docEnergilagring og batterier – hva ligger bak horisonten?
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Energilagring og batterier – hva ligger bak horisonten?
Agder Energi-konferansen 2016 Energilagring og batterier – hva ligger bak horisonten? Magnus Thomassen Seniorforsker SINTEF Technology for a better society 1 Oversikt • Batterier og energilagring i dag • Distribuert energilagring og batterier • Hvor fort går batteri utviklingen – egentlig? • Oppsummering Technology for a better society 2 Batterier og energilagring i dag Deployed Demonstration Pumped hydro & CAES Flow Batteries NaS batteries Early stage technologies Synthetic NG Electrochemical Capacitors Li-ion Batteries Liquid metal batteries Pb-Acid batteries Superconducting Magnetic energy storage Flywheels Hydrogen Metal – Air batteries Technology for a better society 3 NaS batteries • • • • • High energy density Long discharge cycles Fast response Long lifetime Low materials costs • High operation temperature (250-300 °C) Containment issues (Liquid electrodes, glass seals) • Technology for a better society 4 NaS batteries Rokkasho Village Wind Farm, Japan, commissioned 2008. "Smart Grid" wind farm. Batteries are used for energy time shift (night/day) 34 MW 238 MWh Technology for a better society 5 Pb acid batteries • • • Mature battery technology Low cost Good battery life • • • Limited depth of discharge Low energy density High maintenance Technology for a better society 6 Pb acid batteries • • • • Duke Energy Notrees Wind Storage Demonstration Project, USA Installed at a 153 MW Wind farm for peak shaving, frequency regulation 36 MW 20 MWh Technology for a better society 7 Flow Batteries • • • • Vanadium , Zinc-Bromine, Iron-Chromium Large number of cycles Very long lifetime Higher design freedom (capacity and power decoupled) • • Lower efficiency Complicated design (pumps, valves) Technology for a better society 8 Flow Batteries • • • • • Vanadium redox flow battery Gills Onions, located in Oxnard, California (Onion processing plant) Peak shaving, load shifting of electricity use 600 kW 3.6 MWh Technology for a better society 9 Supercapacitors • • • Very long life (cycles) High efficiency (>95%) Very fast charge/discharge • • • Very low energy density Variable voltage input/output High cost for energy storage Technology for a better society 10 Liquid metal batteries • • • • All liquid system, separated due to differences in density Original system developed at MIT used Mg and Sb with 700 C operating temperature New system using Li and Pb/Sb have reduced temperatures to 450 to 500 C. Potentially low cost and high efficiency. Technology for a better society 11 Lithium ion batteries • • • • High energy density Good cycle life High efficiency Benefits from use in electronics and transport • • Very sensitive to high temperature High material cost Technology for a better society 12 Lithium ion batteries • • • • AES Laurel Mountain, USA Coupled to a 98 MW wind power plant for flexible power generation/frequency regulation 32 MW 8 MWh Technology for a better society 13 PHS CAES NaS SMES FES DLC BEV Li-ion H2 SNG RFB DLC – Double layer capacitor SMES – Superconductive Magnetic ES FES – Flywheel energy storage BEV – Battery electric vehicle PHS – Pumped hydro RFB – Redox flow battery CAES – Compressed Air ES SNG – Synthetic Natural Gas 14 Technology for a better society 14 Electrochemical energy storage in the world -some numbers from DOE energy storage database Technology for a better society 15 Annual installed capacity 25 MW/year Technology for a better society 16 CAPEX $/kW Technology for a better society 17 CAPEX $/kWh Technology for a better society 18 Typical life cycle costs P Hydro P Hydro CAES CAES Redox flow Redox flow Pb-acid Pb-acid NaS NaS Lithium Ion Lithium Ion 0 500 1000 LCOE $/MWh 1500 2000 0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 Levelized $/kW year DOE/EPRI 2013 Electricity Storage Handbook in Collaboration with NRECA Sandia National labs July 2013 Technology for a better society 19 Distribuert energilagring og batterier Technology for a better society 20 Second life – gjenbruk av EV-batterier Technology for a better society 21 Hvor fort går utviklingen – egentlig? 5% 2% 6% 13 % Technology for a better society 22 "Nissan makes zero margin on the replacement program,". "In fact, we subvent every exchange." - Jeff Kuhlman, vice president of global communications. Nissan Technology for a better society 23 Technology for a better society 24 26 | NATURE | VOL 507 | 6 MARCH 2014 Technology for a better society 25 26 | NATURE | VOL 507 | 6 MARCH 2014 Technology for a better society 26 Materialutvikling tar tid (spesielt når de lavthengende fruktene er plukket) SONY lanserer Li-ion batteriet J. Goodenough Katodemateriale A. Yoshino Grafittanoder 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 Si som anode publisert Svovel nevnt som katodemateriale 2000 2005 2010 2015 Si brukes som tilsats i grafittanoder 1. generasjon LiS på markedet Technology for a better society 27 Oppsummering • Batterier for energilagring • Veksten i bruk av batterier i transportsektoren • Vi vil sannsynligvis se en økt bruk av batterier for distribuert energilagring/dynamiske laster • Li-batterier vil fortsette å bli billigere og bedre, men i et vesentlig lavere tempo enn vi har sett de siste 10 årene • Kostnader på under $ 200/kWh i overskuelig framtid er usannsynlig. Technology for a better society 28 Takk for oppmerksomheten for a better society Teknologi for etTechnology bedre samfunn 29
