.33 April l2005j No, l · 25
2. Th e ' l'O \ U : IUl O USE TW I:O;S'
This study Was e"nn~j ved ",her> Michael Le a (c-urator of
musical instruments at the Powerhou' e Mu~u m , Sydney's
moseum of scicuc..c, technology and Hppljedarts) :lIId R" man()
Crivici (a promin.,:n tSydncy musiciall) l>olhwug hl lnHcqu ire
instrumenl'i from Sydney luthicr, Harry Vatili"t is. Vatiliotis
was a student "," Artbur Edward Smith. one of Austral ia· s tiNt
rcno...ncd 11IthieT'l, and has a rcputalion for kin g able to make
finci nstruments n'prOOocihly_
Ahhnugh a srcdy involvin g a largn set 01"' identical'
instrunl<:nh, or even pairs of ' ide ntical' instrume nts. wOIlld
«,rta inly impmv etht.'stalistks. it ...ould ha" cr('(jlll redsJ't'C lflC
fundinjt. llwnuld alsopnwe illC11'asinglyd iffi,;u ll lofindv cry
ctoselymalchctibloc ksol"wood as lhe numhcr of instnrmet1ts
inerea sed.F inally. lhe ideaof keepin g a .statisticali y significaIII
num!>ero f similar, fine, hand-made instnllnenls that would not
be played regularly would be hard to dd cnd to the mllsieians
...ho l1light otherwise have acquired them.
TIM; \'iolill' "'e re made frum wood that had originally
l>cen intended for a viokHlCcllo. Hence it WaS possible
til make both lop-pl ates from the "" me block of wood
(quMWr'''' " 'on European/ A lpine Spru ce, Picea c.lceisa ), and
likew ise ee back-plales (Gt'm'an'ElI rup.:an Maple , Acer
1'. ....J<,plala"w). The wood had ","~n !>ea"," lcd for O,,'r 110
ycars, Thi, tJoes nol give idenlical plales, o f ~..,ur..e, because of
tbe s!",lial inhomoge neity of the wood. Th i ~ was in ~estigaled
by measuring important bulk materia l propenieso fsamples
laken of the wood directly slITrollnlling the plates. These
irtclude lhe spatial di.tribu tion of Young' s moduli (using
resonance tecbniqccs [9, lOll along the grain and IrnnS\enc
directions, the mass densities. gm ...th- ring dcnshks and
morsture coments.
A summaI)' of vahlcs measured is presented in Ta!>le 1.
Over 12 samplcs uf varinus sil e(lOOmmor lcss in leng th.
20 mm or less in Willlh and all rou ghly 5 mm thick] were
u k"n in Ihe direclion "" Ihe Ilmin and twoacro. s Ih"' l:rai"
were obtain ed rrurn the wood immediately surro unding Ihe
top-plates . Thc variariou inlongilooinal Young' s mcdulus for
I~ lop- pial"" is larll<'ly Ihe resullo fa single samp le ha~ing
an anomalous \'a lue. f\;evenhclcss, these variali" n. show II>c
difficulty con rnlf>ling a luthier who might set ou t fo makc an
insUlIlnent similar 10 an inslnHIl<"nl ,,'he bad pre~ iollsly made,
and w h ic h wa ~ higbly a ppn.'Cialed
The results arc consiste nt with " hat we wou ld e~pect 10
find in good quality Sl' ruce at equilibrium ....iththe Sydncy
almo."pherc[Hl j,
Thcse samples will provide all scful con lm l for fulure st udies
on ....ooda l:einl(, distinct fm m thoseof lhc violin itscl f. and
arc sto red ...ith their respcelivev io lins. Severalmeasure ment
Icehn iqllcs were applk"d ulsixstahl:es"rco n' tT\Jctinn
Whenlhe l"pand""ck p lat~", hadb«near\'CdlOshapc,
Whcllthe f·ho1cs had b«n cut and oos","ror in' lalled.
Wl>cnIhc ,io lins had beenfinished,
Thn-cy.....rsl al...r andthcn
A further fourdlys Iats'!", al\cr lhc pla~'ed ,'iohn had bt,.cn
'
. dju,I,..t hy il. maks'T, inD SC'&sion with lhe owner, for the
lirsl limc.
h g t. Tbetatioof
lhe force ""ptied
b)·th" shaker lo lhe
.~'celCT>,i"" mea'1"' 00 al the poml
:~c a::~ic~~~t.~~:
...ith f-hol"s (lie·
:"'t:n~;:::~jlrr::
S
:5
~
~
- - Vio lin top-plate (to be played )
Violi n top-plate (no t to be pl<l~)
eoo
Freque ncy (Hz)
26 -VoI . 33 Apri l (2005) No. 1
f ::
·
./~
I==~-IJ
Ll ~.
,
Jt,'
~ iJl:u", 2. 'kaJ ....Id "",,",,1'C "J'CWIIof the vjoIi ... nciIed
by rontrollcd i"'l"' lonM lhrhridrc ·'Thc:thn violin is ..
;ne,I'""'i 'c ma... rmd...,..j .....dd (' un. ' hnnd l in<;1uok'll
for ~ .... _ M ~ ~rna<k.ner3)'Q1'and
adJllSImml of lhc:pb )'ftl u obll
j"-.L-
i"
'!C
...
.
;111\
\~ ~ '
~
Firu re l : Tk . .... o f nea.r~1d .....1Id prnMlrc I" lhe
appl.... f<>!'«up"" app heal il>llofllroad ·!t&Dd v'bo-allClOl
to 1m bo-idr<'
...as dri. 'm .. -idt ~ lund ellC'h llon . The tr:olKft'f' fU1'I\.
1 ioM
of this ~red rrnsurc 1O the: fO(U arrJ ~ lo thc brid~
r...... I . ""-cd I'""f'<t"n (_
~
_
.... t" - ' <Jl
-*"u "f ..." "" ....... " - _ - . . . . _""'pbon.l'-_t~
. . I.. _
. .' .....·
'_ 1............. _ .. _ _
d__
"' k ~
,"'"'. ... p
~"" - *-l).
3.
o f tb.:-n>o iJbuumcnlS. i'l gi\·cn in Fisl. A hhov gh lllcn: uc:
diffL'feIlCeS h...t 'H'..'" tb.:- tw o inslnunc:nlS. lhc-)- are sma ll in
compamoo to thc:diffaC'l'C'nbomo«n ell lwl' ih!>trumo.'1l1 and
an illC'<pen>i...c. ma..... produccd i"' UlIOlo.'h t t' lMk ' brand)
M I:CH ..\ !\IC'\ L .\I E:A~ l Rl.\l l::OO:TS
ik fOft' the violins 'AC'" ~~...:ml>kd. vrbeo..ma:lu. nical
lI1C<I..'\Un:menlS an.! ChlalJni P.l\c'm~ .. en: lMde ua lbc:carved
pl.l1~"" bcfon: and . ftn I~ culling of (-l1l,I10 ar>d aJd ing
~ bo.u t- r, An impl.-..Jaro....
: head 'us ~lai uiall) on I..hal" and <,"UUl'kd viii . TIUIgncti.; ( b mp sy' lcm I<> the plate,
.. hich ..... cached ",i lh I '1)nlhni.."J bn"'l!..band siC..... over
lhe rmj ~y rilnlte 5().. I OOllIIL [IIJ. The re..ull,a rc .oo,.....
in fi g I . 1'00c lhiltthcrl:a",c!e;udlflcrcllCC'!l inrcwf\'!.ncn
bc:\.. a'll 500 and l«lO fl1. as oee TI1ilthl l\lI.e CJ;pl'\-1L-d from
the mcilSUn:d inhom<.~ncil i<.... in the 1000d (Tlbl e I ). On the
OIhn hilnoJ.tho:lo.. frnjucno;y n.., pon,.,.....n:, imil11r. anJ then:
an: some simil. r;I;.:, in It..: CIl\e ll'l'" 1'( (1",-....: p!tll" The ;n..."
phot"gr af'hs ,h .. ", C hlaJ ni ""Ltc"",and the ffalue 'M,:ies at
whio;h thcy,"'rcrrn."I!otmnllJy....1a:ta1
Allo:r•• -.;mhly and lini~h i ll g "f ill.: viohnil..[he impulse
r esponse ....a. me..,un,:d U, inll llle' mcthud dcscribed by
Jan..."-,,, ! I:!]: an impacl hammcrwa'lposili" ncda l lhe l;p " r
a pendulum 10 imparl reprodu cih le mechamcet impulse. al
the bridllC, and a mino phonc w,.. pl.........d al thet>a .. f-h"l e
l<>mca"4Jre ihe m ulling pre<..u rc rt";p" n'l<:in the ncar field
" f lhe violi n. Th~ IIK·tNllcrncnl' wen: ,,1'0 pcrf'IITIIc d after
.. roeyear, afler rhrc.....yean 000 afl~'f . ubscq uenl adjust ment
of the: pla)'('d in,l ru ment, The pressure l\.""p"n S<:5of the two
instrume nlS uc r:iven in fi g 2, The acou' lic plT". un: in \he
ncar flC:1d of Inc viohn .. as al"o m~·a.ured ...hile lhe bridl!e
... PU'ITlriG .4.:"i0 L1STE:"iI.' G
T E..~ T S
LiSlmingandpb yinglcsf'l ...ere cced uclw lhn:c limo....: First.
.. ben lbctwo ...iolin~ "·a-c nc ..., lhc SoCl:ond "' asthn:o: ) "1"1
b ta (before I ny chan ges or adju,"mc nls had ho;l;n made 10
ertber j aod tbethird ume ...as fou r c:U
ys aflcrl his..f ollow ing
lhe ilblalla lioo of a lll;\Oo bridge Ind SlTinp aoo a minor
adjLlStmo:nt o f thc position o f the sou l\d. post of the pla)oo
...iolin on ly. All Ie'b ...ere oondoclcd ' live' in aL'OOCen h.all
(the: Cla ocy Auditorium, at the Uni\ 'ersity of Nc... S<M'lh
Wal.-r.) .wh ich is regularly u>Cdfor eh.amhcr, orchn lral and
chora l music concerts . The: playing and li"'-e ninjt panel in
each CJl. pcrimenl were rel'Tuiled frum lhe lTM~t able members
of lll<.. i,,[in ...."li"o u f lhc Universily "rSe", SotHh Walcs
O rch.-r.lra Their minimum (i' rmal qualilicati" n, vaned from
7IhgraOC to L icen li ate i n lheA uSlra l ian M us ic E~a rn i nal i.,n.
Hoard system. Each mem ber of thc listening panc l in turn
became a player. A few da ys before [he first cxpcnm cra.
rnemec rs orme panel were asked 10 fill a question naire in
which lhey listed categories and qualities they would usc in
eva luati ng a viol in lor purchase. The more common w,'rd s
were retained for usc in the quesnon s given 10 players Bnd
listeners. as listed below. (A hhou gh there arc published lists of
lemlS that lislen.,,-sand playersmi ghlu ;cforlhelf asJ;Cssmc'n!
(13 ). lh,.,.." lcmlS d" n"'l haw universal acceptance and " e
preferred 10 usc a lisl o f terms Ihal .. ere j lldged n:le\'an l ln
ollr pan ieular gro up of subjec ts.)
The same l:I<, w' " as u......t in a il iriais. ~ h player played
thrce consccu li",clt'Sls.lnlhcli Nl ln l., apll )'cr wali l!iv·cn
an instrument and playw a G majo.. scale mCl' three octa ves,
Vol. 33 April f2OO5) No. 1 · 21
J ~... ....
J . ... n
-.-.---
..11~"'1·""""
~~~;~~~~
a- ~
,-
. _.
Spoakioy llb'll1Y
l'4y"l»hty
n p"y .d----pf.~ <.r_u iip lo y .d
:Ill
7 0±ll.2(79)
7 lhll. 1(79)
61.tlJ .2(N )
661ll. 2(N J
I ,O±ll. I(167)
6 4..04(20 )
7 0' 0 ,2(18)
7.0 '0 ·2i201
7.l • ..o .](2O)
Re>f'OO,iwn,,"
7,200,](20)
7.lr0 3(20)
6.l1fl.3(2O)
J)yn;om", ""'~
7.\1>11,3(20)
0.8' 0 ,2( 16)
U..o.2(I6I
PJay;"ll Jlf" 1<om<c
C. pToyid
6ij ,o.2(s:l) B il12(1R) 66io,:t('W)
S6 ,O lt ' 2) 64±O2(7 8) 6 4 ' 0 )('19)
H ' O.lt l ll U '0, 2C7~) 6U0 2(<N)
5 4 ,0l< l2)61 ±O.2C79) 6 1lO 2(9'1)
U~ .li ${t ) H , " lt \ 21 64 111
.2(79) 6 h 0 2( ~ )
1.2",2(561 I,I" n l0 21 0 .900.1(15) 1.lt O.Il 9 l )
l.l!.O,ll l lMI
T. I>I" 2, ComhiMd "",ul,. of
,......, pari<oo, fmm I"" liSI('t\ing
Ch' ra<1or
SouDdpre f<rno<.
6.J±0 2(s61
1.7±O.J(S6)
6.0±ll 2lS6\
S.4".li S61
7.\»-0.1( 119)
7.I JoO,1(I 21)
6210. 111191
{t 7±O.l1l201
I t. yro
6 2003(22 )
U tO,.!t21l
6..101' 2(22)
6)"'031 12)
7.0 ' 0 ,2(22)
6.7'0](22)
.I 9. (),] (22)
6.320 ,) (22)
1.2"' 2(211)
I.Q. 0 2(20)
S 6±O.st 23) S.HtH I121
5 7tO.st 2.1) H . 05i 221
SII"(I.~23 \ 5.:wJ .lt221
S 6tO.4(23) .1.110 61221
.I8 i O,5(23) S.2HI 6(21)
StuO .liB) .I.6HI Sil1 )
.IA' O.5\H ) .1.3 .0 ,11(21)
S4±04t2J ) .1.2 +0 61221
0800.2(23 \ 1.2>02(2 2)
0.8' 02(23 ) 1 210 1(22)
from G3. asctnding and descend ing. follo wed by a short
piece chosen by that pcrfonner (Ihc same for eac h t""'- by
that performer ]. Alle r each test, the violi n ....as taken from
lhc player and placed behind a SC1"«n on the audi tor ium
stage . According to a predetcnn ined seq uence, tile player
was givcn citbet thc samc instrumc nt. urt hc other mcmber
of~"" irbeing compa re'd. A tesl wa' lltcn conducted and
the violin "as allain returned behind lhoescrc'e n. Fora third
time. the player was given an instrume r n und ai li.ed to play
the scale and th" t~t piece . Behind the s.crco:n. the necli.
and chin rest of the instrument nl>l bein g played were kept
warm by being heldin the hands of one of the investigators.
The seq uence of presenting one or <>ther of the viol ins was
arra nged in pseudora ndom order, wilh the constra int that
all possible arr.... ge ments of two violins in tria l sets o f
thr~'t: were ~"t""pl el,..J with """ch group 1>1' 8 sct-s of tests.
l1Ic pan ieif* nts were nUl.told I>f lhoeaim of the e.\ pcrimenL
(One performer asked if he had been given the same viulin
each lime, while many wlto actua lly had bee n given the
same instrumen t eac h time did n"t c"mmen l 00 this.) Each
player rated the instruments in lhe thre'C tests on a ":a k
frl>m I (I'""') (0 10 (excellen t) in 8 catc!l<lr;es: 'e venre..... ,
'p layahihty ' , 's peaking abil ity' , 'distinctive character ' ,
•...·ann th·. ·hl ighlness ', ·responsivenc ss ' and ' dynamic rangc ' .
Thc-ywcr ealsoasli.edtoratethcirrrck rclll:e I.... ' sound', and
the overa ll ·pla )'abi lity'ofcach 'est t~pcrfonTll...J
The lisecncrs rated 5 catego ries for ea..:h le~t. also from
1 (poor)", 10 {excellen t]: 'eve nnes s", ' clarily', ' projeceon',
'di ~li nct ive cham~ter ' and 'warm th.' They wtre asked to rank
each set o r 3 leslS in ordcrof rre r~ rc nee fur the sound of the
instrument. They were wid to evaluate the sound on ly, a,
opposed 10 the perfonnanc e Quality, and were a sk ed to u sc
lhcir owndcflll itions fore achof lhelennslislcd
28 · Vol . 33 Apri l (2005) No.1
.1.8 ' 0 ,.1(17)
.I!I ' U( I7)
6.2' 0 4( 17)
H ±06( I1)
6 1±Ost l 7)
61,o<Jli I7)
.I,7"" ,li l7)
6,1,0)( 17)
0 9 .02(11)
O 'J,o()2(17 )
6 2±04( 22)
6.2±0 4t22)
6..110.3122)
6.5.0 31221
6.1.Q 4(12)
6.2«1 4t221
6.UO ,S\221
6.2±\I,41121
I.H 01( ! 1)
I.H0 2(22)
and playing teslS. li>lo:<.! are I""
"",an \'al"", ofc:a ch c.aI"i!lU'Y.
Tl>c: pair lhat.ign itieanliyd,tTcrs
at the Q5% kvci is marked "'ith
ana ,tcri,k
In the first experim ent, the new violins 1"" h ..J very
similar and the playe Th and lisleners were not blindfold.."d.
Aller playing, howe \'cl,thoetwui nsltUml"TItscOllld be rcadily
distinguis hed upon closeinspe-c-nor utbc bridgc onibe playcd
inslrumcnt was n01iccably darke r in co lour. and its vami..h had
a d iITc rc n t tc"t ur~ . Coo!\l."'l uemly, fOl lhe later lesls. players
(but not listeners) were blindfold ed. Fromihc desig nated seats
in lhc auditor ium, the "w ncr or the played violin co uld nut
disl inguishthemv isually
The results of the comparisons are given in table 2, Dues
playing make a violin ' warmer ' , more 'even', 'h righ ler'
land lhe rest of lhc elle gories) , as detCl"Tl1ined hypla)'ers
Ind lislencrs? Thechoiccof eofllidencc Ic\'cl for teslS of this
nature; is a co mpromise , If ofle cho<.
.>.:s a 1c\'C1 of m'o or
9R%, it might be al1\ucd thatlh" dernandsarc tooslringenl :
pos hive diff erenccs will only be noted if the panels could very
cuntidcnl1y distinguish bctwcen the instruments. Conversely.
if "newereto chum.e ale\'elof95%. wewouldex pectfal~
positives in applo~ imalcly 50;. of co mparisons : anout one in
t"' en ry n:-sullswouJd yield falwpositiws. lncach sdofk"lls.
...e compa rc"dresp<.>n\OCl; in 16difiL'1\'nl categuri es. loO.at!tk'
95% co nfidencc le\ 'e!, lhe prohabi lity of nofa lsc posili ws
in a ' iogle cx penruc nt is {O.95) 1~%. In other words. it
is more pmhabk to have one or more fa lse J'Osil ives Ihan
none at all. Thc chance offalse positives increases with the
number of co mparisons . O ver lhe years wc co nducted j sets
of compa rison s in eac h of six tee n cDteg<lries. ic a I\llal of 48
curnpa riso ns. Hence, even allhe 98'r. co nfidenc e level. the
cha nce of oo fabe pos i t ivcs is (O.98 J"~3 11%. Agai n , on"or
morcla l,;cpus il i'·esismo~hli.e1y lhannone
In lhe4 8 comparis" ns. 1II1d ifferenc-e bt'lwc.;n lhleviolins
was significant at the '18% confi dence level. In j ust one of
the ...umpari sons, lhere w;a~ (lne compa ri s"nthat. "n its own ,
...-ouldhave~ sill:nificantatthc95%colllideneek .'d .
Allhe first trial .lhe vio lin that was 10 becom e lhe: pla yed
violin was judgcdso ' speak' bener (amcan of 7.2 compared
10 6.3 for ' spea king ab ihty·). ll owevCl", in 411tes ts . il would
ha\'cbttn verysurprisingloha\'cnofalse pos iti \es at !he
95% k .d 0.95"'" i~ OJ%, so, len timcs oul of ek1.'en .4R IC"'~
.. ou ld yicld l l lea stOO<'fa lscposili\'c allhis kvd.
Thl.""",,"'$llhS su~llhalthrce yean of regularl'laying.
and the a.kli ng<lf new bridgl.:,IK\lo' strings and a sligh l
adj1WmL..... "f lhe !IOlllld- posl. has noI made I stalistically
sign iliean l dirrITCnl.
'C 10 the perfonnance of one of the pIIir
of \·;oli",. . as "':t~'m1inN by playing and li",~... ing panels
of e\peri~·I..red "i<lhnistS ...flo "'-CIT unfam iliar wit h e ither
mSlrumen l.
\\,Ihalof sornco nc ...ho is fam iliar .. ilh al k/L"l onc " fl he
"i<lhns? r na"Cflllr;rk, l>lind playi og trialcoododOOaA~,.1.he
1;1.51 c...mp;orisoo c\pcTimen l, Romano Cri\ ·jci. thoeo...-lIcr of
lhc playedv io lin. wasa...~cd to play a scak a nd . shoft pic«
{lo thc inllln m", nl5l1s 1hcy ...ere presen ted to him inra"""lfTl
{llde r.;o nd III idc nl,fy each instrumen t by ","yin g Hmi""," ....
.. museum ' ~ .. . II", was correct in 20 (luI of2 4 tri als. ...-hi<;h i.
, il/.ni lka nlal l hc ~/.I<;v cl.
The .uthors ....ould l i~f;' kl lh.onk MidIao:lUa o flhe Po><'criIouw:
Mlt'>CUm. Romano Cri \ ici. Hany Yatilioti:s and k Jhn Tann ,
....ilhout ...horn Ihi,proja:t .. ,.. k1not haw bee... p._ihok.Wc
..ould . lioOl i~e I"than~ lhe: p"",crtnr.c Museu m, Sydnq,"'.
thei r suJlJ'ort. Wc would also IIkc 10 I<:~nowledgc suJlJ'ort. fOf
• retared projce:t. from the ALL'olnIi.a.n Rnc.ardr Cuuno;il and
Gilc:lGui!.ln-
REFERF.."'IC ES
I I)
C.M
HUlduM. MA~ El1'c:d .,(~Tcntll"lay...,
... VIOl;'" . .." Iy 1.l1ilN<I1eIIl
1- CSIpIA....,.io"" s.c~
~ l (5 .(~ IIl.11-.tl)(199ll1
(2) R. Tumcr. - 1 _ VonlaI<': ('all I \ 'lbnt _ M..'
~
I New GuiwSntmd l ,kc an Old Guitar'!'" .........., ( ' _
.'It.= ...... l6- oI1(Fc:b. 1Qll7J
131 M.C. Killion. M The ctfce:t lIr
pbyin~ un ,"" ""'" of
...... ..iolins-CUlgW.o4........,K"'Sonrt)·Jau""" 2{5) {"'""'" I I~
",tended
22-23( 19'1-1)
r~J
D.G . Hum and '".• lio "'-n, - Why old liddles sound , "'ccI,r .\"atu,... 3 ~.f>lIl( I9% )
II i'''nl knu.. n In whal extent he may have use d llM:lile
<;(/CS. which oo\ 'iousl y arc an importa nl part of the playi ng
.....n ..ali"nI 14 J . Funhcr.hi s l~IWll$a<1l lUlhly asiml'ler 'JfJI,.'
than lhal fKN by lhepa.nd o:hcS'I\ 'f;'abinary ch..,iccrathcr
thana nrnkinll or I1Il ing.
Can " 'f;' eXln et lhe elTttls of .~ alone from lhone
cxpcllmcnb ? In princip le, listoming k'S 15 eouJdbe cuadodo:d
USilll1 llle rerord ingam.-.kdunnglbcscc.l.p..'IlmCtlts. l~
e\ pn; men" ha"e not been roodlK'tCd yet. ;n pan becacse
~. .. oold be C\ pe1l$l\ \' I nd th.~ proJ«t has no forma l
fund, ng. I"ben' IS lillie ro llli In USlIlfl the data In TaNe 2 for
thIS polf'O"C': !he r la~ ml .nd listeni nl! panch ...eft' I'KN lkd
fTtlfTl a u udm t Ol'rlonrn and lhere is no O\~ 'n mnnl>en
bl:fwcm 1M fi n! ","0 1c5<'l. Even ifthcrc Iud hn:n ~
rnrnr ht'n.. it ... roo-slNcthal lhepb)....Il~III'.nd""""lCa.
ta-.to:'"o f . m.Ncl.lln might cha1¥c more I1Ipidly IlUn tIlc...cof
theinstru",",1.
S. CO :'llCI.US IO SS
Mc-.:ha niell ITII
,'<l'> um nc rlls sl10w notia:ahlc d ifT~'I\.'OI.-n
bctwttn lhe 1....0 ..iolil1'lbu ill from !he same "01 .1 sa mpk-s
Althnul:hthe frcquellc)" om\c~ l re,im"ar. Ih....-care
difTo:ro:n..~ ind.:tai I.Ne ..crth.:k.'Ss,
with this pai r of instl\llllnlb. f'M" a till'lCco ml"'f , ble ... ,th !hc
a~ of thC5Ctlhlcrviolilll
AC K'\ () W U :IJGEl\ l l-:NTS
rank ing..o l'lhei nslruftll.'flb
byc.\ p..'ricncc-d l'layingaoo hiteni nll f"lne l.shll\\·oo no
...at iMically sign iflCantdilT" rences in!hclini"''''' in''mltl"n L\
Thi . implie<o Ihal mc u uml chang es in IlI<'<;hilnical ""'lI<:rti",
alonearcoCl\moughtu,u~ lhal il n illsirunlo,'nlh a,
• impro vnl .' Thrc.: )" .rsaAn Iht:y ...crc rt lsbed, wil h o il"
inslrumelll ha" ing bee n pla yed and tile o lhcr ha ving been ~el'l
in mu ....UI1l.....md ilitlIlS.ihe results still..howcd no slaliMically
sign ilkanl d ilTcrc....:n
This SU"riI~ tha I tbe d Ten. of pla) ing l it sm.l.1I . Iler
onJy3yun.
ThIl.'Cyn.t1o is ntll \.'<1Osidcrnla.long till'lCfOf. n in~rrull'lCnt
of .. hic:h lhcn:arceumpl.cs 5lill being pla.yeda.fter huodrnl s
of~, T'hc invnaigltlll'Sbope tlI.lII this Sludy " 'ill con linue:.
[51 C M. Hutchins and 0 ,[ . Rt>d~rs. - Me:thnd
. of , hanging {tic:
rreq"""" y <pacing (delta) hc1.. ccn t.... AI and III mod.,.. o f
lhe , 'iolin- ( dl j(N1 .04"""'.. ""'/ So"'~1'l' Jo .....al 2 ( I ) (....-ies lli .
lJ · l9 (1 ~2 1
[61 D. Ling l ndM , Killion. - Jo;"", 'Cl"WH,Id:Playing. in ,nOlrumcnl.
tt.<lUjIh ,n-.ry IrnwNcalM 01 - " " t.> lhc~H C~
.o4""".tI""" ~· Jr-u 3 ( 3) ( ~II", ~ ~ -4-I ( 1'J"7 1
(1) C.M. IlUlChi.....- A..-ratolc conrrol1inl' fan ", in the raoeand
pla),",,,,,,,,hllC5 of v,,,,,,.. ~G...., 1r'lW¥-,,{$qrirtylmmtpl
1 ( ~ ) ( ~ II ), I () · I ' ( I 'Ml ,
181 J. C.mpn. M. flratuNnn ...:IA .
Pial:ocl, - An c..pc'rimcnl.ll'
lludy ofc:hallj!n iarbo:~bc""'f'OD"Cof .pic:.:cllf ..."""
pr....u...n.outo,c..."1 Il1 ....ionaI ll ".."tus-Jot.nt . .o4n>tcIl. SUC.
A ......, II I , -I). 2l l S 23 11l(100J)
19J "'.Sdiollld, - \kaou..-..msofElN>Cily-'Loss Fac1I'll'for
Solid MIIo:naII tPatr 11.- Kriicl& Kja:rTccllnicll Review (-I ).
\~ 1957 )
[101 R. D, Harjonoarid J.l Dun""',- "'couolic:properric:sof _
...UUJ1oI.. . -.lflfdonc.t.... """OOO-(llIK"'''<:tNJIicuJSr'' ....(I ·
.Jo.nw/ l(5) (wrin ll),I O I S ( 1 ~8 )
(II I J, Wolf", J. Smilh. G. II'IC I",",,~ and F. SUd.cr. H A , )",cm fur
rcal'imo:""'"""""'l "flC<..... ictrl"'fc:rfunc:<iom~ .o4m<ljlio
.o4,,-.troIj(JU (I ).I 9- 21l ( I ~S,
( 12) F.Y Jl n......, - Admillanc:c: _ 'lIcure_'Il" of 25 hij!h GUlI"y
"iol i,,"~ .o4c..,'i<',,·"'·~'
'k"" 'U (2 I. JJ7 - 341 (19'17)
- ... ,landardi,.,dGuahtati,·c ~i"h n
[IJ l li . H, ,"m8~r a lld t '. l ic:a'
e"" l"ori"" r n>cc:durcT' (''''10
'''' .o4'Y!~.,'k,,1 So<:ietyJ"u,.. ,iJ (6)
(.....ie. Ul.44 4S (19'JH)
1141 A, A_kenfdl am) E.V, Ja".",'". - 0 " ..ihrnlion !..;n....l iu" . l1d
ling"r lOuch in m inSc:din.tru mcm playing'" Mw;;c I'CKCf'lion
' (3). JI I- 3S0 ( 19'l2)
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VOl33Aprtt(2OO5lNo. l
·29
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3O- Vol. 33 April (2005) No. 1
A CODE OF ETHICS FOR THE AUST RALIAN
ACOUSTICAL SOCIETY
Fergus Fr icke,
Faculty er Archttecte rc,
I'h e Unlve r slty of Sy d ne y,
T he Australia n Acoustical Socie ty, like most profess io nal in-
stitutions, hasa code of ethics. While there are considerable
limil3lionso n lheval ueo fsu chcodes,lheydo provideahroad
visio n of'an ideal tha t members of'a pm fession share and a>pire
to eve n thou gh the re is often a larg e gap betwee n the ideal and
the practice.
Like the Ten Commandmen ts. the Cod e of Ethics is opc n
to inrerpreration. Ju' l as thc comman<.! m",nl thaI you ,ha ll ",, '
kill ca n be igno red ifthe right pe rson reus yo u 10 kill, the ethic
[har thc wt:lfare ofth e co mmunity should be pa ramou nt is also
o pen 10 vario us inlc rpretalio ns, For insla nCt: whe n noise is an
issue, is the " co mmunity" lhc immcdiale neighbo urs of an airpo rt, say, or is it the populanon of Aust raha? O ver wh at pe riod
sho lll<JIhe welf are be co nside red? How docs on e de fine the
welfare of the co mmllni ly?
I sugges t that we need 10 disc uss and de bate and fee l pas-
tage. Fo rin sta nce , shou ld we sup port the co nstructio n of roads,
with o r w ithout noi se ha rriers , where the road will visually,
aumlly or phys ical ly produce a significant deg radati on of the
built en"i ronm cnt o r lhenatllral en vimnmc nl'l
While it may seem unrea listic to co nside r en viron me ntal
issues int he daily need to tum a dollar an environmentalclause
in l heC\ldc o fclh icss~...,mstohcas rcasonab lc as othcr cl auscs
in thc~we of clh i cs_ l t m ighl <;vcn focus a tle n li..,n, in theS<.>­
ctetv, on the six exi sting Co de of Ethics cla uses. Ab o,gi"cn
the mys ticism invo lved in so me aspccts ora cousncs it wo uld
>t'em ap propriate 10 have a mys tical se venth cla use in the Cod e
o f Ethjcs
si"nat<: abollt such i>sues. Wene~-dlo g ive ex a m p1es of whatis
aeee ptab le andw hat isn ' I. We need, on oeeas ions, lo be a ble lo
excommu nicate heretics and occas ionally, in a vibrant orga nizatio n.wc must acc ept that there wi ll be ins urmounta ble docIrinal d illen: nccs which end in splits and splinters, an<Jthat Ihis
is proba bly fo rthe greeter goo d. Life is fu ll of co ntradiction s
and the need fo r holh unity and divers ity is j ust o ne of them
"consci ous consi dcra tion o fi ssucs may lcad t"~~lIltradictions
but it is difficu lt to argue that co nsciousness is nOI fundamental
10 human ex istence
Altitudes and ideolo gie s ev olve over time and if a cod e of
ethics is to be rclevant it sh ould evolv e also. While I don' I,cc
a need to alterthe six item sin the present code I wou ld like
10 see a seveo th i temaddedtoiI. Atpr~~nl lhe code ofelh ­
ies is on ly concerne d with Ihe rcspo n' ihilitie' of mem bers to
the co mmunity, othe r membe rs and the acoust ica l professio n
I suggest that membe rs of the Aco ust ical Soc iety should also
have respunsi b i li ti~'S concerning Ihe acou stical and physical
enVlT<mmcnt
Undcr thcex istingcodc of elhicswel fare,hea lth and satCty
ofthe co mmunily shall at all timcs takc pre-:edeneeoverscc_
tio na l, pro les' io nal and priva te interests. Animal s 100 are nffcctcd by so me of the actio ns we take as professio nals. One the
most notable of these is the effect o(",mar signals on whales
and other mari ne life but bird and an imal behav iou r is also inIluenced by no isyaelivilics.
Ano the r vcnvircnmc r nal" issuc con~...,ms our c u ltural hc ri-
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VoL 33 Apnl (2005 ) No, 1 · 31
ENVIRONMENTAL NOISE
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32 ·Vol. 33 Apri l (2005) NO, 1
M
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ENM
ENVIRONMENTAL
NOISE MODEL
PAULDUBO UT
10 Octob cr 1928 - 10 Febr ua ry 2005
Paul "' .. hum in M dt..~m"" when: he "PC'"
all bi. childhood . nd "" end~ Hailcyhul)'
C" lIe8c o f which he ""Is <lu, in hi. fin.l l
two year<, He graduated from Melbourne
Univen<ity ....;lh a Ha<:holor of SciellC(' in
pbysics and el~lrunio;s in 19SO. He >lM1cd
wor1<intlle aw"".ic andl/1,:",..li" ,o;..!'V'I"'"
«<lion of [be: C S I ~ O 1)j " i<;il'll1 of HUIloJulll
R~a~h al ll ighell in Md holo, " c ,n "I'nl
l \l~ l. ....here: ,",'or!( on acoustic . tw.l . W1<d
CSIRO' $ acou.....ic chanll>en at Higllctl "'~'"
co:-truc tW in 1%6. Paul had ~) Nil the
....'OU~lic. litt l;on and ma""l,'" Il>c til '....'
and ",m mi•• inning of the I'll."W "'-'Ou>!;c,
cluomhn ...L>uring lhist imePaulalw nlo:ll.'> ured
three ) u n cu lier. ~ o f lbe: mo<arc ho:n
Ofl
""u ,,<1 ....nsmi..iur, on .1"'1>
"n ,>11><1' c,' m,nill<'t'!>. Pau l remained very
...0..""
r-~;n "''''<:and\.'ort.ed<)ll lhe damring ofSleei
ruoh '" tcdU<X"rain nois;o. Pani co", ,,,,,,,,,,,,,
hi. .. orl on $landa rds com m in<'1:'< al lhi$ time
hy hI: ,"~ in, -iled In join ollC com mil1ec and
mllCl'Il,ng !lis fellow researchc'"
rooitinns
. LOLl ,I... ,..m
act" CC'lll thcsc s!llnw.nh commiUc<:s unlil his
TCliTCmtfll in 19 ~~
lICQU';I ie•. T'IK ~udi l"ri ..m ",,,,,,",~h m'h~lI~
,n...,lnd I"" ...,~le mode l l , ni Of"LOLl,' ........P~~l
Pa..I .. ... a lo..nd. lion mcmber ofl be VielOria
Di~ " "". cr me AUSlr.lia n AcousticalSociety
lhe resl o f 11
... team wodw
('IQ
~~:=~~5 ~:~;~U.~;~:.:.:~~S ~ ~~7:~::c::r~~.~~:::~);~c~:~~
'n oo""'."7.bad
" OIkcd .. ,Ib ope« h -.;I ..
Sln~dc ~ 'lJc'.1 ~,,,.. c. CSIRO c"t<.:ndcd t.blO
heanallack, Paulapplic'<;! . Paul' 5l1jlplica' ion
10 t.........." ..i. i" nal e"",m ith.'" which fi,st mel
w"' ..n. ..",,~ .. ful in Ihc flf'" round in
on lkcnn N:r 1964. Paul was secretary <>f [J."c"mbc, 1 9M. ln ,1,e",C\"Jd",und in M.~
1'ffl7. Paurs applicalion w.....,...~ I ...l and
I
Paul decidc'il lo M ire ancr 36 Y<"'r. wilh
CSIRO.
man federal n,emh,,,,bi p l\radinl1cummill<.'C
nnlil 19R2 and Ibc "oci<~y· s archivist unlil Paul was a I(",al reade, of the au "",,i..
. lIn", ION' . lie wa. honoured for his wor!<in
lileratu",. Appropria'd~. '-"'" or the itc""
""".." ie.andl'\I II...ociety byhcin gcl celCd
lhal Iw bad ..,1...1cd \I) , ~. d . j ... 1 before
" Fd low or thc society.
hi.dcalh,"·as,hcjustpubli >ho:<! is",eof
l'a,, 1 was an a.oc",), for the Nation. 1 ACOUSl. ic~ Au.wa lia. Further infO""," I""" 00
Paul" , cafCCr i, conlaim,d in t ~e April 19H6
A""""i ut,o n uf T",'ing A"loo,iTic", AUSIraiia
i...... ofAcousticsA"S1rali.
(NATA) since .lInUI 1970 and se,ved ""
NATA' s Ac·.....slie. a"d Vihrlllion Regi",...tion
Advi.. ,ry (' om minee fOI five ye a~. Paul
...,
w... . l" ' lhc Au,ua1i. n Acou" iul Society's , n·pll....,nla..'e on the National Com mittee
fo, I'hysiC$ of lite A""tr~l ian Academy of
Sekn e•• f"' .n"m....ro( yea..
~nd:;n:~~~;I~~~P~~;;~'~ ~~a:,:,:~~~r ~:: ~~,:;:~~~~ni~ ~~ ~~:~~::I, ~~~~
r...r. wife Va' als<I gmd"ate d from
MdbourJk: U niwrsi l~ aller Sl "d~ inll rh~.ie.
and n,. ,hematie•. V. l con,me nco:<! " orkin" al
CSIRO at Higheu in thc concn:tc sccli"" j,,, t
!)eli,,,, Paul. The~ kepi their rd ali" ", hip.
....,,,,t at CSIRO. llnw eve, late, in 1~ 5l therc
was a budgelary e, i,i• . There wa. C\'cn talk
ofa me' ger wilh ,hc h perimcntal liuilding
Station in S~dne~ wbi,·h d id nor :lC 1"atl~'
,,,,,,mumil July I % ~ a fter Pa,,1 had relired.
In>le ud th,,n; w.,an inlc'fTlal ",, ',ume and Val
was "u n, f. rre<l1<> lhc . u"", "'-'C1iun •• l'. uLA,
Ihi' stage lhey announced their .. latio",I>ip a,
CSIRO ar<l .hon ly ~t'e,ward. were formally
e np il"\l. \ al k ft l"SIRO in 1954 10 I'"-i...
Ari<ing 001 rof 1.... oommi..ioning of The
f. ,,,,I~ ol ioul.
acouslic s ebaml>ets. Paul manailed an
Tl>c '~lch ..... . uJitoriaand\oll";..'Cli'·c
AUSl,a li;u>and !' .w Zealand " round robin.( ou.h o ", ... ",,,,,,l'klupin1 9; 9.A fle, ••hort
un the me... un"llk"lll of >ound absorptioo
pe,iod wor!<in~ on lhenna l rond"",i.;ly and cocffici<:nlSin re."",,,r-.otiOtl chambm<. The
ai,ehangcrale ,Pau l comnlC1lCC<l lOor1< ing oo
final "'I"'" "n Ih.. .....,lI1Ch ...~. pul>li,heJ
(o nu nunity 00;'" and tran...-ni..ioo acou"ic .
in 19R5. A .....JCI'1 lol e, "I". I. a method of
n.....'u ring the "Ol\. " rp l\lmb"'ll ar pli.nc ....
Roy M.""e ~ le ft in January 1966 10 berome
ehi.f of the CSIR O Di, i. ion of Forest wa<elMllmenccd onI972. I'. ulll$Oco mpleled
the "Tile up of I,," rmJCC1 in l'l~ ' .fter lhe
f'rod llClS and Werner Lippcn became Ic. de,
lfl:hcT n.~ i m:l
1977 due 10 ill
ong",a l
of 11M: loo",li ... learn. Unf""" ""'el~ Werne,
t.eallh. LJuri"i th<: 1'l70s. l'aul ,,, pcl"'ised
""" .me ill. y"a, I. ler in JanUllry 1% 1 and
Ken Co'~: ' lOC.. c~on Ilw oound in." lali"n
n<:ver fully reco •• rcd. Ahltough .... did no,
retire until 1970. he "en l Ihroogh .difficuh of typ,e. IAu ,tralia n ,oofL"I( .y, tcnu
,,,.e..
pcnoo .nddicdin 1911. Anhu r Nick500 \o:l<ll;
i1Iduringl%7a nd diedi nJ anuary l%li
,n
In latc 1 9 116 , CSIROhadan .a rly ~;oj ion
i n ccnli,·~ s<:~mc. 11~,' in~
EDUCATION
AWARD
To promo te research and
the study of acoustics in
Aco ustics in Australia
Entries due June 2005
www.acoustics .asn.au
ulr<:ady, u ll"". d a
Vol. 33 Apfil (200 5) No. 1 -33
micn>plKlOC'Sandk."hpeakers
-n.., lutho, su~eslS.hat the llonk c.n l'lC'
u ~d a.a tcx tfo,,,,i f lcamm~ ,,rfn..
En~iottr' n2 Acou\tics
An lntred uction 10 Noi~ C o n t ro l
Mlch.od M""",
Sprinllff·Veri~g.
& ,h... 2004. 2H9 PI' ( hard
CO\-crI. 1SBN 3 5411 10236 6. D."
Inrurmatiun Se rviccs . ,..........d.dil'C'l:l.rom
P,i"ASI~llprro~
This i~ thc Eng li.h tram lalio/l I>y S
7.im mer mann or the .ulh ~ r; 2003 boo k
" 1-"chnischc Akusti k" ,.,hkh ""a, the
co"' plet. ...· v"ion Or Lotha , C"' tnI.,· ,
,.,.11
~ bo:oo k ~V.;) rlC!; " n ll" n " I><·, T.dmi", nc
Aku.. ik- . T1Ic-li" t fi". <·hap' ero deal ,.,ilh
tho:I'"n'''f'! ;..., •.r ." " nd and runda mcnllll.or
p<upall·ll;"".r.I~ ion, Slructur. bomc ""und
. noJvllul _....,.,alion . The ,"""ond h.lr " f
lhe ro.", oomJlri"'s six cllaplers COHrin ~
topic• •c1arcdlOsound"'· ithin>pacn",eha .
soond.Morbn-s. ,oomaro<>.lic>.dilT_, inn.
l"" lurc
<"Uu f'il!'tln dt hat no highly s!'<'Cilk kno,.,lc dIlC
i, ,il;l l c:<cept ror ,he " u, uol , kill ~ ·l ike takIng
d" " .-alwe , and soi, ing simp le In"'' 'ink'" .
lin ...",
Ihc extent of t"" mathel1Ullro in
IM t>or. may make n ' othc'chall"n,linj/ for
."" ~ . rcade , . The lI...m y"f"" und WI' e
pror->p1i oo aoo th" eff<."t. w,th in 'fI3c'C'
an' thorou ghly deah ", jib.
fo, example,
in thc cha pte, on soulld .b.oftx-.... ....-cr 10
pal!<... . ' e d"' ·Oled to tll<:' ... iou. a>-pc<:l<nr
Iht th<:<
'f) ' nfs"undabsorptiun inin,pcdan«
tuhe. In contrast less than h.o pail"s ""
.....,...u"-'1Ilcmo f ..... nd ahso rr tion e-x flk icm
in 1 .-r-,-,rt>erahOllroo m an: includcd in lhe
ch"l"'<-rnn roomaocoustks
Thi........k is"ert3mlyco mpro h~,, , i w In th.
""" c ragc-of thc thcory and,3,.U<:h. pflWid."
a ' CI)' good rcfe",n <;t te~t , Th~ e ~ lIa li ""s
arc-et out "' ell and Ihe diagrnms d eu' . The
' ran,l.lt inn is ",d lu<:cUlcd "" that it i.eosy
10 ,~ ad and thert a' e onl y t h ~ tX"3sioo al
'" q u a;n l~ ...-otds.. E", :II "hapI.". luis a !>rid
""' Iioo for further ,~adinl\ hul lhe majori ly
nf th""", rocomm eo<k d dn..." mc'11I' an> in
Germa n. Ofthc 29 ,cfe n:",, ~ . fur lbe boo!<
aro. lI haifa .... in Gennan
The ~ cr n« wo, d, , Enl\in". , in{ .nd
• N"" ... C<JOl"'1' in Ih" titlc "uuld "" a Iill k
mi.lc ad ",g "' Uie h. ve com. t" • • po.
....t booki
with such wu,ds to b"'e pract i"al e.a ml' lc,
Th. ,e c. rta inly are ",me cumpks hut th ~
ernp,,"sisi n thi, hoo k is 01\ til<:rundarnental
,henry. I suspee l that it ""ould ,e ~" i,. _
,ko,karcdse lfleamertowor\(throullh this
boo!<. As a 'efe .......... or I ~ ~t book it " 'ou ld
be mo, t n luab le. Anyo "" ", .. kinl\ th"
rundarn!:niallheorylu apan lCular ' 'f'C\:t ur
ocoostics"u" ldbcliktlytn findl"-, t lopoC
Ct>nci", lycO\ 'cre<!withi n this t>o", k
M",j,,~ 8 11,,",.1'
r h i. rst hc firs t in "hH t", ill IM'a l't'l:lIlar
ilcm intheleatlu llto ICA in Syd ne)' in
20 10.
Inl ar" 2003 tbeA"SI'<C.i vcdanin\' itat,,,"
to <Uhrnn a bid in April:!OO-l 10 huId Ibe
Ill1emational (\ "' J""" no ,''''''''slic"$ in
"usu.lia io 2\)10, Nl!llnS tlu t enc
g;ng
lmemalional rm~ IOAU>lralia orcd
a high raling ;,, '
mcmIvr"''''1:)<IhcAAS
Council a~
aca-pl lhi. . ...u " "" and lo
p,,,,·idefi",,,,,, ..I 'IUJ"'"O\
.K ,,,,M ,kl. P.....idcnl
of AASatthal llln. .........,. Ibc Ll' k with
hi,u , u. lcnt h"" .,.ic lf al Md ..kcd """ o hell'
with the p,e p"-ration and pre", ntati"n of th.
bid. Thc AAS . g=J lh. t Sydncy , llOuld bc
the locali,,,,. Kcn quidlyohlain. d Incs u!'P',n
of'hc Syd""yVi,;rn's.nd('onvcnrionBu ....a u
ISCVBl plu.sotbcr sovcmmcnt agencicsan d
.....,woded with t""rn 00 the pr"p,,, atioo"f the
~id docuroCIIIand lhe ..........iated . udio .,,;. ...1
prcsctlLl' "," , Thc:Sydnty ConvcntinnCcntn:
became the obviou<lchoicclOr a vcnut. w.
w<'R'gTllt.fulf ,... themlh... iw ic ""l'r"""l........
thosc""",," ingin thckcy un. oi ..~
who. VI'ben a~hcd. ..............-qr,ly
ago:cd In P'"ovidc .uppun u' . nTllC1 the ICA
10Au"",li. , WCh,·aJ ed IOJapan with a "ery
p,of e"ionally p,,,,luccd bid documcnt hut
kncw ".0 we,,, . ~a; n>l SlronK competition
from China and K" n:a, Kcn didan ". ""lI cnl
34 -Vol. 33Apnl 120051 No . 1
prc.. ntatioo,andcompclcnt ly,,'cn::l1n.thc
AVh itch. W. mu:\! h•• ' e ~ ,en SlIl j, ra"' '' ry
an, ,,...... to tbc ~uc,li on. as wc relurncd ti-nm
Jal'an witn lhc good ncw. that Au, trJ lia harl
"on the Nd to h"s1 ICA in 20 10 ,n Sydney
Then the realization hit Iba, AAS waS nnw
gl\'.... thc""pon'i~i litylO ho;t ."jntcm.tional
••:OUSIics ronf...-cncc in Sydney with
anticipatedarlenJ.o "'ebc1."'....n 900and I500.
""n ile A...u-alia is • poplll.. In'C'tn,\l~".. 1
dcsIinali..-llhcrc is the d,u<h ·...,Llgc or tht
ImStn. df(lft hoocfromf.umpc .nd l!Sat>d
" e l>cpn lOthink . houI OIhcr" "Y" IO""""""
lhc high atlendanc'C. It
oIwiuu. that lbe....
....a' overlap " f inll,
bc1...,c,co1heann..a1
I nlcmn i"' <"Oll fc n:nc c< ~n d lhc lC A . h cld only
c,·cry 3 years, So. with Ihe u.:i t , uppot1 from
ICil.bmrd . wcl'l anned . n ' l'p,uach lOl.1NCE
to cnn" clc, cnmhifllng Int.mo i.. 20 10 with
ICA 2010 in Ao' trah•. Th"""MJ ldinvol..t a
small ... ume in thc ....htd lllcfl)l"lhedistnbuliun
ofthc lnlo:mnjoc"""u nd the wor ld for whi..-h
thete w'"~ plenty <'fllme .. Ihey had <tin nul
..eleaedttoclncationlOrlntcmuisc-2008Tu
....-em:'mClIOIhavinK.mr:mb,., on the I· N CE
boml Mld hencc bcing unable lO prcsent 1hc
...m-...'""O\
in rcl>oOO. "'Cl"lhet-ell ""PPOfl
from anumbcr of board n.. mbc.. andlkmard
B. ny from UK· ll.-.-edIO""' ''''u.oo our .... haIf,
The SCVlJagain pro'idc dtheprof~;on.1
sUl'I"'n in Ih. dnCWl1enl> tn 1'''' '''''1 ou, case 3t
thc bn. ,d lTII:ctln ~ ;n Augu"
~~
in
I~
UNSII .. ,wFA
leA 2010
Winni ng the bid
is " rr .........
Ac",w'n w pJ llih",'i"" Ullu " ! rIt; ScI,,,oI
"!A.'''' ''''''·. ''''dM.didlllC''' fJl , '"....ring' 1
I
, ~
Unf"n u""ldy th;" " me we ""tf'ClIIl'u",,,·• • fu1
Thc: Board agre<:<l lhat Ihc COO<'Cl" of a
<'Umb;ncdoonferenccw-Is Cf'f\lllnly wor!hy
and would <'->ull1er thc coocern lMlll>cre a",
",urn ."yeonre,,,nec•. fiut it con, id. rcdthc
, hum... in the ....h"'1"1. ....n" ld ,,,~ui re ""e
global area to ha'c~, wait one ml "~ ycar ro,
thcc hancclOhostan lnle"mj,\c, On. positin
ootrorncfrum thisapproa<hw,,,,'hat th,, l·
l~C E board~id ~S'cct oholdthe Int.:rooi.. ",
a timc and placc.ha1 "'ould nul cooJliClwith
'CA
Since Aug"" we 1Ia~ """" w-..klng w'lIh
OIhcrAu<lr.tliah SncicI.... IO ..-.:non !'" 1hom
to hold lhci' at\II<I:I.l """ fcn:nce Il< l"'n of illc
ICA, Thi, will he in' I''''''n1 10 cn<"", a good
core or Austr~lian "'Ji-. Itl ......... c . ..ianle
CO"rorcllL
'C
Unfo'lUnat. ly. dll. .... ~~" Kcn
Mikl ha:. found it l'tf'('1,1U)"", reo'8'! reccntly
trom theleadc ...h;l'l'.. ili"", he h",.hcl d in !ho
AASi"" l udin~Cba jrur lCA201O. His ..i,ion
anoJmth... iasm ...hil:hc:ncoura!'COIh",,"'aion
. Ii" lhe top' rouplcd.. ~h hi. diligence which
"""""",lM lhejobgcu<b>c,,;U hcgrcally
mi....l.
n",""'J, ,,,,h i' J ~,,· ;lI fix ...
COOUIIl ....'
Qft,,·hal
un fCACongrr<fJ
Aco us ltcs Aus t ra lill
AAS Ed ucutional Gr ant . 2{105
1llc AAS F.d...:al~'" Gram i, .,,'.fIied
an nually and li ~>ed al promorin& ", search
and N ucll ion in a,:oustic, in AIISlraha , Thr
gram of up 10 SS.uoo ca n t.. foro<i>ol" ""i l"'.
1'e'oQ.
tc h pmjcch . nl uell ional purpa<c ' or
01"' : ' wOlthwhilc II"" rclal<>CJ Iu """"'-lies
o., w l, for the ... hm".i"n, ~ ,, "ilahlc from
...ww.aoou't ics.a. n...u and are """hy lO July
"",.
Eud lence in Acoustics Awards.
2005
Da~'
H u mout
I-o ul. C hallis, a NSW Membe•. =ei,ed a
2OUt> Au' ltalia n 010) ' Honour _ a Member in
lhe scnera l di, 'i";on of the Orde. of AU'>lralia
- for SCfYicclO e nginceringas a pionto:r
III en ';f\)IlmcnLal and """h itco:tund a",.m olic
m gi".., .in g. lt i'\I.'{,uderfu l to """ lhat
lI"' '''' htandi ng con tribution lo acoust;''-s in
Au»traJia that h..., h«n made by Wu.i~ h...
bccn reeog ni>Cdnationally
~~ W
ASlNZS 12b9 J1200 5Oc eup"'iona l noi....
managemont - Overview and ge nc. al
req....remenL.
ASINZS
( )( ClIp;it lnnal n"h., S tan da r d
SlaooanhAu'trali a hasi '''llCd a rev ised~el''ion
elf A.'\IN ZS 1269 , the
fi ~e
pan standard on
1269 1:2005
Occ u pa t i <>n ~ 1
:::",:;:g~mc:i~eM~~:~:;~t :~
e _"",un:
ASi~ L'\
lkExet l1enct in Ac"",tinaward .s p',""'''' d
b) CSR B. ao.IrOfd ln....l a l ion , will ~ p tc"" nlc d
.,. the Annual Conf" ", ,,,,,e oft"" AII. tndi" n
Acoolli<',,] S<.n.i<:ly in Nmtm""r :lOOS. Thc
"infle ' will be pre",n ..,d with n lruphy Ind
a I:ift 1<,1 the "" luc uf S2 .';O(J, and the runnc.
up ,"'ill "".:e i ~e . ..""rtifi,·. le . nd gift In lhe
>..1"" of $500 . T hi.• award aim' tnt' n'ilc. nnd
"" u rd " ., ,,ellence in ncn,"'i,,s and c nlric<
will he j Udgl"d nn de monst. oted innnvation
fro m within any field of acoustics. Any
profe" innal, .'ilu.Jent .... IaYP<rwn in ~"l ..cd,
or inte", sted in, auyarea wilhinlhe field of
ac"" ' liC',wi lh a !IooJynf "'ort ""ol<kr than
3ye"",. is eiigible andenoo"'.gedto elll."
Derails are a ..adable from www .aco<llti~
a, n...uand clo", JOJ"ly 200S
A lI, t r . li"
Occupational Noi.., Managcmonl , Th i. "" ,. ..
ver<ioll doe , nell inlmd ucea ny ""' ,;nr e h' n!lC'
in lhe prCl<'<'du.... f"' nccupalioollnoi'"
man agemont but il ~ i"",h .dc SQIIIoe .mal l
changes.nd impotlant additional material
wh ile main taining the fi ~t pon <Iructure.
f' ote th.r lhe"' .... somctYpo rra phicale lTOl'O
\Oehcc tt".anClTll um. Thrfl"e pan ooflhe
te 'i>Cd standard .... ·
Occ upal ional
conlrol
~"i se
AS /NZS
1269 .3:200 S Ucc upat iunal
noir.e manageme nt - Hea nn g P1\>
1«100r
program
ASINZS1 269.4:200S Occupaliooalooi..,
ml nagemenl ·A udit"' y I 1o.'Ielo.<menl
I·I NCE
Repo rt u n (; Iuhwl App roach t o
I'nlle)'
~oi'<t'
AAS 10.
.. the op po",miry 10 commc lll on Ihc
du n repon from I· INC E Technical Srudy
Group {TSO) S. The AAS "", mller of this
TSG wn Ln Hu",", The group has been
WI.. t i n& "" ""l'C'-1-, of a GInbaI A ~ to
Nni.., Pnlicy .n d ..... ",pecr oflhctast h",
bttn ln:
~rucf..'
the
"ltlfn~r
'' ''/'f' .kw~
in ,.·hich globa l p<>/ide,
j"
tlo<-(>all .. ...:J 10 _ ke
" ......."""•••,ull<.... f<w
''''1'''''' ''1 ....''t' m
,~fw"" poI;c'"'. _)' pro . iJe
........ o1f«"'~ «¥I1,w of tltt- ......... _ ,m d
i _.......f ~ TMroIa of ml.T_ .."",1
fw,.)if'J,
~lio"" .
1bedr.lft",poncanhe
from ""wj .ince.org. 1be AAS ~
in. !","it ion to """,ide,,,,,,, h doc ument' witb
I d,l'ferent 'ic".to lbosc f romc ilhc. the US or
Eumptan and .... it. enmment' are valuable
In ie. final form Ihi. "' p" n will "" hie,'c
lntomll lon. l .t nndlng '" it is impon ant lhal
the ~iew . of .1t lhe memher counlrie, a",
adc'l Uale1y te pre""ntw,
T heAAS i. 'C'Cking inpurfrom thcmc mb.:n.hip
a. a whole I" , omme nl on lhe repon and sn to
...i.tCnuncili n il,v Oling. Comrno:nts , hnu ld
be . enl l" Oc ncraI.Socrelary@a<ouslics..Il<n.
au hy I JUlI" 2 (X) .~
Euro pea n Good Pr a ct ic e Awa rd fot
1 ~ .2: 2005
n....... rnan.p' ment .
management
P"'<........,. ...
,n <lcprh t'-' inlem.lional .im aNon and has
a<;~
""";"",,,1 "'.~"''''l''"13 ...,./ """"I
" ..thorilie' . hv ulJbe c/<"I1rry iJen lified,,"d ,
if .........·" 'lty,ci".;{ird
The d .a h "' pon comprir.es rour pan "
G :neral D loI>.
, 1 Approach to ~ oi'e I'<>licy.
(kellpalional No;"" Communily Noi"" ~ nd
Consume . Pm duClNoise. Ea<:h pan eum i"",
No !st'
While nominalinn. a", onl)' ope n to EU
sta,es, it i. I1f ",~e Ihal the F.u,, -.pean Agency
fo. Safcty and He.l th at Worl<h... ide ntiflCd
p""enli"nufri. t . fromnoi", al wort ..
tho: ce ntral ihcme for their 20US ... fe(y and
"" alth . wa",,,,,," ca mpoli n. The tn trie.
;houl d ,how t roclllllflltcfflClll . ... rticularly
the dfocli, .. " "" uol '-;'~ ..-_ ",nl and
implc"", ntaliun ui ' l>f,oo,ns· . .ondbc focU<oCd
on....cce ..du 1 f'n' ''C'fth'.... lA n, L.ln Wf>fl'''''
The Directos of lhe F"I'I:JP"'UI "' ~ellC')'. H ans
Hon t Konl o lcw y....d·N,>j"'llIW{Jft placc
i. r.lilllOO oflCll , ,,,,, nI ,,,, . ,,",,c_rye' i1.
"" ., e ,"", ln' !anlaJICIJU' ,i l;'
and ,a..iu d J(>,.
nol oom idc", d a prioril)', The lrut h i, oni",
doc, ha,e.de~""I.tina: impa<.
'uonu, hcallh
and it affe<:u nnt on ly ,,'o••cra at .tce lw,,, •.'
or COfl.truction , ite• . but al"" milli" n, of
pc<>p1eeml' loyed in the sc" '!<.
·e sector. e.g. in
w""at;on, elllcn ai"rncnt, o. ca ll cetll.... , h
can be a cau,"1 facto. in acci<lclll• •cont, il>ulc
to work· ",l aled Sire.., and may .<It''~''lh.r
.....ilh o1he. workpl. cc hazarJ , to cau", ill
he.l th , W;th thc Eu<opcao d iteet ive o n noi<e
to be irnplc nlCnted carl)' nU l year. it i, h i~ h
time lo take more deci, i-e measu", . t,, ", lop
that noi", " , Wc hopc the goodp ' acli<-c nwa. d<
", ill demon"rate, Il)' eumplc. thaI wort..
related noise can be cfrec l i ~e l y co n t 1\> I k-d ,~
Further information .boollhc awtuds from
hllp llew2005 .o;I>a.cu.inti
ACOUSTICS 2005
Acoustics in a Changing Environment
9·11 November
a ussiet on. WA
www.acou stics.asn.au
Vot.33April (2005) No. 1 · 35
lhe II.i1th iod Am.ni ty ""lU ircmcnls
ofne" r",idemi al bu ildi n~s lhal "oold
I>eron >l""'t."J in a,:cord""" . willi that
cn tcrion in Australia
Ac ous l !c Pro, 'i, lolIS io th e Build ioR
Code of Austn lla
Th~
Aus tralian Bu ilding C <>d~s Bo.rd .
responsihle fnr p r~p" ri nl: .nd is<uing: the
Building Cook o f Au,t rali. (BCA l. ha.s
......~ lyis'\ll."J . n: vi.iulllOl'art ~·5- SOO nd
Tmn, mission and ln. ul. t>on, 11k:ll<.>otdha.
nudo: "vni(I<;,,"~.,ond ,,·hatnlU<t nflD
"oo ldeoo.idcrtobc positivciml'm,'cmc..l.
in the sectioo of lhc BCA thatd""I,,,iththr
.irl>om~ w und in. ulali..." ralin.,. , for the
di,'i,i on wall. bctW~ 1I .pa rt m~n1' (thai arc
d a%iticd "s Cl a. s 2 orCl •• '3bui ldin~,).
NOIwilh. lan(h nl!, I am less lhan ..li.ti."J
"ilhsomcuftheothcrmo<tm:cnt rt:w;";on.
I hold th~ w;".v, tholt they h'- 'e f.iled k'
appreciatr lhe ma~"'ltuJc: of the 1""
00Imt.
Cre.I,'\I by the ..........'\1 "","lion oflhe BCA
thai ~nmm l" .-e' tbe ~ Det~rm inal inn uf
impactsuuod m'l ,lali"nml;ogs" .
A ~oord i ngly.
I......,k co-signato rie, on a lellrr
iocOl'pUrahn g tlk: fullowmg lext that I will
s..n nhrf.."' ....dinl!lOlh~AU>tralian £luildinl\
Code s Iloo.rd. If rralk .. are pttJ>3m.llu
be a ....... il/nalury, plca.-ef"",ud .n tl n.. 1
loui'''@"halh H ," o.l u.or fa' I,,02 9357
l~ indical; njl)'oo r",p pon
SiO<'Cl\"ly.
1,,,,, i. O allis
.......1" i"c halliHun'.au
ToABC£l
RE: B(;A Part 1'5 Soond Tran,.,."i>Sioni nd
I"",lation
W~ the unde"igned, h'- 'e review ed the
HEALT H AN!> AMEl'ITY ohjo"lIw~"
FU NCTIO NA L
STATEM ENTS
and
I' ER H lR MAN CE
REQ IJ IREMI:NTS
emhod i~d in Ihe rcwi",d Snund In,ula tion
R. ting of 1'1"" " ""etion. cu nla ioed in
PART 5 _ SOUI' D TR,.\NSMls s rO'll Ai'll)
11\$UIA n OS, """"' 11y...... i>e<l;n lhc RCA
1l1~ Ruard ..... nlade signirocant pm g.... .
and w hal mc>s1of u. wou ld cu nside'T l<l be
J'!J'itive impro,'~ menlS in l h ~ . ect ion of the
RCA l h~t deals wilh th ~ airl,orn. "'UI><l
insulalio n ratinw;, fur th. di,'isi.ltI wall,
~twffnal"'nments
ll o" 'CWeT, WC huld lb~ wi. w <hatlhe inl(l"'''1
erit<ria nprcsscd a. L·.. a +C;(impacl l lhat
i ."urrmt1Y'I""';fi~ as . flll"~ofnotmore
tha n 62 for . noor that SCf'3nl1eS it from '
(i)
Solr .occul"'n.cyuml$ , or
(Ii) A .n!c,,>ccul"' noy unit from a plant
roo m, titT , hafl . s lairway, puhlic
corrido r,pllblio l<lbbyortflclike, or
I"'n ,,,fadllTel1.'fltcla. sitieatio n,i.
i1l3p proprial ~ and lias f.ik<J to a<klr.."
36 -Vot . 33 April (2005) No . 1
w~ l't<lu e<lthat IheAliCB . hould urgenlly
.."i-e the I: " ",+e , (impacl) crilerion Ih. t
it ha, . dopted, in nrder to rn, urc lhat the
prublem, thai ha,'ebecn. and/orarc currently
i>eingcrea lcd •• • "", ultu f lhc adul'l;onnf
ltwt ",omul,at~d crilerio n, may boo pm mplly
ft"o<,l>cd Ih"",~h tllc rm muls"ion of . more
""""""'iteenlen""
II "'as a I'lo.. ure '" 1>0" .. ",i' lrd with
Ihe fo, mer New ........lh I'.,k--. cd il"TS or
Ihis Journal fro", ,he Call y 1 \I~trs until
the Dc<:rmbct 2lll-l I,
FiTSlly Ho w. rd
Pollard.nd .' ,.
Uur~
lrorn 1982. lhrll
N ~ w ill~ Fkl .-l r. J.......
p/l u i, ...><1 Mariun
Ru~C'>, lrom 199 ,1, I haw• • w = ialnl
thoei. cnroula~'C"IIlCn' .1,,01 help pnlffc re<! in
puhli. hing . nic ks andn<.·",. ilCll,-,. andl,.,j ,
f'",,"'ard ln workin g wilh lheoewediIOlS
Thc retiri ng ed ilo" h.\ e i ~ ach i", N
lh~hal.ocrmcnt inn ...l
in ..I-"JOl ll.- l'....' •••·
illthc Oec...mber 2tXI-lI,, "" . ... odp"~lIalCd
I tradition. whene<' endorsi ng .n aim of
Ihr Soc icty ··,n J'rO'noIC lhe scie1ll.
" and
R
1",",-"1icc of ...~ ...<ri", in aU it, bnu>cbc. •
Also, "i th 11>0 ct. ln tl~" new, items . nd
lech nical inform. ti. ",. h",'~ c re it ~ d I nd
, u, taineJ inl, te' l ,n thc breadth of acou , tic• .
a,wcll.,aJ wi", J uf hnppenings'Ol" ng nur
m~"l be",
" ours fJitllfully,
Don. ldW ool furdMAAS
ootl!en.tional nr"s bullctiJl"
l c OOsc lo
.'l'l ....l of anrnding lheo'eningd,nnrr. "'it h
i!UC<I spral er Dr C. roline 10\;" ,... from 1B\1
H....lth.:a r<:. nd Life s., n ,ice<
O"Ma l'l"h9,group<nfthrccS\1PparticipatllS
wcre allnealed imef\l rw s ",ithp"lilicilns. It
i,tI'e ' luckof lhedraw' which t",,,politieian,
~",h SMPl"' nieil"'nl is a lluc. te'<! Iu. My fiN
inle","'",'" ",as ,,'ith L auri ~ F,'I'l>u
;on, Shadow
Mini>l~r fnr Immil!Jlltinn.
Ti>e 20 m inUl~
inte.... it:w " cot"'c1I. I1~ "~ intt:re->led andcach
of u> expl.i ned lhe
'-.r"'r ........ "."'''''''
r<prncnt ing. Therr "
dlfCu.. iullon
Ih~ imril<.'to f•• nd need< for. <killed migrali<>n
in Ihc 'lCieocc<, We did <pend S<lm<' lime
t. lking 0 " acoustic, hUl lhi. was 00 . 01 01 01
noi", prnhk m In hi< cle"'t.....~tc! \\-'r
II"" di;c~..cd gu,<,mm~nt policies on =arch
infr:h1no..1u rc.ndinpart icularihcffectson
acou"nes
'1'<' ' '
My >COOI1d inu,,, ",,,, " .. In i>e"';'h Aidcn
Ridlle"'.y.' Oc'111<>cral S,:natnr " flo lost his
..,," at lhe lasl dec lio"
i< due 10 I", wc
Pad i.mc m soon, U" funulIiIlCly hc was callcd
to th~ S"" ate", a hill he had i>e ~ n working on
"as~ o ing t hroug hthe l;l.,t>lajlcsoh- oti ng. We
Iht'fl Wlk."J with onr ofh is aiJ,; whn w",p"' lile
.,Id
and i"",""'~
[)urin~ theday tl..,~" crc . numhcr of Olher
twent<;n 1hr:med ing _
i,dudi,,!, a f<'fUm
,... c1imatc " haIlt<' , ndI Hwu tl>..1ical lloslcdhy
Or Nonn.1 Swan (AIll") ..... a VirllJ P. ndemic
I come . way from SMP2005 wilh ,i milar
thoughts to tho", alter SM1'2003 [' S<:icncc
Meets I'a. l i am ~ n t' , U tlr~e" and Wol fe .
A,..,U>!;,:
sA"<lralia 31, (2 ). pl09 -110j. The
urgan ilat ion of . di y in Parlla~nt allows
lICienl Wo 10 """'I wilb polil;"ians and horh
~ rool'" can ~ a i .. more un<lcrsr
. nding of ..,h
utller, Thc" ........ ...',\,i' ics and thc larir
numb<:Jofpanil;iranu; pro,"i de . >trorlgmcsg~
SCie nc c l\h ....t ~
I·"rliamen t2IH IS
ScirnccMect. P. tliamcnt\SM Pj i,otl!ani,,'"
by lhc f edcrall<Jl1 of A\ht rali... Scie~tl i fl<; and
T~dmoJngicai Soci<.1 io:!; (FASTSj. 'Jbc AAS i.
amo:mhrroffASTS " hicb " urkstuRinO..,..."
thc formu lallOl\ uf scicnccand lm lll<-.l<!!lY
policy 10 the ....vroomic. cn,'imnmcnwi and
"",·ial heortit ofou rnal ion" .
Fm the secuoJ l i ~. Ih~ AAS parti'; I"'I,,<!in
thi, e"ont andl joincJU>'rr200 scie"ti ' ls on
M."'h 8 for l"" fi l'!ol day at the ~'lionaI P",,,s
Club. Th;, c,..,l""l'ftlth~ inuoduct<1<Y >r .. iun<
uplalni" , 1M.,.... ofS MP, SUlU/C§l ion<
on ","w IQ ret lIIa~imum bme fil from lhe
lIlC'CI;n~ ....ith lhe polilicians and the .... in
issues, 1'Ilc>cinclu<ledr~ sc .rcb i n fra. INI.· l u rc,
produC\i"itya ,ldha la1ll."ufrradocan dnalional
watcr initiatiw . The lion l>r llrendon NtI.o n.
Mini' lor fur Eduoalion Science .n d Tr~ i ning
"'a, th~ opcal~r . 1 the tdcwisc<l Pre"" Club
Lu1ll.
i>cun, F.'«rpIllfrnm th is add~. wcn:
IOlbe p"'lili"i. ns lbal lherc is • ...,.,d tooo llsidcr
o.re fully the p"'Jioie.. which ha"" implications
for the fuw re " f .. i.nce and technology m
Australia. 1I" ","e ,'", I"'rticirat ioo in S\lP is
onJ~ one small §lop OIl lhe " 'lI)" to achicwing
aClions on lhe C<>Il<:em< ..f the AAS. Even
lf lhr in''''''i.....' is WMhI politician "M t.a,
""""'l'O"crin tM rck , '. nta = the", i,hmiled
cha nce, in . shun i1llrt\' ic,,' with l'A- o uthcr
..icmists from w",lly dino,en t .rea. lo rai""
spccifici,,'u r ,
On th~ on. hand it is il11por1antlO ' ul'f'urt tile
f ASTS aelivily ....1 onlhe other panil;i p~li, ..
in SMPls unhk. Jy to 3oChi..... prng ~.oo t ....
CUm:flloonce'TTl$fur a<:WSIics_ Ow"n unitics
ror- di=t aclinn. are ronsider~ h~ AA~
CO<J ncil l1<rt all <If , he mo:mbcr>hip can
conlrihutehylaking. Ilp"'<il:>lcnl'f".-1unitiCll
to . ir th~ mn",m, wilh their loc.1 n>emhcr,
"t!>crpo liticia" s ."d ll,cir ath-isors
M"ri, m B tI ~...
Wlnds uf Mu~ i c
A U ~lrlI lilln ! n~t1t u lt'
The fifrh . 1Id final 2t04 Vietori. Il i. h i,,,,
te<:huj,;.I m<'CttnSon I l"le<: ..·. . .. nd.. ,f-year
din"" r enjo~C'd l')I .'fI Il'lt'01.... I5. p""llCl"5and
fricnd< Pmf... .. " N<o~illt f-hhcr ...... \he
o r l·h,, ~It.'!l
Conlll'1.'!o~
inv ittd 'P<".kC'l .""'hcrc ~ .J.() PI""""\I
Tbio 8 .....niool c.."'t:~ ..."' IlcW in C~1f;lI
.lbo boginni"ll uf~""'.,1K1ed
Im:on1~of9SOpcople,
Tht
C~.a<l rnlIy ma,.~ .. ;WI .....
pIaftotdlOman lh:opno<fIfufthoUS~ -l.......->oNl "c.uI" "")"Ocs-.
. h i c h ~ ~ ~... ~·.
~ ....., .. I ~~ "" ....... .... "" 8mwlnM
......... Lhopholoclmricefln.' (r....1oidl
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ea.:h n(LheS doy.etf IhcC~. k>t' WuUc.
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ry
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day. of ' hc ronf .."' ....'C . l h~ maj..r .y m"' -..il
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...ilh con• ., n,,,,,, . 1 hco:po:D. Inu, Ion . nd
Vol. 33 April (20(5) No. 1 · 37
1(J.hN"vemher. The Conf""'o ee [)im'er wiJ]
I"c hdd on the 'P.lUMaV CS1'n;nl'. fu nhe;
1lte Jl;it i"nal <.
'tJflrCreIlCC " f the AU'Irahan
Acou,ti,·. 1 S,,,,k ty. Ae'>u,ti('<; 2005. will
Ix: hold al Ahhcy Reach He", n. f1u, selton.
W<,
"'Iern Au,mll'" from 9 to I I Novemher
200~ .
1lte .hellte of the conference is
~Aeou,.ie. in a CIuo
nf:ing £n v i ru n mc n. ~ .
Thi5 coofem>cc ",ill uffe, the "l' p.lI1uni.y .u
con,ide , ,,,,,," "'ell.he"",oos.in.pmf",,'ion i,
"'r vinf: ' he co mn>uni.y in applyinf: the !"eM
",'ajl. bk "' ienee and lechnology in oor cver
cha n g i n ~ environment
1lte cml'ha, i., ..... illbcu n prnc.ic. lap pli..tion'
ofKOtl,ueal ""icncc and le.:hn"k'llY ""d
1"'"",' ic. 1 5OIu.ion, 10 """ u>lie problems.
Topio:s ",ill ind <lliobul are nol """';"' tnl lo:
l 'ndc"'alCr · communicalion• . h;""
acou'li<·'.I""'P"l'aT,oo• ..,.,• •. env,n lll
mcmal impacl
Environ",e" .. J ""i ", -"an'I· ,n,
indu. " ia!
Occupa.ionalhe al.h
f",ginc<.
"fing "'Ii'oC", ...",, 1
Pa... ll dp .pe r ~";"n . w i ll", n
,.., Thursday
pape,,; -" '0" aOO w..n:""'r will he held
00.1>< hi<Loy. a,lIJ thcre ••ill be Ira<lc
d i'p la) , hoth d. y•. The <'Ollfcro:...·c will
includoea ' pe<'ia l <t>._ ..uor wu,hh"pon
un<!eno r ocoo.lic communic. tion. aml ....c
are fo"
t" in h"" ing Jue Ri"'. an cxpcrt in
un<!t.·....ale' "enustic ....mmuni<·. ti" n' from
the ~ . s al l'",. ,radu",,, School in lit<:USA
.t lend'ng
p.. n"' y ,pc. ker.Jn aoJ,Jili" n.
1i"" ooi'" ro nuul willI'<'
a ",'olt.hop
held in Penh on ,he Wcdne.u.y morning
i mm«li alel y priorrothe oonfe", ~ . A >hon
eou' .se on " an, p."' ati"" noi;e i.
plunned
~1<o
being
Abstractx arc rcque<led by 29th ApriJ
LaIc ab>tru",' may be u" 'c!'lcd a l ,he
di;crc tion nr ,he 0lFani.i ng ""mm, Ue<:
Buw.:llOf'l i~ Ioork-d i~ ~ .....,~ic s...' th......t
or We,t... " !lu,, ~It. ~b,,, h' .he ~ioo·.
famou' ""inc",,", r:.:au,i!ul C'N<lal .,:"nel)'.
. nd m~gn ; fken! (0.-.."' , . It i' I B",at place
for . I."liday if ~,~, can 'pa", a lillie ,,~trll
timc. 'k an' p" n hy coach hctwe<:" Penh
and Bu""ltnn will r:.: arranged und can
I'<' "' ., k.d at Ihe .irnc or Il'gi.ll ation
F1Jt further delail<. la''''t new' . Ill",...,.
submi.. ion Jtuidchm:s Clc g" 10 ...."'W.
...~ .....cic• .a<1l.au and folk'''' the link. to the
"" nferen<...,.
E n" irll nmt>ntll IS"lsc Sy rnposi " m
Thc South Au~tru' ian Division of Ihe
Au.strahan AcooSlical Society (AAS) "'i ll
be hulding a sym"",ium on cnv;n"" " cmal
noi", i,'IUC' .1Il Frida~ JullC 17 200S ;U
the Uni v"" it ~ of Adelaide. Non h T,.......l:
Campus. The '~l11l""ium is r:.: i n ~ held tn
b' itlg l'>gclf,c' the h''' ''d ta"J«:" f pr
wfln ro:gul...ly dc. l withn oi""i'
_ h ~'
pl a n ne ~. lawyers. ""a hh poure,,;"WlaI. and
Mcmher$t\f the AAS.1lte rangc nr spcokers
and
"'ill ",fIe<:t thi•. 1lte COOne ""II
bn»<lly C'O,'e. the p.ind pl", ~1I<l ptlICliuo r
environnJent. I ...,i",.",,,, nICnt. comml.nd
planning
"."i",,,
.op;...,.
~ e gi"'at ;"'n f<."" fn. the fnll day "' ill he S440
includ"' g (OST anorJ <'( IVeTS lunch. morning
and afIC"",.'" lea, . drinks and li ~ tIl <1l••,:ks.
Funhefdctail. :hup;/I",w"' .acuu' lic•...,......,,11
v neraL'divi,io naJ-nolic",_,hlml
AC T lvt:2006
111" So uth Au, trohan di.i ,ion Is pleased 10
an",,,,"<,<,IhOl we will he "t'J:. n i s in~ Active
2006.an inlCmahonal""nferell<,<,cu'·eringa ll
..'I"' '' .... lOC1;' e noise and s, b,..".i,,,, ''tJfllroi
1lte ",,,,fcn:ncc ..ill bebdd att he U" i....'Thit~
,>fAdclaidc JK-20Scplcmbe.2tXl6.FortnOfe
details: bl'nllw w"r . ctiVl'Wf16q,u!I
International Conferences
1$1lmemillional$ymposiomonAdYanl;ed Tednllo;yolVibr allOO an(!
Soo.n:l, Hr ostmla,Jalm. JIm 1·3, 2005 delitTlol.ike.kIIIori-u.ac.
tntema1Xlllal5JT1lposO UIO on Enmrrnental Vibratioos. OkByama,Japan,
September21J·22,200S, iseY2005 ,Civi.okayaflil·U,ac.j;J
-"""'"
AutumnMeeting et the Acoostk:aI Society of Japan, Sendai,JaPM .
September27 ·29 , 2005, www , alj,Or.lprt llde~·en .hJmI
InlernaltOllalContereoce On UnderwalerAcollstic Me3SuremenJs:Tedl·
nulogies and ResuUs,HelilkUoo, crete, creece.Jc ne 28 · July 1. 2005
UAmeaslJ"ements200s.lacm.lorth.Qt
121h lltlefnatiCJlalCOngress ooSOundandV,tJa\lOl1 (!CSV121,lJsIxrI.
PtrtuoaI. My 11 • 14, f2OOS) www.its. 12.isl.utI.p1
171h hl emalionalSyrTlllClWRl 00 NorH'earAcouslicsPSM 11)
PeMsy!l'aniaStatel.lnlYersll'/. July I8 -2 1 (2005).outreach.psu
e<b'c&i/isna17
Acousli~al
Society ofAmerica ,150lh Meeting Minneapolis, M,nooSOla.
17--21 OCtober2005. asa,aip.orgrmioneapohs,lminneapohs.hJmI
Acousl~Soclety ol America, 15 1st Meeting. Providenta. Rhode
lsIinI,June 2006
westem l'ac,fit:koustic:sContefence(WESPAC9), Seoul.Korea,Jrroe
26 -28.2006. WWW.wespac901Q
13lh Intemational Congress on SoundandVibrationpCSV I3). Vtenna.
Austria,J uly3 - 7. info.luwic", a~.aVK:sv1 3
Inte,natil)/lal Conferente on Noise atldVibralionEngineering
(ISMA2006),l euven, lla4gium,Se
pJetT'ber18·21J,2006 www,isma--
Inler·"kMse2005. Rio<leJanlliro.Brazil,Aul/US1. 6 · IO. www.inler·
noi8e2005.utsc.br
WorldCongresson lmrasonicsMetgedwilhUltlasonic Inlemalionill
(WClWI·05).Beipng. CIina Selltemller,28Augusl ·OI ,(2005).www
loa,ac,Ct'WtaHJI-OS
""
For\lm Acuslic:llmcEAA ~ee~. Budapest,HlJr9ary. Seplember 28
t!le AcousticalSoc i etyol Japan f , ~ ,t\awa ii ,2 8 Nowt!mber --2
Augusl -02 ,2005\lfW\1j.la2Ol'!5,trQ
I:EE lnJemationaIUltraSOllicsS\'I11PQsium, Rotter(\am,The Neltlerlands.
secierroe 18·21. 2005. www, ieee· ulf~ ,org
AdvancedTechn'qlJes in Awliedan(!NumeriCllI ~1ics.leu~en ,
Belgium, Sfptember 20·21, 2005 rt le tl'l lln www.lSITIa ·isaac.be
ModaIAnaIysis, TheorynPraGlice('5MA3O)Leuwen, 8elgllm.Seplember20-21, 200S www.ismit-lSaac.be
38 - vcr, 33 April (2005) No. 1
.
~Soci ety olAme"ca. 152nd Meet tw;lC 4thjolmmeet"'ll wrth
December2006
Inler-Noise 2006. Honolulu. Hawaii.Oecember 3·6, 2006, W'(M
rnceusaorg
14\1llntematiooal Congress on Soln:l ~ndV'bratlOl1 (lCSV1 4),Cairns,
AuslJalO.a.J ufy9 - 12, 2007 n kessissoglou@unswedu au
lIJ!"O:l!;lD I ~'"
13lhlntenul iOl,.IC"" p" """Sonnd,nd
Vibra ,i"n( ICSVll )
hup)l info,tuwien.ac.•tlic" I'
2011S
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FoHo"jo g mem""... hit> a pplica ti on Ih •
.'lAS " ..Im n>cs
Eric Lc Page (NSW).
01 _0l Ju ne. l1lm, hima
~:':::i~~~:d~~~~;'oceJ T« h"" logy of
Jac<Juclinc Muon (NSW).
de,im • .ike.t<;JIt", i·u oc /p', ·-M;,h2oo,;
~ O - 23 Ju ne,
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~~";~~~e~n:e"" i"tie<; in N"i « Mea,urement
www.u...,t:r\aInIy,,,,,,".org
i~ ~::~~~:~~::~ic Mmu remen"
T,'C hn n l ",," ood ~u h .
Jol1n Smit h (NSWl .
huJ.J /www....1iv• •ootI.com
htlp JIvo'ww,oce
. m0 5cua lJ'<l'O!
httpJ IUArfte_
Tra" yK ogers (NSW).
~~ :~~~,~:~:b'" Adelaid.
B<n'
IEEEOc•• ns05
M. tlhcw I'eue"on (NSW) .
Shane Harris (NS W)
:~;~:;~~e~~~~~I;~;?:
Je", m)' Cook (QId).
www.•n l= pe<..C ~ 2 00 6 ....g
Eric Il uang (Qld) .
l8:"o'n,'emb<r _02 f><'C . mb.., Hono1nl.
A,on,t i", 1Sot of Am,ri.. & A.,,",t k ,1 S<:>c or
J. panFourth Jo;nlMeeting
hltpJI..... ip.org
<fI'OC1l1sl005.iacmJ<xth.gr
NS\'" S"hscr il\('r: I" n Aedwe ll. Ntlnn. n
Howen. Sieve Amw n. ("'o ff Co lin.Tho me.
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Grq Co llin,. Grneme Dunk. Col in Elli, .
Jo".th . rl Firth. Robyn FonJ. I. 1I Gra mbowcr.
Robin Gram . Marl Haik u . Bmee Hemle' .
Carl Holden. Paul ha h . e hri, Kin!!. Tim
Kirkne~~. Ni eh ola~ MeG lojn. John Tatc .
Ioh nTrenerry. Katie Weekes. Erwin WegMr
Siuden tAndrewBa rrell. I-Shau C lk:n,J a, on
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