saqarTvelos

nodar asaTiani, mariam lorTqifaniZe,
farnaoz lomaSvili, roin metreveli, giorgi sanikiZe
saqarTvelos
istoria
9
sarCevi
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
I
1.
2.
3.
4.
saqarTvelos bunebriv-geografiuli pirobebi da
istoriul-geografiuli daxasiaTeba
pirvelyofili adamiani saqarTveloSi
Sua da gvian brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi
qarTveli xalxis warmomavlobis sakiTxi
8
13
19
23
13
19
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
II
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
daiaeni _ diaoxi
kolxa (kolxeTi) miTsa da sinamdvileSi
kimerielebisa da skviTebis Semosevebi
egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo
Cv.w-aR-mde VI-I saukuneebSi
farnavaz mefe da misi epoqa
saqarTvelo-romis urTierTobebi antikur xanaSi
antikuri saqarTvelos religia da kultura
28
31
34
31
37
40
45
51
33
saqarTvelo IV-XI saukuneebSi
III
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24.
feodaluri urTierTobis Casaxva da gavrceleba
saqarTveloSi
qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadeba
qarTveli xalxis brZola dampyrobTa winaaRmdeg
IV s-is bolos da V s-is pirvel naxevarSi
vaxtang gorgaslis gamefeba da moRvaweobis
pirveli periodi
qarTlis brZola iranis batonobis winaaRmdeg
vaxtang gorgaslis meTaurobiT
saqarTvelo VI saukuneSi
iranelTa gandevna qarTlidan
saqarTvelo VII s-is pirvel naxevarSi
arabebis pirveli gamoCena, `dacvis sigeli~
qarTlSi. arabebi dasavleT saqarTveloSi
saqarTvelo arabTa batonobis xanaSi
saqarTvelos ganTavisufleba arabTa
batonobisagan
axali qarTuli samefo-samTavroebis warmoqmna
saqarTvelos gaerTianebis wina periodi
60
56
60
67
65
69
74
78
84
89
69
93
97
102
105
110
78
87
88
120
134
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
qarTuli qveynebis erTi saxelmwifod
gaerTianebis istoriuli pirobebi da
Taviseburebani
bagrat III _ erTiani Suasaukunovani
saqarTvelos pirveli mefe
qarTuli kultura IV-X saukuneebSi
giorgi I. bagrat IV
saqarTvelo-selCukebis urTierToba XI
saukuneSi
ganviTarebuli feodalizmis xanis kultura
III
115
118
123
136
141
146
saqarTvelos `oqros xana~
153
161
171
182
31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
daviT IV-is gamefeba
daviT aRmaSeneblis RonisZiebebi
amierkavkasiidan TurqTa gasadevnad
didgoris brZola da misi Sedegebi
saqarTvelo _ kavkasiis gamaerTianebeli
saxelmwifo
saqarTvelo daviT aRmaSeneblis memkvidreebis
dros
Tamaris gamefeba da saSinao politikuri krizisi
saqarTvelos sagareo politika XII-XIII ss. mijnaze
saqarTvelo _ wina aziis uZlieresi saxelmwifo
saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTareba XII s. da
XIII saukunis dasawyisSi
saqarTvelos saxelmwifo wyobileba XIII saukunis
dasawyisSi
qarTuli kultura XII saukunesa da XIII s.
dasawyisSi
153
IV
157
161
165
169
173
177
181
185
191
193
qarTuli saxelmwifos daknineba da daSla
200
207
42.
43.
44.
45.
laSa-giorgis mefoba da jalal ed-dinis
Semosevebi. monRolTa batonobis damyareba
brZola monRolTa batonobis winaaRmdeg
giorgi brwyinvale da saqarTvelos erTianobis
aRdgena
qveynis daSla samefo samTavroebad
198
204
212
218
V
saqarTvelo XVI-XVII ss.-Si. brZola yizilbaSebisa
da osmalebis winaaRmdeg
VI
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
qarTveli xalxis brZola ucxoel dampyrobTa
winaaRmdeg XV saukunis bolos da XVI saukunis
pirvel naxevarSi
saqarTvelo XVI saukunis meore naxevarsa da XVII
saukunis dasawyisSi
brZola yizilbaSTa winaaRmdeg
muslimi mefeebis mmarTveloba qarTl-kaxeTSi
saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri
ganviTareba XVI-XVII saukuneebSi
qarTuli kultura
233
226
233
237
244
249
252
237
242
saqarTvelo XVIII saukuneSi.
sagareo orientaciis sakiTxi
VII
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
57.
58.
59.
60.
vaxtang VI. qarTli XVIII saukunis I meoTxedSi
samarTali da etiketi Sua saukuneebis
saqarTveloSi
Teimuraz II-isa da erekle II-is erToblivi mefoba
qarTl-kaxeTi XVIII saukunis 50-ian wlebSi
qarTl-kaxeTis erT samefod gaerTianeba.
urTierToba ruseTTan
solomon I
saqarTvelo ruseT-TurqeTis omis Semdeg.
georgievskis traqtatis momzadeba
georgievskis traqtati
qarTuli kultura XVIII saukunis II naxevarSi
262
268
272
61.
62.
63.
64.
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyroba da misi
Sedegebi
ruseTis mier saqarTvelos dapyrobis
politikuri Sedegebi
1832 wlis SeTqmuleba
saqarTvelos sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri
mdgomareoba XIX s.-is 30-50-ian wlebSi
268
277
281
287
292
297
saqarTvelo ruseTis imperiis
SemadgenlobaSi
VIII
257
256
281
287
304
304
308
313
316
313
322
329
347
65.
66.
67.
68.
69.
70.
71.
72.
saqarTvelo XIX saukunis Sua xanebSi
qarTuli kultura XIX saukunis pirvel naxevarSi
feodaluri wyobilebis krizisi ruseTsa da
saqarTveloSi
aWaris SemoerTeba da erovnuli moZraobis
xasiaTi XIX s-is II naxevarSi
glexTa moZraoba da xalxosnebi
qarTuli kultura XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi
saqarTvelo ruseTis pirveli (1905-1907)
revoluciis periodSi
saqarTvelo ruseTis pirvel da meore
revoluciebs Soris
318
322
VIII
326
334
338
343
349
354
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublika
350
73.
74.
360
390
399
413
420
saqarTvelo oqtombris gadatrialebis dros
saqarTvelos demokratiuli respublikis
Camoyalibeba
360
IX
366
saqarTvelo sabWoTa kavSiris SemadgenlobaSi
75.
76.
77.
78.
79.
80.
81.
sabWoTa ruseTis mier demokratiuli
saqarTvelos dapyroba
sabWoTa reJimis damyareba
qarTveli xalxis brZola sabWoTa ruseTis
winaaRmdeg 1921-30 wlebSi
saqarTvelo da meore msoflio omi
saqarTvelo ssrk-Si meore msoflio omis Semdeg
qarTuli kultura sabWoTa periodSi
saqarTvelo gardaqmnis (`perestroikis~)
periodSi
373
378
X
384
388
394
401
410
damoukidebeli saqarTvelo
82.
83.
saqarTvelos damoukideblobis gamocxadeba da
saomari konfliqtebi
saqarTvelo damoukideblobis periodSi.
`vardebis~ revolucia. integracia
evrostruqturebSi
415
420
XI
I
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis
warmomavloba
1.
Tavi pirveli
saqarTvelos bunebriv-geografiuli
pirobebi da istoriul-geografiuli
daxasiaTeba
winareistoriuli xana
rogorc yvela xalxis, ise qarTveli xalxis ganviTarebaze mniSvnelovan gavlenas
axdenda is bunebriv-geografiuli garemo,
romelSic mas saukuneebis ganmavlobaSi
uxdeboda cxovreba. saqarTvelo ori didi
kontinentis – evropisa da aziis Sesayarze
mdebareobs. misi miwa atarebs im didi cvlilebebis kvals, rasac Cveni planeta milionobiT wlebis ganmavlobaSi ganicdida.
erT dros kavkasiis mTeli teritoria
zRviT iyo dafaruli. sxvadasxva geologiuri movlenis Sedegad xmeleTi ramdenguria
jerme amoizida, iyo mZlavri vulkanuri
amofrqvevebi. Semdeg miwis zedapiri kvlav qveviT iwevda da teritoriis didi
nawili isev zRvas eWira. daaxloebiT 25 milioni wlis win mTaTa warmomqmnelma
Zalam kvlav amoswia xmeleTi, ris Sedegadac warmoiqmna kavkasiis qedis mTaTa
sistema, xolo 10-15 milioni wlis win Camoyalibda aWara-TrialeTisa da sxva
qedebis sistema, romlebic dRes qmnian samxreT saqarTvelos mTianeTs. aRniSnuli geologiuri movlenebis Sedegad kaspiis zRva mowyda Sav zRvas da maT
Soris kavkasiis yeli gaCnda. am droidan iwyeba saqarTvelos teritoriis Tanamedrove reliefis Camoyalibeba. daaxloebiT 1 milioni wlis win saqarTvelos
bunebrivma pirobebma TiTqmis iseTi saxe miiRo, rogoric amJamad aris. adre
hava SedarebiT ufro Tbili iyo, magram drodadro adgili hqonda gamyinvarebas, romlis drosac maRalmTiani adgilebidan dablobisaken moemarTeboda
myinvarTa uzarmazari masebi, rasac mohyveboda acieba da bunebrivi pirobebis
Secvla. CvenSi gamyinvareba oTxjer ganmeorda. sabolood, ramdenime aTasi
wlis win Camoyalibda saqarTvelos is bunebriv-geografiuli garemo, romelSic amJamad uxdeba adamians cxovreba.
saqarTvelos teritoriis bunebriv-geografiuli daxasiaTeba
CrdiloeTis mxridan saqarTvelos maRalmwvervalebiani da mudmivi myinvarebiT dafaruli kavkasionis qedi esazRvreba, samxreTiT ki vrcladaa gaSlili
mcire kavkasionis mTaTa sistema, anu saqarTvelos samxreTi mTianeTi. TviTon
kavkasionidan samxreTisaken ramdenime SedarebiT mcire simaRlis qedi eSveba,
romelTagan lixis, anu suramis qedi saqarTvelos or nawilad – dasavleT da
aRmosavleT nawilebad hyofs. am mTebis maRlobebze SesaniSnavi sazafxulo
saZovrebia, ufro qvemoT mTis kalTebi xSiri tyiTaa dafaruli. mTagoriani adgilebi TandaTan zegnebsa da dablobebSi gadadis. CrdiloeTisa da samxreTis
8
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
mTaTa masivebs Soris moqceulia
saqarTvelos bari. dasavleTiT
kolxeTis bari samkuTxedis
formisaa, romlis fuZe Savi zRviskenaa miqceuli. misi yvelaze
dabali adgili – kolxeTis dablobi Zvelad gauvali WaobiT iyo
dafaruli. kolxeTis dablobi
mTebis mimarTulebiT TandaTan
maRldeba da zeganSi gadadis. es
adgilebi gansakuTrebiT xelsayreli iyo dasasaxleblad da
meurneobis warmoebisaTvis.
aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
svaneTi
bari Sedgeba ramdenime nawilisagan: Sida qarTlis, qvemo qarTlisa da kaxeTis bari. aqac es dablobi adgilebi
zegnebsa da maRlobebSi gadadis. hava dasavleT saqarTvelosTan SedarebiT
mSralia, amitom soflis meurneobisaTvis xelovnur morwyvas aq didi mniSvneloba aqvs.
saqarTvelos hava, iseve rogorc misi reliefi, didi mravalferovnebiT
xasiaTdeba. maRalmTian adgilebSi hava mkacria, dablobSi ki igi TandaTan
rbildeba. zegnebsa da dablobebSi ZiriTadad zomieri hava batonobs, Tumca
adgil-adgil aqac didad gansxvavebuli klimaturi raionebia. magaliTad,
SavizRvispireTSi hava nestiani da subtropikulia, aRmosavleT saqarTvelos
barSi zogan rbili da zomierad mSralia, samxreT-aRmosavleT nawilSi ki udabnos cxeli sunTqvac aRwevs.
saqarTveloSi mravladaa didi da mcire mdinareebi. isini saTaves iReben
rogorc kavkasionis mTavar qedze da mis ganStoebebze, ise samxreT mTianeTSi.
mdinareebi aTeulobiT xevebs qmnian da Semdeg erTvian ufro did mdinareebs
– mtkvars, rions, Woroxs, alazans da sxv., an uSualod zRvas uerTdebian. es
didi mdinareebi (mtkvari, rioni) Zvel droSi sanaosnodac iyo gamoyenebuli.
saqarTvelo mdidaria sasargeblo wiaRiseuliT: madneuliT, saTbobiT,
saSeni masaliT. madneulidan aRsaniSnavia spilenZisa da rkinis sabadoebi,
romlebsac didi mniSvneloba hqondaT aq metalurgiis adreve warmoqmnisa da
ganviTarebisaTvis.
saqarTvelos istoriis Seswavlisas Cven SevxvdebiT istoriul-geografiul
saxelwodebebs, romlebsac saqarTvelos esa Tu is kuTxe an mxare atarebda
garkveul periodSi. istoriuli movlenebis swori da TvalnaTeli warmodgenisaTvis unda vicodeT am mxareebis (anu qarTuli `qveynebis~) adgilmdebareoba
da istoriuli sazRvrebi. drodadro maTi saxelwodebebi icvleboda, sazRvrebi ufro vrceli xdeboda, farTovdeboda, zogjer ki piriqiT, mcirdeboda
– `qveyana~ ufro patara kuTxeebad iyofoda.
saqarTvelos centraluri mxarea qarTli. misi saxelwodebebidan momdinareobs `qarTveli~ da `saqarTvelo~. qarTli Sedgeba calkeuli nawilebisagan:
Sida, qvemo da zemo qarTlisagan. Sida qarTls dasavleTiT lixis qedi esazR-
9
Tavi pirveli
vreboda, CrdiloeTiT kavkasionis mTavari qedi, aRmosavleTiT – md. aragvi,
samxreTiT – TrialeTis qedi. qvemo qarTli ki TrialeTis qedis samxreTiT
mdebareobda da mdinareebis – algeTisa da xramis xeobebs moicavda. igi dasavleTis javaxeTis, xolo samxreTiT bambaki-erevnis qediT iyo SemosazRvruli. zemo qarTli anu mesxeTi, aerTianebda md. mtkvris Semogarens, mdinaris
saTavidan taSiskaramde da Woroxis auzs – saTavidan aWariswylis xeobamde.
qarTls aRmosavleTiT kaxeT-hereTi esazRvreboda. adre kaxeTi md. ivrisa
da alaznis zemo wels moicavda, hereTi ki am mdinareebis Sua da qvemo wels. XV
saukunidan es ori qveyana erTianad kaxeTad iwodeba.
dasavleT saqarTvelo uZveles xanaSi egrisad moixseneba. XI-XIII saukuneebSi
saqarTvelos am mxares imereTi daerqva. TandaTanobiT imereTi dasavleT saqarTvelos erT nawils ewoda, romelc lixis qedsa da md. cxeniswyals, raWis
qedsa da mesxeTis qeds Soris iyo moqceuli. cxeniswylis dasavleTiT anakofiamde odiSi anu samegrelo mdebareobda. nikofsiis (dRevandeli axali aTonis)
Crdilo-dasavleTi ki afxazeTs ekava. XVIII s. dasawyisSi afxazeTis samTavros
samxreT-aRmosavleTis sazRvarma md. enguramde gadmoiwia.
mdinare rionis samxreTiT, mesxeTis qedsa da Sav zRvas Soris, guria mdebareobda. ukidures samxreT-dasavleTiT ki aWara da lazeTi, anu WaneTi mdebareobda.
dasavleT saqarTvelos mTianeTi svaneTs, leCxumsa da raWas ekava (raWaleCxums Zvelad Takvers eZaxdnen). saqarTvelos sazRvari kavkasionis qedis
iqiTac gadadioda, sadac mdebareobda xevi, dvaleTi, TuSeTi, nawilobriv xevsureTi, piraqeT – mTiuleTi, fSavi da xevsureTis didi nawili. fSav-xevsureTi
adre fxovis saxeliT iyo cnobili.
saqarTvelos
istoriul-geografiuli mxareebi
pirobiTi aRniSvnebi
saqarTvelos Tanamedrove
sazRvari
dedaqalaqi
dasaxlebuli punqti
soxumi
zugdidi
foTi
quTaisi
gori
baTumi
axalcixe
axalqalaqi
10
© M.Shekiladze, 2002
Tbilisi
Telavi
kaxi
gamoCenili qarTveli moRvaweni `saqarTvelos istoriis~ mniSvnelobis
Sesaxeb:
wya­ro 1
– istorikosi da geografi:
`matiane ganarCevs keTilsa da borotsa, matiane aRamaRlebs
keTilis qmnulebasa da hgmobs ukeTurT qmnulebasa, matiane
metyvelebs WeSmaritsa da ara scbis da mowmobs sxvaTa da
sxvaTa, matiane ganamxnobs kacsa da erTgul hyofs qveynisad,
matiane acnobebs naTesavT Camomavlobasa da dasdebs Tavsa
sarwmunoebisaTvis da moyvarul hyofs moyvassa moyvasisa
mimarT~.
wya­ro 2
ilia WavWavaZe:
`daviwyeba istoriisa momaswavebelia eris suliT da xorciT
moSlisa, darRvevisa da warwymedisac. warsuli mkvidri
safuZvelia awmyosi, rogorc awmyo – momavlisa. romelia
simagre Cveni cxovrebisa da romeli sifuye da sisuste,
amas axsnis xolme marto istoria. da Tu igi daviviwyeT,
maSin dagviviwynia Cveni cxovrebis saTave, Cveni cxovrebis
saZirkveli da Tu es asea, raRazed unda davamyaroT Cveni awmyo,
Cveni mermisi?~
wya­ro 3
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
vaxuSti bagrationi, XVIII saukunis didi qarTveli mecnieri
ivane javaxiSvili:
`saWiroa xalxma icodes Tavisi warsuli sazogadoebrivi
cxovrebis istoria... unda icodes, rasakvirvelia, utyuari,
WeSmariti istoria da ara gazviadebuli, yalbi~.
leqsikoni
rmatiane – vaxuSti
bagrationi aq `matianes~
istoriis mniSvnelobiT
xmarobs.
r ara scbis – ar ayalbebs.
11
klasSi samuSao
1. romeli qedi yofs saqarTvelos or nawilad – dasavleT da aRmosavleT
saqarTvelod?
2. saqarTvelos romeli didi mdinareebi ekuTvnis Savi zRvis auzs?
3. sad iRebs saTaves da romel zRvas uerTdeba md. mtkvari?
saSinao davaleba
Tavi pirveli
1. saqarTvelos fizikur rukaze moxazeT istoriuli qveynebisa da
kuTxeebis sazRvrebi: qarTlis, kaxeTis, imereTis, odiSis (samegrelos),
guriis, aWaris, afxazeTis, svaneTis, raWa-leCxumis, fSav-xevsureTis)
sazRvrebi.
12
2. daxazeT saqarTvelos sqematuri istoriuli ruka aRniSnuli mxareebis
saxelebiT. Semdeg gakveTilebze gamoiyeneT Tqven mier daxatuli ruka.
kavkasionis erT-erTi ulamazesi mwvervali – uSba
2.
pirvelyofili adamiani saqarTveloSi
dmanisSi aRmoCenili hominidis Tavis
qala. Zv.w. 1.75 mln w.
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
paleoliTi, neoliTi, eneoliTi
ukanaskneli xanis gamokvlevebiT dadgenilia, rom adamiani warmoiSva 2 milionze meti xnis win afrikis kontinentze.
adamians danarCeni cocxali arsebebidan
ganasxvavebda mTavari – iaraRis damzadebis unari. am uZvelesi adamianis mier
masalad ZiriTadad qva iyo gamoyenebuli.
qvis iaraRis gaumjobeseba da pirvelyofili adamiani fizikurad Tav­dapirvelad
Zalian nela viTardeboda. mecnierebi am
xanas paleoliTs uwodeben.
uZvelesi adamianis universalur iaraRs
Tavdapirvelad uxeSad damuSavebuli qvis
xelnajaxi warmoadgenda. TandaTan, xangrZlivi gamocdilebis Sedegad igi am iaraRebs aumjobesebda, ufro mravalferovans
xdida maT. qvis xelnajaxTan erTad igi ukve
amzadebda qvis danebs, safxekebs, wvetanebs. qvis iaraRebis ganviTareba TviT adamianebsac cvlida, uviTarebda azrovnebas.
garegnuladac sul ufro uaxlovdeboda
Tanamedrove adamians.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze bevrganaa aRmoCenili pirvelyofili adamianis
cxovrebis nakvalevi. ukanasknel xans naqalaqar dmanisis teritoriaze aRmoCnda
uZvelesi adamianis winapris (`hominidis~)
sadgomi, sadac misi Zvlovani naSTebi (Tavis qala, qveda yba kbilebiT da sxv.) da
qvis primitiuli iaraRebi iyo napovni.
dmaniseli `adamiani~ saqarTvelos miwawyalze daaxl. 1,8-1,7 mln wlis winaT unda
gamoCeniliyo da rogorc Cans, Semdeg igi
samxreT kavkasidan gansaxlda evropisa da
aziis kontinentebze.
kacobriobis istoriis gariJraJze,
rodesac Sromis iaraRebi jer kidev metad primitiuli iyo da sakvebis mopoveba – sakmaod rTuli, uZvelesi adamianebi upiratesad calkeul jgufebad cxo-
dmanisis arqeologiuri gaTxrebi
frangi mecnieri, elizabet dene aRadgens
dmaniseli adamianis saxes
13
Tavi pirveli
vrobdnen. pirvelyofili sazogadoebis
es sawyisi periodi winagvarovnul epoqas
miekuTvneba. daaxloebiT 40-30 aTasi wlis
winaT mTavrdeba Tanamedrove tipis `gonieri adamianis~ (homo sapiensis) Camoyalibeba,
safuZveli eyreba naTesaur gaerTianebebs,
sadac upiratesoba da xelmZRvaneloba Tavdapirvelad qals hqonda miniWebuli (matriarqati). am dros adamiani sacxovreblad
farTod iyenebda bunebriv TavSesafrebs –
gamoqvabulebs, bunebriv fardulebs, mRvi- qvis uZvelesi iaraRebi
meebs, xeebs da sxv. am drois adamianma ukve
iswavla cecxlis gamoyeneba. banakSi Tu mRvimeSi danTebuli cecxli kidev
ufro aaxloebda erTmaneTTan pirvelyofil adamianTa jgufis (gvaris) wevrebs. iaraRis gaumjobesebiT da cecxlis gamoyenebiT igi ufro advilad icavda
Tavs mtacebeli cxovelebisagan, meti warmatebiT nadirobda da sistematurad
ikvebeboda xorceuliT. es kidev ufro uwyobda xels mis fizikur da gonebriv
ganviTarebas. iaraRis winaswargamiznuli damzadeba, sxva adamianebTan erTad
cxovreba da Sroma mas cnobierebas da metyvelebas uviTarebda. aseul aTasobiT wlis manZilze dagrovili gamocdilebiT da SromiTi Cvevebis gamomuSavebiT adamiani sul ufro da ufro srulyofda Tavis iaraRs. bolos, qvispirian
SubTan erTad adamianma mSvild-isaric gamoigona.
qvis iaraRebis gaumjobesebis am xanas arqeologebi Zveli qvis xanis (paleoliTis) zeda safexurad gamoyofen. gamravlebuli gvarebi axal gvarebad iyofodnen, magram isini erTmaneTTan urTierTobas ar wyvetdnen. aseTi monaTesave
gvarebi erT Tems qmnidnen. saqarTvelos teritoriaze, misi Taviseburi geografiuli pirobebis gamo, Cveulebriv, erTi Temi erT xevSi iyo gansaxlebuli.
ramdenime mezobeli Temis gaerTianeba ukve toms Seadgenda. tomSi Semavali
Temebisa da gvarebis salaparako ena da zne-Cveuleba ZiriTadad erTnairi iyo.
zeda paleoliTSi adamiani TiTqmis aRar gansxvavdeboda Tanamedrove adamianisagan. sakmaod maRal doneze iyo misi cnobierebac. igi ara marto aRiqvamda mis irgvliv ganviTarebul movlenebs, aramed cdilobda, aexsna kidec
isini. igi amCnevda, rom zogi bunebrivi movlena misTvis sasargeblo iyo, zogi
ki piriqiT, saziano. misi warmodgeniT, garemomcveli buneba dasaxlebuli iyo
keTili da boroti ZalebiT, anu sulebiT. adamiani cdilobda, maTze zemoqmedeba moexdina: keTili sulebisTvis pativi eca da boroti suli an SeeSinebina,
an rogorme misi guli moego. pirvelyofili adamiani Tayvans scemda bunebis
movlenebs, frinvelebs, cxovelebs. gansakuTrebiT iseTebs, romlebsac didi
mniSvneloba hqondaT mis cxovrebaSi.
zeda paleoliTSi adamiani ukve zrunavda micvalebulebze da samarxebSi
krZa­lavda maT, gauCnda warmodgena sulebiT dasaxlebul imier samyaroze da a.S.
neoliTi
zeda paleoliTis periodSi adamiani SesamCnevad aumjobesebda Tavis iaraRebs. magram didi gardatexa qvis damuSavebis teqnikaSi moxda daaxloebiT 7-8
14
eneoliTi
daaxloebiT 6-7 aTasi wlis winaT saqarTvelos teritoriaze adamianma iaraRis dasamzadeblad qvasTan erTad liTonis gamoyenebac daiwyo. saqarTvelos teritoriaze spilenZis madani bevrgan iyo, romlis ZarRvebi
xSirad TviT dedamiwis zedapirzec amodioda. qarTvelTa winapar tomebs garkveuli
damsaxureba miuZRviT liTonis metalurgiis
dawyebis, aTvisebisa da ganviTarebis saqmeSi.
liTonis aTvisebis am adreul etapze ZiriTadi sameurneo iaraRebi kvlav qvisgan, Zvlisa
da xisagan mzaddeboda. qvis damuSavebis teqnika
am dros umaRles doneze iyo da misgan damzadebuli iaraRi mainc rCeboda adamianis ZiriTad sawarmoo saSualebad. amitom am axal xanas
spilenZ-qvis, anu eneoliTis xanas uwodeben.
eneoliTis xana adamianis sameurneo saqmianobis SesamCnevi dawinaurebiT gamoirCeva. miwaTmoqmedebaSi zogan SeiniSneba xelovnuri morwyvac. miwis dasamuSaveblad ukve
iwyeben metismetad primitiuli (magaliTad,
irmis rqisagan damzadebuli) saxnavi iaraRis
gamoyenebas. am siaxleebis Sedegad meurneoba
ufro Semosavliani xdeba.
antropomorfuli figura. kotias
kldis mRvime. eneoliTi
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
aTasi wlis win, rodesac adamianma iswavla qvis iaraRebis gaprialeba, xerxva,
gaxvreta. aseTi iaraRi gacilebiT ufro mosaxerxebeli iyo sanadirod da
samuSaod. ase axleburad damuSavebuli iaraRis mixedviT am xanas `axali qvis
xana~ anu neoliTi ewodeba.
didi Zvrebi moxda meurneobaSic. Tu aqamde adamiani mxolod Semgrovebeli
da monadire iyo, neoliTSi man daiwyo sakvebad gamosadegi mcenareulis xelovnurad gaSeneba, cxovelebis moSinaureba da movla-gamravleba, e.i. safuZveli
Caeyara martiv miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobas, anu adamiani gaxda mwarmoebeli. es imdenad didi mniSvnelobis movlena iyo meurneobis ganviTarebaSi,
rom mas mecnierebi `neoliTur revolucias~
uwodeben. axali qvis xanaSive safuZveli Caeyara martiv xelosnobas: adamianma iswavla
meTuneoba (Tixisgan WurWlis damzadeba da
gamowva), rTva, qsova, kalaTebis mowvna da sxv.
neoliTis bolosTvis ukve yalibdeba binadari
(erT adgilze myarad, mudmivad mcxovrebi)
adresamiwaTmoqmedo dasaxlebebi. mosaxleoba
ukve ZiriTadad miwaTmoqmedebasa da mesaqonleobas misdevs.
spilenZis sakidebi xizanaanT goridan.
Zv. w. III aTaswleulis I naxevari
15
Tavi pirveli
am dros adamiani sacxovreblad ukve iSleqsikoni
viaTad iyenebs gamoqvabulebs. bunebrivi
gamravlebis gamo igi iq veRar eteva da TvirpaleoliTi – Zveli qvis
Ton aSenebs sacxovrebel saxlebs. saxlebi
xana (berZnuli sityvebidan
iyo aliziT nagebi mcire zomis wriuli da
`palaios~ – Zveli, `liTos~ –
ovaluri formis, sxvadasxva saTavsoebiT.
qva)
am sacxovreblis SigniT an mis gverdiT
rne­o­li­Ti – (berZn. `neos~axa­
Tixis keriebSi mudmivad enTo cecxli.
li `liTos~ qva) axa­li qvis xa­na
ramdenime aTeuli aseTi saxli erT daVIII da VI aTas­wle­u­lebs So­ris.
saxlebas qmnida, romelic ZiriTadad mo`ne­o­li­Tur re­vo­lu­ci­as~ uwo­
maRlo adgilebze, borcvebsa da gorakebde­ben QZv.w. 8000 wli­saT­vis mom­
ze iyo ganlagebuli. am gorakebs zogjer
xdar gar­da­te­xas ka­cob­ri­ob
­ is
TavdacvisTvis gamiznuli Txrili an yore
is­to­ri­a­Si. amiT srul­de­ba ka­
hqonda Semovlebuli. gamravlebuli mocob­ri­o­bis `ve­lu­ro­bis~ xa­na,
saxleoba sacxovreblad maxloblad mdero­ca ada­mi­a­ne­bi mxo­lod mo­na­
bare sxva gorakebze gadadioda. ramdenime
di­re­o­bas da Sem­gro­veb­lo­bas
aseTi gora dasaxlebaTa garkveul jgufs
ewe­od­nen da iwy­e­ba `bar­ba­ro­
qmnida, romelic gvarovnul-tomobriv
so­bis~ epo­qa, ro­ca ada­mi­a­ne­bi
erTeuls warmoadgenda. am dasaxlebaTa
cxov­re­bis bi­na­dar wess ir­Ce­ven
jgufis centrad xSirad is Tavdapirveli
da mi­waT­moq­me­de­ba­sa da mecx­o­
gora rCeboda, saidanac daiwyes gansaxleve­le­ob
­ as mis­de­ven.
ba. aqve iyo maTi mTavari salocavi, Tavdasacavi gamagrebuli adgili, aqve ikrireneoliTi – `eneos~ laTinurad
bebodnen Temis uxucesebi saTaTbirod
spilenZi, `liTos~ – berZnulad
da sxvadasxva sakiTxis gadasawyvetad.
qva.
samiwaTmoqmedo meurneoba axlomdebare
rpatriarqati – `patre~
miwebze iyo gaSlili, saqonelsac axlolaTinurad mama, `arqe~ –
maxlo saZovrebze aZovebdnen. mwyemsebad
berZnulad Zalaufleba
ZiriTadad mamakacebi iyvnen.
saqonlis momravlebam, soflis meurneobis produqtebisa da liTonis iaraRis dagrovebam calkeuli Temis Tu gvaris xelSi maT Soris saomari Setakebebi
gaaxSira. swored amis gamo gaxda aucilebeli dasaxlebuli adgilebis gamagreba. saomari Sejaxebebi da konfliqtebi gamowveuli iyo ufro mosaxerxebeli
sacxovrebeli adgilebis, produqtebis, saqonlisa Tu liTonis iaraRis xelSi
Cagdebis mcdelobiT da masSi umTavresad mamakacebi monawileobdnen. liTonsac isini moipovebdnen da amuSavebdnen. ase rom, mamakacis roli gvaris cxovrebaSi dRiTi dRe izrdeboda. aman gamoiwvia gvarisa da tomis mmarTvelobaSi
mamakacis win wamoweva. dedamTavrulma gvarma (matriarqatma) adgili dauTmo
mamamTavrul gvars (patriarqats).
mtkvar-araqsis kultura
Zv. w. IV-III aTaswleulis mijnaze qarTvelTa winaparma tomebma ukve iswavles
iaraRis masalad brinjaos gamoyeneba. brinjaos amzadebdnen cecxlze gamdnar
spilenZSi sxvadasxva nivTierebis (kalis, dariSxanis, anTimonis) SereviT. amiT
liToni ufro magari xdeboda. gamdnar brinjaos yalibebSi asxamdnen da aseTi
16
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
gziT saWiro formis iaraRs iRebdnen. sameurneo da sabrZolo iaraRebi swrafad umjobesdeboda. amis mixedviT brinjaos xanas mecnierebi sam periodad
yofen: adre, Sua da gvian brinjaos xanad.
Zv. w. IV aTaswleulis bolos da III aTaswleulis pirvel naxevarSi saqarTveloSi Camoyalibda adreuli brinjaos sakmaod maRali kultura. igi mecnierebaSi mtkvar-araqsis kulturis saxeliT aris cnobili, radgan ZiriTadad am
ori mdinaris auzs moicavda, Tumca ufro gvian es kultura sakmaod farTo
teritoriaze gavrcelda.
Tavdapirvelad miwaTmoqmedebaSi progresi naklebad SeiniSneba – miwas ZiriTadad isev qvis iaraRiT amuSaveben, mesaqonleobaSi wamyvani adgili msxvilfexa
rqosan saqonels ukavia. adre brinjaos mTeli periodis manZilze dawinaurda
xelosnobis sxvadasxva dargi, gansakuTrebiT – keramikuli warmoeba. Tixis
WurWeli xeliTaa naZerwi da daxvewili da Taviseburi formebiT gamoirCeva. aseve liTonis nawarmi migvaniSnebs, rom am kulturis matarebel tomebs
garkveuli kavSiri hqondaT wina aziis Zvel xalxebTan. TandaTan soflis meurneobaSic vrceldeba liTonis iaraRi, rac amaRlebs Sromis nayofierebas, xolo
sabrZolo iaraRis gaumjobeseba – brZolisunarianobas.
adrebrinjaos xanaSi jer kidev ar arian erTmaneTisadmi dapirispirebuli
klasebi – gvarisa Tu tomis wevrebi Tanaswori uflebiT sargebloben; mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis gadawyveta, rogoric iyo omisa da zavis sakiTxi, beladis
arCeva, mZime danaSaulisais sasjelis gamotana da sxv., saerTo-saxalxo krebaze
xdeboda; yvela mamakaci gamodioda sabrZolvelad da saerTo RonisZiebebis
gansaxorcieleblad.
17
klasSi samuSao
1. romeli liToni gamoiyena adamianma pirvelad da ratom?
2. ras ewodeba eneoliTi?
3. rogori iyo eneoliTis xanis adamianTa dasaxlebani?
4. ra iwvevda saomar Sejaxebebs tomebs Soris?
Tavi pirveli
5. ra periods moicavs adre brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi?
xaris qandakeba berikldeebis
namosaxlaridan. Zv. w. IV aTasw. II nax.
keris sadgari. amiranis gora. Zv. w. III aTasw. I nax.
saSinao davaleba
1. daakvirdiT wina gverdze mocemul rukas da CamowereT qvis
xanis Zeglebi Semdegnairad:
qveda
zeda
paleoliTi
paleoliTi
wofi
------
mezoliTi
neoliTi
eneoliTi
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
------
ZiriTadi TariRebi
1 mln. 800 aTasi wlis
win – pirvelyofili
adamianis dasaxleba
saqarTvelos
teritoriaze
8-6 aTasi
wlis
win –
neoliTis
dasawyisi
X s.
18
35 aTasi wlis win
– zeda paleoliTis
dasawyisi. gvarovnuli
wyobilebis
Camoyalibeba
Zv. w. IV-III aTasw.
mijna – brinjaos
xanis dasawyisi.
mtkvar-araqsis
kultura
V s.
6-7 aTasi wlis win –
eneoliTis dasawyisi
0
3.
Sua da gvian brinjaos xana saqarTveloSi
brinjaos xanis culebi cxinvalidan Zv.
w. VIII-VII ss.
oqros Tasi TrialeTidan. Zv. w. II
aTasw. I naxevari
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
adreyorRanuli kultura
Zv. w. III aTaswleulis Sua xanebisaTvis
saqarTveloSi mcxovrebma tomebma ganviTarebis sakmaod maRal dones miaRwies. am
periodis arqeologiur masalas ZiriTadad yorRanebSi pouloben. yorRani didi
miwayrilia, romelic romelime gamoCenili piris samarxs warmoadgenda. micvalebulis dasakrZalavad momzadebuli iyo
qvis an xis morebisagan nagebi darbazi,
xSirad CaRrmavebul miwaSi Cadgmuli da
zemodan xis ZelebiT gadaxuruli. Zelebi
gadaglesili iyo TixiT da Semdeg dafaruli qvayriliT, romelsac miwis sqeli
fena eyara. ase iqmneboda xelovnuri goraki, romlis simaRle zogjer 10-15 metrs
aRwevda. Tavidan yorRanebi micvalebulisTvis Catanebuli nivTebis siuxviT ar
gamoirCeoda, Semdeg TandaTan maTi raodenoba mravldeba. es imas mowmobs, rom
pirvelyofili sazogadoeba did cvlilebas ganicdis da misgan gamoiyofian calkeuli dawinaurebuli pirebi, romlebsac gansakuTrebuli pativiT krZalaven.
eseni arian tomis an tomTa kavSirebis
beladebi, romlebic tomis rigiT wevrebze ufro maRla dganan da didi pativiT
sargebloben ara marto sicocxleSi, aramed gardacvalebis Semdegac. es mowmobs
imas, rom gardatexa xdeba adamianis warmodgenebSi da beladis dawinaureba ukve
zebunebrivi Zalis nebiT aixsneba. amis gamoa albaT, rom tomis rigiTi wevrebi ar
iSureben gardacvlil beladebs Caatanon
sxvadasxva daniSnulebis nivTebi, fufunebis sagnebi, sabrZolo da ritualuri
iaraRebi. yorRanebSi didi raodenobiT
aris aRmoCenili sxvadasxva zomis Tixis
WurWlis naSTebi, romliTac sagzal-saWmels atandnen micvalebuls saiqio sacxovrebelSi.
verZis Tavis formis brinjaos sakidi
brinjaos WurWeli. Zv. w. XIV-XIII ss.
19
Tavi pirveli
didmniSvnelovani aRmoCenebi TrialeTSi
XX saukunis 30-ian wlebSi didi aRmoCenebi ganxorcielda samxreT saqarTveloSi. TrialeTis zeganze gaiTxara aTeulobiT yorRani, romlebic Sua brinjaos xaniT daTariRda. am yorRanebSi aRmoCenili nivTebi mowmobs, rom aq mcxovreb qarTvelTa winapar tomebSi dawinaurebuli iyo meurneoba, gansakuTrebiT
mesaqonleoba, agreTve xelosnobis calkeuli dargebi – liTonis damuSaveba
da oqromWedloba. sakmaod darRveulia pirvelyofili-Temuri wyobileba.
TvalnaTlad dasturdeba wina aziis qveynebTan kulturuli da ekonomiuri
kavSirebi.
TrialeTis yorRanebSi aRmoCnda bevri iseTi nivTi, rac am periodis saqarTvelos mosaxleobis kulturul dawinaurebas mowmobs; magaliTad, ostaturad damzadebuli oqros Tasi Zvirfasi TvlebiT (ix. sur.) da sxvadasxva
samkaulebi. TviTon yorRanebic da dakrZalvis wesic qarTveli tomebis sazogadoebriv winsvlas gviCvenebs. am drois yorRanebi sakmaod didi zomisaa.
zogis diametri 100 metrsac aRemateba. dasakrZalavi darbazebic didi zomisaa
da datovebuli aqvT Sesasvlelebi, romelSic mokirwyluli gziT xis etli SehqondaT. etlze dasvenebuli iyo micvalebulis neSti, romelsac Catanebuli
hqonda liTonis nivTebTan erTad didi raodenobis Tixis WurWeli, Semkuli
sxvadasxva ornamentiT. aseTi didi da mdidruli yorRanebi gankuTvnili iyo
tomTa didi kavSirebis beladebisaTvis. maTi ageba adamianTa mravalricxovani
koleqtivis did da xangrZliv Sromas yorRanebis gegma moiTxovda. tomTa kavSirebis Camoyalibeba aucilebeli gamxdara samxedro Sejaxebebis gaxSirebis
gamo. erToblivi TavdacvisaTvis anda sxva tomebze upiratesobis mopovebis
mizniT calkeuli tomebi erTiandebodnen kavSirebad. maT saTaveSi arCeul
beladebTan erTad idgnen qurumebi. eseni qmnidnen gvarovnul aristokratias,
rac Temuri wyobilebis daSlis procesis dawyebas migvaniSnebs.
adreklasobrivi urTierTobis Casaxva qarTvel tomebSi
Zv. w. II aTaswleulis manZilze brinjaos iaraRis gaumjobeseba da srulyofa
meurneobis Semdgom dawinaurebas iwvevda.
saqarTvelos teritoriaze ori didi kulturuli wre Camoyalibda: dasavlur-qarTuli, romelic kolxuri kulturis saxeliTaa cnobili, da aRmosavlur-qarTuli. aseTi erTgvarovani kulturuli wreebis arseboba aq
mcxovrebi tomebis erTmaneTTan daaxloeba-SekavSirebas mowmobs. Zv. w. II
aTaswleulis Sua xanebidan iwyeba gvian brinjaos xana – am dros didi progresia miRweuli rogorc brinjaos miRebisa da damuSavebis teqnikaSi, ise soflis
meurneobasa da xelosnobaSi. Tixis WurWlis dasamzadeblad ukve iyeneben
mbrunav morgvs, rac xelosnis Sromas aadvilebda. am droidan farTod gamoiyeneba moSinaurebuli cxeni, rac xels uwyobda rogorc mejoge mesaqonleobis
ganviTarebas, ise samxedro saqmeSi winsvlas. cxenze amxedrebuli meomrebi
swrafadac moZraobdnen da grZeli maxvilebiT advilad uswordebodnen qveiTebs.
gvian brinjaos xanaSive pirvelad Cndeba rkinis nakeTobani. kerZo saojaxo
meurneobis da kerZo sakuTrebis ganviTareba imas iwvevda, rom calkeul ojaxebs meti simdidre daugrovdaT, vidre sxva meTemeebs. amave dros tomis arCeuli
20
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
xelmZRvanelebi, romlebic ZiriTadad aseTi dawinaurebuli ojaxebidan iyvnen,
cdilobdnen, samudamod dauflebodnen da memkvidreobiTac gadaecaT TavianTi xelisufleba. maT mxars uWerdnen maTi uaxloesi meomari-razmelebi,
romlebic sargeblobdnen TavianTi mdgomareobiT da miwis saukeTeso nakveTebs isakuTrebdnen. brZolis dros nadavlis did nawilsac isini euflebodnen
da kidev ufro mdidrdebodnen. igive iTqmis maSindeli religiis msaxurebis –
qurumebis Sesaxeb, romlebic ama Tu im salocavisTvis Sewirul simdidres da
miwas TviTon euflebodnen da Tavis sasargeblod iyenebdnen. tomis beladebi
xSirad umaRlesi qurumebic iyvnen. es kidev ufro zrdida maT Zalauflebasa
da avtoritets. omidan wamoyvanil tyveebs aRar xocavdnen, rogorc winaT,
aramed monebad aqcevdnen da mZime samuSaoebze iyenebdnen. didi raodenobiT
swiravdnen salocavebs tyve-monebs, romlebic faqtobrivad qurumebis mflobelobaSi eqceodnen.
Temidan gamoyofili aseTi dawinaurebuli didkacoba TandaTan calke klasad Camoyalibda, romelic Cagravda da batonobda ara marto monebze, aramed
Tavisufal meTemeTa did nawilzec.
pirvelyofili sazogadoebis gaTiSva sxva gziTac xdeboda. ufro Zlieri da
dawinaurebuli tomi ZaliT imorCilebda sxva ufro sust toms, romlis meTemeni iZulebulni iyvnen, gabatonebuli tomis sasargeblod gaeRoT gadasaxadi
da misi brZanebiT laSqrobaSi gamosuliyvnen. ase rom, tomTa gaerTianebebi da
kavSirebi TandaTan batonoba-morCilebis principiT iqmneboda da ewyoboda.
aseTi kavSirebi ufro myari da xangrZlivi iyo. ase TandaTan iSleboda pirvelyofili Temur-gvarovnuli wyobileba da yalibdeboda adreklasobrivi
sazogadoeba, warmoiqmneboda saxelmwifoebi.
oqros lomi TrialeTidan
oqros yelsabami TrialeTidan. Zv. w. II aTasw. I nax.
21
klasSi samuSao
1. ra aris yorRani da ra daniSnulebiT agebdnen mas?
2. ras mowmobs yorRanebSi Catanebuli didi raodenobiT mdidruli
nivTebi?
3. rogor yalibdeba adreklasobrivi sazogadoeba qarTvelTa winapar
tomebSi?
4. kargad daakvirdiT gakveTilSi mocemul suraTebs da imsjeleT brinjaos
xanis kulturaze
leqsikoni
Tavi pirveli
rrituali – religiuri
ceremoniali
oqros disko TrialeTidan. Zv. w. II aTasw.
oqros yelsabami ananauridan. III aTasw.
II nax.
ZiriTadi TariRebi
Zv. w. III aTasw. II naxevari –
adreyorRanuli kultura
XXX s.
XXV s.
XX s.
Zv. w. II aTasw. II nax. –
gvianbrinjaos xana. rkinis
metalurgis dasawyisi
1500
Zv. w. II aTasw. I nax. –
TrialeTis kultura
22
1000
1050
4.
qarTveli xalxis warmomavlobis sakiTxi
vercxlis Tasi TrialeTidan. zed
gamosaxulia ritualuri scena
leqsikoni
rari­an (arianam) – Zvel spar­
sul­Si ira­nis (spar­se­Tis) sa­xel­
mwi­fos sa­xel­wo­de­ba
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
qar­Tve­li xal­xis war­mo­mav­lo­bisa da mo­
na­Te­sa­ve­o­bis sa­kiTxi jer ki­dev Zvel ber­
Znebs ain­te­re­seb­daT. is­to­ri­is ma­mad wo­
de­bu­li he­ro­do­te (QZv.w.-mde V s.) fiq­rob­da,
rom kol­xe­bi eg­vip­tu­ri war­mo­So­bi­s iy­vnen.
uf­ro ad­re ber­Zneb­Si gav­r­ce­le­bu­li iyo
Se­xe­du­le­ba, rom qar­Tvel­Ta anu iber­Ta
wi­nap­re­bi gad­mo­sax­le­bul­ni iy­vnen es­pa­ne­
Ti­dan, ro­mel­sac ase­ve ibe­ria ewo­de­bo­da.
Zve­li eb­ra­e­li is­to­ri­ko­si, io­seb fla­vi­u­si
(Zv.w-dan I s.) qar­Tvel­Ta war­mo­mav­lo­bas bib­
li­ur per­so­na­Jebs ukav­Si­reb­da. ase­ve Zve­li
qar­Tve­li is­to­ri­ko­se­bic qar­Tve­lebs bib­
li­u­ri no­es me­sa­me Svi­lis – ia­fe­tis STa­
mo­mav­le­bad miiCnevdnen. uZ­ve­les qar­Tul
sa­is­to­rio Txzu­le­ba­Si – `moq­ce­vai qar­
Tli­sa­i~-s qro­ni­ka­Si ki moTx­ro­bi­lia sa­qar­
Tve­los te­ri­to­ri­a­ze qar­Tvel­Ta gad­mo­
sax­le­ba sam­xre­Ti­dan, e.w. ari­an qar­Tli­dan.
me­o­re qar­Tu­li wya­ro – `cxov­re­ba qar­
Tvel­Ta me­fe­Ta da pir­vel­Ta­gan­Ta ma­ma­Ta~
(XI s.) gan­sxva­ve­bu­lad war­mog­vid­gens qar­
Tvel­Ta war­mo­mav­lo­bas. mi­si av­to­ris (le­
on­ti mro­ve­lis) mtki­ce­biT, kav­ka­si­is xal­
xe­bi er­Ti­a­ni war­mo­mav­lo­bi­s ari­an da `a­maT
Tvis­Ta er­Ti iyo ma­ma, sa­xe­liT Tar­ga­mos...~,
ro­me­lic ba­bi­lo­nis godolis mSe­neb­lo­
bisa da ena­Ta aR­re­vis Sem­deg Ta­vi­si col­Svi­li­Ta da mra­val­ricx­o­va­ni na­Te­sa­ve­­biT
kav­ka­si­a­Si da­sax­lda, mis­ma Svi­leb­ma mis­ces
da­sa­ba­mi aq mcxov­reb xal­xebs: qar­Tve­lebs,
som­xebs da sxv.
es uka­nas­kne­li Tval­saz­ri­si qar­Tul is­
to­ri­og­ra­fi­a­Si gav­rce­le­bu­li iyo TviT
XIX sa­u­ku­nem­de, ro­de­sac wi­na azi­a­Si far­
Tod ga­i­Sa­la ar­qe­o­lo­gi­u­ri sa­mu­Sa­o­e­bi
da ara­er­Ti aR­mo­Ce­na mar­Tlac sen­sa­ci­u­ri
gax­da. ga­moC­nda manam­de uc­no­bi qvey­ne­bi
da xal­xe­bi, gan­sxva­ve­bu­li kul­tu­riTa da
eniT. win wa­vi­da enaT­mec­ni­e­re­ba, e.w. `mkvda­
ri ene­bis~ Ses­wav­la. mec­ni­e­reb­ma Se­Zles
zo­gi­er­Ti am enis da­kav­Si­re­ba manam­de cno­
rindoevropuli enebi –
msoflioSi erT-erTi yvelaze
gavrcelebuli, mo­na­Te­sa­ve
ene­bis di­di oja­xi, ro­mel­Sic
Se­di­s in­du­ri, ira­nu­li, sla­
vu­ri, ro­ma­nu­li, ger­ma­nu­li,
ber­Znu­li da mTe­li ri­gi mkvda­
ri ene­bi. indoevropul enaTa
ojaSi daaxloebiT 400 enas
aerTianeben.
rbaskebi – espaneTisa da
safrangeTis sazRvarze
mcxovrebi xalxi, romelTa ena
da kultura evropulisgan
gansxvavebulia
23
Tavi pirveli
24
bil ena­Ta oja­xeb­Tan, zo­gi­er­Tis ki – ve­ra.
ma­ga­li­Tad, xmel­Ta­Su­azR­vis­pi­re­Ti­sa da
mci­re azi­is uZ­ve­les mcxov­reb­Ta (vid­re aq
in­do­ev­ro­pe­le­bi ga­moC­de­bod­nen) ene­bi ma­
nam­de cno­bil ar­cerT ena­Ta ojaxs ar ekuT­
vno­da. verc kav­ka­si­u­ri ene­bis da­kav­Si­re­bac
mo­xer­xda ro­me­li­me ena­Ta ojax­Tan, ami­tom
war­mo­iq­mna va­ra­u­di, rom kav­ka­si­u­ri (qar­
Tve­lu­ri, Crdi­lo kav­ka­si­u­ri) da wi­na­re
in­do­ev­ro­pu­li `mkvda­ri~ ene­bi er­Ti war­mo­
mav­lo­bi­s iy­vnen. amas TiT­qos eTan­xme­bo­da
mi­To­lo­gi­u­ri gad­mo­ce­me­bi, eT­no­lo­gi­u­ri
da kulturis kvlevebiT dadgenili sxvaborjRali
dasxva faq­ti. ma­ga­li­Tad, cno­bil­ma enaT­
mec­ni­er­ma ni­ko mar­ma, ro­me­lic war­mo­So­biT
gu­ri­i­dan iyo, bas­ke­bis qve­ya­na­Si mog­za­u­
robisas im­de­ni si­ax­lo­ve da­i­na­xa bas­kur
da gu­ri­is cxov­re­bis wess So­ris, rom Ta­
vis naS­roms uwo­da `mog­za­u­ro­ba pi­re­ne­
is gu­ri­a­Si~. mag­ram es hi­po­Te­za sa­Ta­na­do
da­sa­bu­Te­bas mo­iTx­ov­da. amas sWir­de­bo­da
di­di mu­Sa­o­ba ro­gorc enaT­mec­ni­e­re­bis
xa­ziT, ise ar­qe­o­lo­gi­u­ri, eT­no­lo­gi­u­ri,
an­Tro­po­lo­gi­u­ri da sxva dis­cip­li­ne­bis
Ta­na­med­ro­ve me­To­de­biT kvle­va. mec­ni­e­
ru­lad swo­ri das­kvnis ga­mo­sa­ta­nad enaT­
mec­ni­e­reb­ma un­da Se­Zlon da aRad­gi­non is
Tav­da­pir­ve­li anu wi­na­re ene­bi, ro­mel­Ta
daS­li­Ta da gan­vi­Ta­re­biT war­mo­iq­mna Ta­
na­med­ro­ve ene­bi. dRes­dRe­o­biT Seg­viZ­lia
vTqvaT, rom qar­Tve­lu­ri ene­bi: qar­Tu­li,
meg­rul­-Wa­nu­ri da sva­nu­ri er­Ti Zi­ri­dan,
WurWeli berikldeebis
sa­er­To qar­Tve­lu­ri­dan mo­di­an. sxva­das­
namosaxlaridan. Zv. w. III aTasw. II nax.
xva mi­ze­zis ga­mo mox­da cal­ke­u­li eT­ni­ku­
ri jgu­fe­bis er­Tma­ne­Ti­sa­gan ga­mo­yofa da
cal­ke gan­vi­Ta­re­ba. ma­Ti ene­bic da­Sor­da er­Tma­neTs.
ar­qe­o­lo­gi­u­ri faq­te­biT mtkic­de­ba, rom sa­qar­Tve­los te­ri­to­ri­a­ze ada­mi­
a­ni mud­mi­vad cxov­rob­da ka­cob­ri­o­bis dasabamidan. aq gan­vi­Ta­re­ba­Si ra­i­me mniS­
vne­lo­va­ni Cavardna ar Se­i­niS­ne­ba. ra Tqma un­da, sxva­das­xva eT­ni­ku­ri jgu­fis Tu
to­mis Se­moR­we­vas da ad­gi­lob­riv mo­sax­le­o­ba­Si asi­mi­la­ci­as u­Tu­od eq­ne­bo­da
ad­gi­li, ase­ve ad­gi­lob­riv mo­sax­le­o­bas mud­mi­vi kul­tu­ru­li, eko­no­mi­ku­ri da
sxva xa­si­a­Tis kon­taq­te­bi hqon­da ax­lo­bel Tu So­re­ul qvey­neb­Tan, xal­xeb­Tan.
es yve­la­fe­ri ai­sa­xe­bo­da ad­gi­lob­riv eneb­sa da kul­tu­raze. uZ­ve­le­si leq­si­kis
sa­Su­a­le­biT Se­iZ­le­ba aR­vad­gi­noT is bu­neb­ri­vi ga­re­moc, ro­mel­Sic ada­mi­ans
ux­de­bo­da cxov­re­ba, da­vad­gi­noT is xal­xe­bi, rom­le­bic eme­zob­le­bod­nen Cvens
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
wi­nap­rebs da a.S. am sa­kiTx­e­bis gar­kve­va­Si mec­ni­e­rebs did dax­ma­re­bas uwevs ro­
gorc enaT­mec­ni­e­re­ba, ise ar­qe­o­lo­gi­a.
dad­ge­ni­li­a, rom ne­o­li­Tis xa­na­Si me­ur­ne­o­bis axal sis­te­ma­ze ga­das­vlam
(`ne­o­li­Turma re­vo­lu­ci­am~) di­di gav­le­na iqo­nia de­mog­ra­fi­ul pro­ce­seb­
ze, sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si sag­rZnob­lad ga­i­zar­da mo­sax­le­o­bis ricx­vi, ro­me­lic sul
uf­ro far­To te­ri­to­ri­ebs iT­vi­seb­da. sa­qar­Tve­los re­li­e­fis Ta­vi­se­bu­re­bam
xe­li Se­uwyo mi­si mo­sax­le­o­bis gan­mxo­lo­e­bas – cal­ke­u­li eT­ni­ku­ri jgu­fe­bis
gan­cal­ke­ve­biT gan­vi­Ta­re­bas. Tum­ca Se­i­niS­ne­ba am to­me­bis di­di kul­tu­ru­li
si­ax­lo­ve, kul­tu­ru­li da eT­ni­ku­ri er­To­ba. ad­reb­rin­ja­os xa­na­Si sa­qar­Tve­lo­
Si sak­ma­od ma­Ra­li do­nis e.w. `mtkvar­-a­raq­sis kul­tu­ra~ gavrcel­da. Z
Q v.w-mde III
aTas­wle­u­lis me­o­re na­xe­var­Si aR­mo­sav­leT sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si Se­mo­iW­rnen Crdi­lo­e­
Tis ste­peb­Si mom­Ta­ba­re, `yor­Ra­nu­li kul­tu­ris~ ma­ta­re­be­li to­me­bi, rom­le­bic
Se­saZ­loa, in­do­ev­ro­pu­li war­mo­mav­lo­bi­sa iy­vnen. rogorc Cans, isi­ni er­Txans
`mtkvar­-a­raq­sis kul­tu­ris~ ma­ta­re­bel to­meb­Tan Ta­na­ar­se­bob­dnen, mag­ram es
did­xans ar gag­rZe­le­bu­la. axal­mo­su­leb­ma ad­gi­lob­ri­vi mo­sax­le­o­bis kul­tu­
ra aiT­vi­ses, mag­ram Tvi­To­nac gav­le­na mo­ax­di­nes cxov­re­bis ad­gi­lob­riv wes­ze,
dak­rZal­vis ri­tu­al­ze da ena­zec.
ad­re­yor­Ra­nuli kul­tu­ris xa­na­Si da­sav­leT sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si gan­sax­le­bu­li
iy­vnen sva­nur ena­ze mo­la­pa­ra­ke to­me­bi, xo­lo qar­Tul­-za­nu­ri er­To­bis ma­ta­
re­be­li mo­sax­le­o­ba vrcel­de­boda sam­xreT kav­ka­si­o­nis bor­cvo­van zol­Si, Tri­
a­le­Tis ze­gan­ze, sa­dac axa­li kul­tu­ris Camoyalibebis pro­ce­si mim­di­na­re­obda.
am kul­tu­ris for­mi­re­bas da aR­ze­ve­bas xe­li Se­uwyo wi­na­a­zi­ur xe­Tur­-xu­ri­tul
sam­ya­ros­Tan ur­Ti­er­To­ba­mac. es faq­te­bi ar­qe­o­lo­gi­ur ma­sa­la­Sic kar­gad Cans.
Q Zv. w. II aTas­wle­u­lis Sua xa­neb­Si daS­las iwy­ebs qar­Tul­-za­nu­ri er­To­ba. za­
nur (a­nu meg­rul, kol­xur) eno­va­ni eT­no­si Tan­da­Tan da­sav­leT sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si
vrcel­de­ba da aviw­ro­ebs sva­nu­re­no­van mo­sax­le­o­bas, ro­me­lic Crdi­lo­e­TiT,
kav­ka­si­o­nis mTa­va­ri qe­dis sam­xreT kal­Tebs ika­vebs. za­nu­ri (kol­xu­ri) enis ma­
ta­re­be­li eT­ni­ku­ri jgu­fi TiT­qmis mTel da­sav­leT sa­qar­Tve­los da sam­xre­TiT
mde­ba­re mxa­re­ebs ika­vebs.
qar­Tul­-za­nu­ri er­To­bis daS­lis, mis­gan za­nu­re­no­va­ni mo­sax­le­o­bis ga­mo­
yo­fis da da­sav­leT sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si gan­sax­le­bis Sem­deg, sa­er­To qar­Tve­lu­ri
enis dar­Ce­ni­li di­a­leq­te­bis sa­fuZ­vel­ze Tan­da­Tan Ca­mo­ya­lib­da qar­Tu­li ena,
rom­lis ma­ta­re­be­li eT­no­si TiT­qmis mTel aR­mo­sav­leT sa­qar­Tve­lo­Si da mim­
de­ba­re mxa­re­e­bis mi­wa-­wyal­ze vrcel­de­ba. mis sam­xreT na­wil­Si wi­na azi­i­dan Ca­
mo­sax­ldnen xe­Tur kul­tu­ras zi­a­re­bu­li mes­xu­ri to­me­bi. uf­ro gvi­an, qar­Tlis
sa­me­fos Ca­mo­ya­li­be­bis Sem­deg, qar­Tu­li ena iq­ca am ax­lad­Seq­mni­li qar­Tu­li
sa­me­fos sa­xel­mwi­fo enad, ro­mel­mac Ta­vi­si gav­le­na ga­av­rce­la da­sav­leT sa­
qar­Tve­lo­zec.
am­ri­gad, Zv.w-mde II aTas­wle­u­li­dan qar­Tve­lu­ri ene­bis da qar­Tu­li kul­tu­
ris ma­ta­re­be­li to­me­bi aq­ti­u­rad iwy­e­ben mo­na­wi­le­o­bas ax­lo­aR­mo­sav­le­Tis
rTul po­li­ti­kur cxov­re­ba­Si. dge­ba uZ­ve­le­si qar­Tu­li sa­xel­mwi­fo­eb­ri­vi
ga­er­Ti­a­ne­be­bis da Zve­laR­mo­sav­lu­ri ti­pis qar­Tu­li sa­xel­mwi­fo­e­bis Ca­mo­ya­
li­be­bis epo­qa.
25
wya­ro 1
herodote (Zv.w-mde 484-425 ww) kolxebis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb:
`kolxebi rom egviptelebi arian, amas me TviTon mivxvdi uwin, vidre movismendi
sxvaTagan... SevekiTxe orives, kolxebs ukeT axsovT egviptelebi, vidre egviptelebs
kolxebi. egviptelebi amboben, rom maT miaCniaT, rom kolxebi arian sesostrisis1
laSqridan, xolo TviT mec aseve meCveneba, radgan kolxebi arian Savgvremanebi
da xuWuWTmianebi... kidev sxva ramec SeiZleba, rom kolxebis Sesaxeb vTqva maTi
egviptelebTan msgavsebis Sesaxeb: mxolod eseni da egviptelebi amuSaveben sels
erTnairad; mTeli cxovreba da ena msgavsi aqvT erTmaneTisa...~
1
se­sos­tri­si – sa­va­ra­u­dod, eg­vip­tis fa­ra­o­ni ramses II.
wya­ro 2
leonti mroveli (XI s.) qarTvelTa kavkasiaSi Camosaxlebis da mezobel
xalxebTan monaTesaveobis Sesaxeb:
`ambavi rvaTa ZmaTa TargamosianTa. saxeliTa mamisaTa, ZisaTa da sulisa wmidisaTa
viwyo moTxrobad qarTvelTa mefeTa da winaparTa cxovrebisa. somexTa da
qarTvelTa, ranTa da movakanelTa, herTa da lekTa, megrelTa da kavkasianTa erTi
iyo mama – saxeliT Targamos. ese Targamos iyo Ze TarSisi, Zis wuli iafeTisi – Zisa
Tavi pirveli
noesi. iyo ese Targamos kaci gmiri. roca aRaSenes babilonis godoli, da rodesac
gaiyo iq enebi da gaifantnen adamianebi sxvadasxva qveynebSi, wamovida Targamos
Tavisi naTesaviTurT da daemkvidra orTa mTaTa Sua – araratsa da masissa~...
wya­ro 3
qarTveluri tomebis mezobel xalxebTan kontaqtis damadasturebeli leqsikuri
faqtebi
qarTul-Sumeruli: Torne (qarT.) – Tunir (Sumer.), doqi (qar.) – duq (Sum.), Tixa
(qar.) – dix (Sum.), xari (qar.) – xar (Sum.), marani (qar.) – marun (Sum.), ezo (qar.)
– izi (Sum.) da sxv. qarTul-aqaduri: aguri (qar.) – aguru (aqad.), tixari (qar.) –
tix (aqad.), Suka (qarT.) – Suk (aqad); qarTul-urartuli: arwivi (qar.) – arcivi
(urart.), SarSan (qar.) – Sal iSan (iqiTa weli urart.), yira (miwa, Tavdayira qarT.)
– kira (urart.).
26
klasSi samuSao
2. dak­vir­ve­biT wa­i­kiTx­eT he­ro­do­tes cno­ba kol­xe­bis Ca­mo­mav­lo­bis Se­sa­
xeb da im­sje­leT, ram­de­nad sar­wmu­noa igi.
saSinao davaleba
1. teq­stze da wya­ro­eb­ze 1, 2, 3 day­rdno­biT werilobiT Ca­mo­a­ya­li­beT qar­
Tvel­Ta war­mo­mav­lo­bis Se­sa­xeb ga­moT­qmu­li gan­sxva­ve­bu­li va­ra­ud
­ e­bi. im­
sje­leT, ram­de­nad da­ma­je­re­be­lia Ti­To­e­u­li maT­ga­ni.
saqarTvelo da qarTveli xalxis warmomavloba
1. gaiazreT, ratom cdilobs XI saukunis istorikosi leonti mroveli,
warmogvidginos kavkasiis xalxebi erTmaneTis monaTesaved?
brinjaos samajurebi orxevidan, Zv. w. XIV-XIII aTasw.
27
II
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
Tavi meore
5.
daiaeni _ diaoxi
daiaeni-diaoxi Cv. w.-aR-mde II-I
aTaswleulebis mijnaze
cnobebi saqarTvelos teritoriaze
uZvelesi saxelmwifoebrivi gaerTianebis
Sesaxeb Cndeba ZvelaRmosavlur lursmul
warwerebSi. Cv. w.-aR-mde II aTaswleulebis urartus mefis, menuas droindeli
bolos samxreTis mxridan saqarTvelos lursmuli warwera
esazRvreboda miTani da asureTi. miTani Cv. w.-aR-mde XIII saukuneSi gaanadgures
asurelebma da daiwyes Seteva CrdiloeTis mimarTulebT. aq isini Seejaxnen did
saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas (daiaeni, diaoxi, taoxi), romlis saTaveSic idga
mefe sieni. mefe sienTan kavSirSi iyo sxva 23 mefe. eseni, rogorc varaudoben,
misadmi damorCilebuli tomebis beladebi iyvnen. asureTis mefe tiglaTfalasar I-ma SesZlo tomTa am kavSiris damarcxeba da brZolaSi datyvevebuli
beladebi Tavis erTgulebaze daafica, xolo maTi mbrZanebeli, mefe sieni
wamoiyvana Tavis sataxto qalaq asurSi, aq saTanado ceremonialis aRsrulebis
Semdeg gaaTavisufla da Tavis qveyanaSi daabruna.
samxreTiT diaoxis sazRvrebSi dRevandeli q. arzrumis midamoebic Sedioda,
CrdiloeTiT javaxeTi esazRvreboda, xolo Crdilo-dasavleTiT misi gavlena
Sav zRvamde aRwevda.
Cv. w.-aR-mde XII saukunis bolodan asuruli wyaroebi qarTvel tomebs aRar
axseneben. es imis gamo, rom asureTi amis Semdeg dasustda da veRar awarmoebda
Soreul SeteviT omebs. Cv. w.-aR-mde IX saukunidan ki mas upiratesoba CamoarTva
axladwarmoqmnilma samefom – urartum.
saqarTvelo da wina azia
Savi
zRva
kaspiis
zRva
S
u
m
28
qalaqi
2010
e
r
eb
i
sparseTis
yure
diaoxis gaerTianebis aRsasruli
urartus mefeebis Semosevebma daasusta diaoxi, magram misi mTliani dapyroba maT ver SeZles. diaoxis saboloo ganadgurebaSi monawileoba miiRo
dasavleT saqarTvelos meore didma saxelmwifoebrivma gaerTianebam – kolxam. adre, Cv. w.-aR-mde XII-XI saukuneebSi kolxuri tomebis nawili diaoxis
politikuri gavlenis qveS iyvnen moqceulni da asureTis mefeebis winaaRmdeg
brZolaSi mis mokavSireebadac gamodiodnen. Semdeg isini TandaTan ganTavisufldnen diaoxis qveSevrdomobisagan da damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianeba Seqmnes. CrdiloeTidan kolxas, xolo samxreTidan – urartus
Semotevebis Sedegad Cv. w.-aR-mde VIII saukuneSi diaoxma arseboba Sewyvita.
misi teritoriis nawili urartuelebma daisakuTres, xolo CrdiloeTi nawili
kolxas SemadgenlobaSi Sevida.
ufro gvian Zveli berZnebi diaoxis teritoriaze mcxovreblebs taoxebs
eZaxdnen. es saxeli SemorCa erT-erT Zvel qarTul provincias – taos.
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
urTierToba urartusTan
urartus saxelmwifo warmoiqmna Cv. w.-aR-mde IX saukuneSi, amierkavkasiis
samxreT nawilSi. urartuelebi lursmul damwerlobas iyenebdnen da TavianT
warwerebSi gadmogvcemdnen maTi istoriis umniSvnelovanes ambebs. magaliTad,
urartus mefe menua, romelic mefobda Cv. w.-aR-mde IX saukunis bolosa da VIII
saukunis dasawyisSi, kldeze amokveTil erT-erT Tavis warweraSi laparakobs
diaoxis winaaRmdeg brZolebze. diaoxi urartulad daiaenis qveyanas ewodeboda. mas daurbevia diaoxis qveyana da misi mefe utufursi daumorCilebia, magram
diaoxis mefe male ajanyebula da menuas memkvidres, argiSTi I-s xelaxla mouxda
utufursis winaaRmdeg galaSqreba. urartus mefeebma diaoxs samxreTi nawili
waarTves da iq TavianTi batonobis gansamtkiceblad cixesimagreebi aages.
diaoxi mainc Zlier qveynad Cans. urartus mefe menua Tavis warwerebSi
diaoxs `Zlevamosil~ qveyanas uwodebs. diaoxis simdidres mowmobs is uxvi
nadavli, rac dampyroblebs gahqondaT am qveynidan, anda is didi raodenobis
xarki, rasac diaoxi uxdida urartus mefeebs. diaoxSi ganviTarebuli iyo mesaqonleoba, metalurgia, Zvirfasi liTonebis damuSaveba. am didi gaerTianebis
saTaveSi erTi mefe idga, romelic qveynis uzenaesi xelisufali iyo da swored
masTan hqondaT urTierToba mezobel qveynebs.
wya­ro 1
urartus mefe, argiSTi I diaoxSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb:
`...qalaqi zua, diaoxis qveynis samefo qalaqi, me davwvi... diaoxis mefe davimorCile,
Seviwyale igi xarkis gadaxdis pirobiT. ai, ra xarki misca diaoxelma argiSTis: 41
mina sufTa oqro, 37 mina vercxli, ... aTiaTasi mina spilenZi, aTasi sajdomi cxeni, 300
suli msxvilfexa rqosani pirutyvi. ai, rogori xarki davade me diaoxis qveyanas, raTa
mas yovelwliurad elia: (amdeni) mina sufTa oqro, 10 000 mina spilenZi, (amdeni)
xari, 100 Zroxa, 500 cxvari, 300 sajdomi cxeni... mefeebi, romlebic diaoxis mefis
dasaxmareblad movidnen, me gavanadgure~.
29
klasSi samuSao
1. rogori saxelmwifo iyo daiaeni, romlis saTaveSic idga mefe sieni?
2. rogori damokidebuleba arsebobda daiaenis mefesa da mis mezobel
tomebs Soris?
3. rogori urTierToba hqonda daiaeni-diaoxs urartus samefosTan?
4. ra viciT diaoxis mefe utufursis Sesaxeb?
5. ram ganapiroba diaoxis ganadgureba?
6. ras adasturebs wyaroSi moxseniebul qalaq zuas `diaoxis ­samefo
qalaqad~ moxsenieba?
7. ratom modiodnen diaoxis dasaxmareblad sxva `mefeebi~?
Tavi meore
8. wyaros mixedviT gaarkvieT, meurneobis ra dargebi yofila ganviTarebuli
diaoxis qveyanaSi.
leqsikoni
saSinao davaleba
1. dawereT mokle Tema:
`diaoxi da urartu~.
rmina – wonis erTeuli, udrida
505 grams.
ZiriTadi TariRebi
Zv. w. XII saukune daiaenis mefe sieni
XIV s.
30
XII s.
X s.
Zv. w. XII-VIII ss. –
kolxas
saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianeba
Zv. w. IX- VIII saukuneebis
mijna – utufursis mefoba
diaoxSi
Zv. w. VII s. dasawyisi
– diaoxis dapyroba
urartusa da kolxas mier
VIII s.
Zv. w. IX s. – urartus
samefos warmoqmna
VI s.
IV s.
6.
kolxa (kolxeTi) miTsa da sinamdvileSi
miTi kolxeTSi argonavtTa
laSqrobis Sesaxeb
Zvel saberZneTSi farTod iyo gavrcelebuli miTi argonavtebze, romelSic
aisaxa Zveli berZnebis warmodgena kolxeTis samefos Sesaxeb. am miTis mixedviT, kolxeTi uZlieresi saxelmwifo iyo, romlis
saTaveSi mefe aieti idga. aiets didebuli
sasaxle hqonda qvis maRali svetebiTa da
spilenZis qongurebiT damSvenebuli. sasaxleSi dauSreteli Sadrevnebi Cqefda,
romlidanac wyalTan erTad rZe da sur-
medea da iazoni oqros sawmiss itaceben.
mxatvroba larnakze
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
kolxa Zvel aRmosavlur
wyaroebSi
asuruli da urartuli lursmuli
warwerebi dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze Cv. w.-aR-mde XI-VIII saukuneebSi
asaxeleben meore did qarTul saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebas – kolxas. kolxa
mdebareobda Savi zRvis samxreT da aRmosavleT nawilSi. mis saTaveSi mefe idga,
romelic Tavis samefos moxeleebis (mefis nacvlebis) meSveobiT ganagebda. aq iyo
araerTi samefo qalaqi, romelTa Soris
gamoirCeoda qalaqi ildamusa.
diaoxis ganadgurebis Semdeg urartu uSualod gaumezoblda kolxas da
maT Sorisac daiwyo saomari Sejaxebebi.
erT-erT aseT laSqrobas aRwers urartus mefe sardur II, romelmac Cv. w.-aRmde VIII saukunis 40-ian wlebSi daarbia
kolxas samefos samxreTi teritoria da
aqedan didZali pirutyvi da simdidre
waiRo nadavlis saxiT. wyaro sardur II-is
laSqrobis Sesaxeb mowmobs kolxeTSi rkinis warmoebis ganviTarebas da saerTod
gvianbrinjaos da adre rkinis xanaSi e.w.
`kolxuri kulturis~ maRal dones. amas
kargad adasturebs mopovebuli arqeologiuri masala da Zveli berZnebis miTebSi
daculi cnobebi.
argonavtTa xomaldis rekonstruqcia
31
Tavi meore
nelovani zeTi iRvreboda. aiets, mzis RmerTis, heliosis, Svils, cecxlisa da
mWedlobis RmerTma hefestom gamouWeda spilenZisfexebiani, cecxlis mfrqveveli xarebi. manve gaukeTa magari foladis guTani. aietTan inaxeboda magiuri
oqros sawmisi – verZis oqros matyliani yvavi. ai, am aietTan oqros sawmisis
wasaRebad saberZneTidan gamoemgzavrnen saxelganTqmuli gmirebi iazonis
meTaurobiT. maTi xomaldis saxelis – argos mixedviT, am eqspediciis monawileebs argonavtebi daarqves.1
argonavtebma Zneli, xifaTiani mgzavrobis Semdeg miaRwies kolxeTis napirs
da warudgnen mefe aiets. kolxeTis mefem iazons aRuTqva oqros sawmisis micema, Tu is spilenZisCliqebian, cecxlis mfrqvevel xarebs uRelSi Seabamda,
Semdeg foladis saxnisiani guTniT mindors moxnavda da xnulSi urCxulis kbilebs daTesavda, bolos am kbilebidan aRmocenebul spilenZisjavSnian meomrebs daxocavda. yovelive amas TviTon aieti advilad akeTebda. iazoni amas ver
Seasrulebda, kolxTa mefis grZneuli qaliSvili, medea rom ar daxmareboda.
berZeni RmerTebis nebiT medeas TavdaviwyebiT Seuyvarda iazoni da aswavla mas,
Tu rogor Seesrulebina es mZime davaleba. Semdeg medea iazons oqros sawmisis
motacebaSi daexmara.
am miTSi legendarul ambebTan erTad istoriuli sinamdvilec aris asaxuli.
magaliTad, berZnebma am TqmulebaSi asaxes kolxeTis maRali metalurgiuli
da samiwaTmoqmedo kultura, qveynis politikuri siZliere da sxv. foladis saxnisiani guTani aq SemTxveviT rodi aris naxsenebi. esec Zvel kolxeTSi
rkinis metalurgiis da miwaTmoqmedebis dawinaurebas mowmobs. Cv. w.-aR-mde
II aTaswleulis bolodan saqarTveloSi ukve icnobdnen rkinas, romlis danergvasa da aTvisebaSi qarTvel tomebs, kerZod Savi zRvis samxreT mTianeTSi
mcxovreb xalibebs2, garkveuli damsaxureba miuZRviT.
qarTveli tomebis did damsaxurebas metalurgiis danergva-ganviTarebis
saqmeSi asaxavs meore Zveli berZnuli miTi promeTes Sesaxeb, romelic Zalian
hgavs uZveles qarTul Tqmulebas amiranze. promeTem zevss cecxli mostaca da
adamianebs misca. am cecxliT adamianebma liTonis gamodnoba SeZles. promeTes
Tqmulebis kavSirs saqarTvelosTan isic amtkicebs, rom es adamianebisaTvis
Tavdadebuli gmiri zevsma sabolood saqarTveloSi, kavkasionis mTaze miajaWva.
1
1984 wels argonavtebis marSruti gaimeora ingliselma mecnierma tim severinma. amiT daamtkica maSindeli teqnikuri pirobebiT aseTi mogzaurobis SesaZlebloba.
2
xalibebis saxelidanaa nawarmoebi foladis berZnuli saxelwodeba `xalufs~, rac xalibur liTons niSnavs.
wya­ro 1
urartus mefe sardur II-s warweridan kolxaSi laSqrobis Sesaxeb:
`sarduri ambobs: gavemarTe salaSqrod kolxas qveynis winaaRmdeg... qalaqi
ildamusa, samefo qalaqi kolxas qveynis mefisa, brZoliT davipyari, misi mosaxleoba
gadavbuge. kolxas mefis nacvlebi, romelnic iq iyvnen, gavJlite. rkinis beWedi
gavakeTebine, warwera davdgi qalaq ildamusaSi. cixesimagreebi, qalaqebi davwvi da
davangrie, qveyana gavaCanage, kacebi da qalebi gavreke~.
32
klasSi samuSao
1. sad mdebareobda asurul da urartul lursmul warwerebSi moxseniebuli
kolxa?
2. ra urTierToba iyo kolxasa da urartus Soris?
3. ra mniSvneloba aqvs Zvel xalxur gadmocemebs da miTebs istoriuli
faqtebis dadgenisaTvis?
4. warweraSi kolxas mefis romeli moxeleebi arian dasaxelebuli?
5. raze migviTiTebs warweraSi rkinis beWdis dasaxeleba?
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
6. gaixseneT Zveli qarTuli Tqmuleba amiranis Sesaxeb da SeadareT berZnul
miTs promeTeze.
saSinao davaleba
1. dawereT mokle Txzuleba: `zRapari da realoba miTebSi~.
sabrZolo etlis
modeli. goxebis gora.
Zv. w. IX s.
ZiriTadi TariRebi
Zv. w. XI-VII
s. Sua xanebi –
kolxas samefo
1000
950
900
850
800
Zv. w. VIII 40-iani wlebi –
urartus mefis, sardur II-is
mier kolxas dalaSqvra
750
33
Tavi meore
7.
34
kimerielebisa da skviTebis Semosevebi
kolxeTis Zveli samefos ganadgureba
kimerielTa mier
Cv. w.-aR-mde VIII saukunis ukanasknel meoTxedSi CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTis vrceli tramalebidan amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen momTabare-meomari tomebi, romlebic
kimerielebis saxeliT arian cnobilni. kimerielTa cxenosanma urdoebma grigaliviT
gadauara dasavleT saqarTvelos teritorias. kimerielebma Tavzardamcemi STabeWdileba moaxdines mTel maSinde wina aziaze.
qarTveli xalxis metyvelebaSi maTi saxeli
daumarcxebeli adamianis epiTetad SemorCa.
sityva `gmiri~ warmodgeba kimerielTa saxelwodebidan – `gimir~.
kolxeTis samefos ganadgurebis Semdeg
kimerielebma daamarcxes urartus same- kimerielebisa da skviTebis Semosevebi
foc da mcire aziis aRmosavleT nawilsa
da samxreT amierkavkasiaSi dasaxldnen.
aqedan isini SiSis zars scemdnen mezobel
qveynebs. kolxeTma am momTabareebis Semosevis Sedegad didi ziani ganicada. baris mosaxleobis didi nawili amowyda, samefos teritoriac mniSvnelovnad Semcirda. Seqmnili viTarebiT isargebles mTielma tomebma
urartueli mxedrebi saomar etlebze
da kolxeTis barSi masobrivad Camosaxleba
daiwyes. es tomebi jer kidev pirvelyofili-Temuri wyobilebis safexurze idgnen da kolxeTis baris mosaxleobasTan
SedarebiT primitiul meurneobas misdevdnen. aman gamoiwvia kolxeTis meurneobis da sazogado wyobilebis daqveiTeba da saxelmwifo wyobilebis moSla.
skviTebi amierkavkasiaSi
amave saukunis bolos volgispira stepebidan darubandisa da darialis
gadmosasvlelebiT amierkavkasiaSi SemoiWrnen skviTebi – iranuli modgmis
mejoge-momTabare tomebi, romlebic kimerielebis msgavsad jer kidev Temurpatriarqaluri wyobis safexurze idgnen. maT daamarcxes imierkavkasiaSi mcxovrebi sxvadasxva tomebi, bevri maTgani SeierTes da maTTan erTad gaagrZeles
laSqroba samxreTis mimarTulebiT. skviTebma, iseve, rogorc kimerielebma,
didi ngreva da ganadgureba moutanes amierkavkasiis da wina aziisa saxelmwifoebs. arqeologebi bevrgan pouloben skviTuri tipis iaraRebs da maT samarxebs. skviTuri masalebi gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT aRmoCnda dRevandeli somxeTis teritoriaze. aq erT-erT did olqs ewodeboda `sakaSeni~. `saka~
skviTebis aRmniSvneli saxelwodebaa.
skviTi tomebis urdoebma cecxliTa da maxviliT gadaiares mcire aziis
teritoria, siria, palestina da TviT egviptemde miaRwies. nawili skviTebisa
amierkavkasiaSi darCa da monawileobda sxvadasxva brZolaSi, rogorc daqiravebuli samxedro Zala.
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
urartus samefos ganadgureba
Cv. w-aR-mde 590 w. urartus samefos bolo mouRes midielebma. midielebi
iranuli modgmis tomebi iyvnen, romlebmac Zlieri saxelmwifo Camoayalibes
dRevandeli iranis azerbaijanis teritoriaze. maT daamarcxes da gaanadgures
asureTi, Semdeg ki Seuties urartus samefosac. am brZolebSi maTTan erTad
monawileobdnen skviTebi da amierkavkasiis xalxebi. brZola urartus saboloo ganadgurebiT damTavrda. amiT isargebles urartus mezobelma tomebma,
kerZod somxebma, romlebic urartus dasavleT ganapira mxareebSi cxovrobdnen, da masobrivad iwyes Camosaxleba urartus teritoriaze. aq mcxovrebi
urartuelebis didi nawili somxur tomebSi gaiTqvifa, nawili ki CrdiloeTiT
gadasaxlda da qarTveli tomebis qveSevrdomobaSi moeqca. isini TandaTan gaiTqvifnen qarTvelebSi da qarTveli xalxis kulturasa da metyvelebaSi bevri
sagulisxmo elementi Semoitanes. magaliTad, qarTulSi dRes damkvidrebulia
gamoTqmebi – yiramala, Tavdayira, yiraze gadasvla da sxv. `yira~ qarTulad
arafers niSnavs, urartulSi ki igi miwas aRniSnavda. aSkaraa, am gamoTqmebSi
urartuli sityvaa naxmari: yira (miwa) ma(R)la, Tavda (TaviT) yira (miwisken)
da a.S. urartuelebma qarTvelTa yofasa da metyvelebaSi Semoitanes maTi mosavlianobis RvTaebis `arales~ kulti da saxeli. dRemde qarTul sameurneo
simRerebSi am RvTaebis saxeli da misadmi mimarTa ismis. magaliTad, cnobili
qarTuli simRera `orovela~, romelsac guTnisdeda mReroda pirveli xnulis
gavlebis dros, iwyeba mowodebiT RvTaeba aralesadmi: `ari arale!~ `ari~ urartulad niSnavs `mogveci~, e.i. am simReraSi guTnisdeda evedreba mosavlianobis
RvTaeba arales. saxeli `arale~ sxva qarTul simRerebSic moixsenieba.
sasperebi1 da mosxebi
berZeni istorikosi herodote Tavis saistorio TxzulebaSi aRniSnavda,
rom `maetidis tbidan (e.i. azovis zRvidan) vidre mdinare fazisamde (e.i. md.
rionamde) da kolxebamde 30 dRis savalia msubuqad SeiaraRebuli kacisaTvis,
xolo kolxeTidan midiaSi gadasasvleli didi araa, mxolod erTi tomia am qveynebs Soris, esaa sasperebis tomi~. sasperebs herodote sxvaganac asaxelebs,
romelTa nawili aqemenianebs daupyriaT da sxva tomebTan erTad me-18 satrapiaSi gauerTianebiaT. maT Sewerili hqoniaT: xarki 200 talantis odenobiT da
monawileoba saberZneTis winaaRmdeg omSi. herodote aRwers sasperebis SeiaraRebasac: maT kolxebis msgavsad Tavze xis muzaradi exuraT da xelT epyraT
gamouqneli tyaviT dafaruli patara farebi da mokle Subebi.
sasperebTan erTad herodote asaxelebs sxva qarTul tomebsac. magaliTad,
mosxebs anu mesxebs, romlebic Cv. w-aR-mde VI saukunis bolos mcire aziidan
Cagadmosaxldnen samxreT da aRmosavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze. maTi
varaudoben, rom sasperebis saxelidan momdinareobs Zveli berZnebis mier aRmosavleT saqarTvelos aRmniSvneli saxelwodeba – iberia (speri – hberi – iberi, sa– qarTuli prefiqsia).
1
35
saxeli dResac SemorCenilia samxreT saqarTveloSi: mesxeTi, samcxe (samesxe),
TviT mcxeTac mesxTa qalaqs unda niSnavdes.
`Zveli qveynebis istoriidan~ Tqven gaxsovT, rom Zv. w. IV saukuneSi iranis
aqemenianTa saxelmwifos bolo mouRes berZen-makedonelebma maTi saxelovani
mefis, aleqsandre makedonelis (356-323 ww.) meTaurobiT. amas mohyva berZnuli(elinuri) kulturis swrafi gavrceleba aRmosavleTis qveynebSi, amitom am
periods (Zv. w. IV saukunidan I saukunemde) elinizmis xana ewoda. aleqsandre
makedonelis gardacvalebis 323 w.) Semdeg misi imperia swrafad daiSala calke
saxelmwifoebad. Zveli qarTuli saistorio tradicia am movlenebs ukavSirebs
qarTlis samefos warmoqmnas.
wya­ro 1
Zveli berZeni istorikosi herodote (V s.) skviTebis Sesaxeb:
`skviTebi Semovidnen aziaSi mas mere, rac gayares evropidan kimerielebi, ltolvil
kimerielebs misdevdnen da ase miaRwies midielTa qveyanas. (isini aziaSi sxva gziT
Semovidnen, vidre kimerielebi) gadauxvies zemoTa gzaze, romelic bevrad ufro
grZelia, marjvniv ki kavkasionis mTebi hqondaT. am adgilas SeebrZolnen midielebi
skviTebs, magram daZleul iqnen brZolaSi da dakarges mmarTveloba, skviTebma ki
Tavi meore
mTeli azia Caigdes xelSi...
daaxloebiT 28 weli eWiraT skviTebs azia da yovelive gaatiales TavianTi
TavnebobiTa da udardelobiT. garda imisa, rom skviTebma TiToeuli tomi dabegres
da xarks axdevinebdnen, isini yaCaRobdnen da ezidebodnen TiToeuli tomisgan, rac
ki ram hqondaT~.
klasSi samuSao
1. ra Sedegebi moutana kolxeTs kimerielebis Semosevam?
2. vin iyvnen skviTebi da sazogadoebrivi ganviTarebis ra safexurze idgnen
isini?
3. vin gaanadgura urartus samefo?
4. ra bedi ewia urartus mosaxleobas?
36
saSinao davaleba
leqsikoni
1. teqstisa da wyaros mixedviT
aRwereT amierkavkasiasa da
wina aziaSi kimerielebisa da
skviTebis SemoWris istoria.
r satrapia – aqemenidebis
imperiis samxedro olqi
r talanti – wonis erTeuli,
udrida 10 mina vercxls.
8.
egrisis (kolxeTis) samefo Cv.w-aR-mde
VI-I saukuneebSi
kolxuri TeTri
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
dasavleT saqarTvelo kimerielTa
Semosevis Semdeg.
kimerielTa gamanadgurebelma Semosevam
dasavleT saqarTvelos didi ziani miayena,
magram adgilobrivi saxelmwifoebrioba da
mefis xelisufleba mainc ar gauqmebula.
kolxeTis, anu rogorc qarTuli wyaroebi
uwodeben – egrisis samefom TandaTan
SeZlo welSi gamarTva da Cv. w-aR-mde VI-V
saukuneebSi kvlav miaRwia Tavis siZlieres, rasac adasturebs berZeni istorikosi
herodote. am droidan berZnebis cnobebi
kolxeTis (egrisis) Sesaxeb sakmaod mravldeba, radgan maT Savi zRvis aRmosavleT
sanapiroze daaarses axalSenebi, romlebic
adgilobriv mosaxleobasTan gacxovelebul vaWrobas eweodnen. aseTi axalSenebi
iyo: fazisi (dRevandeli q. foTis maxloblad), dioskuria (q. soxumis maxloblad),
gienosi (q. oCamCiresTan) da pitiunti (biWvinTa) sxv.
berZnebi kolxeTTan vaWrobas did mniSvnelobas aniWebdnen. saberZneTidan ZiriTadad SemohqondaT xelosnobis nawarmi: qsovili, WurWeli da fufunebis sxva
sagnebi; agreTve, kvebis zogi produqti:
zeTi, Rvino. saqarTvelodan gahqondaT
seli da selis nawarmi, bewveuli, tyavi,
gemis saSeni xe-tye, agreTve xis Zvirfasi
jiSebi (magaliTad – bza); oqro, rkina da
sxva liTonebi; gahyavdaT monebic.
berZeni avtorebis cnobiT, kolxeTi am
dros sakmaod dawinaurebuli qveyana iyo.
aq ganviTarebuli yofila marcvleuli
meurneoba, mevenaxeoba, mexileoba, mesaqonleoba. tradiciulad maRal doneze
idga brinjaosa da rkinis metalurgia,
Zvirfasi liTonebis damuSaveba. yovelive
amas TvalnaTliv adasturebs arqeologiuri masalac.
oqros samajurebi vanidan. Zv. w. IV s.
leqsikoni
fortifikacia – 1. samxedrosainJinro mecniereba
adgilmdebareobis gamagrebis
Sesaxeb. 2. sxvadasxva samxedrosainJinro nageboba.
r
37
Tavi meore
38
qalaqebi egrisis samefoSi
dasavleT saqarTvelos teritoriaze, berZnul axalSenebs garda, araerTi adgilobrivi qalaqi da qalaquri tipis dasaxleba iyo. berZeni mwerlebis
cnobiT, mdinare rionze, romelsac Zveli berZnebi faziss uwodebdnen, mdebareobda egrisis politikuri centri q. kutaia (quTaisi). arqeologebma dRevandeli qalaqis vanis teritoriaze gaTxares uZvelesi naqalaqari. rogorc
Cans, es iyo egrisis samefos erT-erTi politikuri da religiuri centri. aq
aRmoCnda Zlieri safortifikacio nagebobani, xelovnebis maRali doniT nagebi sakurTxeveli da warmarTuli taZrebis naSTebi, riyis qviT mokirwyluli
quCa, aRmoCnda aTasobiT Zvirfasi nivTi da samkauli, mdidruli samarxebi,
sadac dakrZalulni iyvnen qveynis aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi da maTi
ojaxis wevrebi. aqve napovni iqna araerTi qandakeba da sxvadasxva gamosaxulebiT Semkuli nivTebi, didi xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli svetisTavebi da sxva
arqiteqturuli detalebi. yvelaferi es TvalnaTlad mowmobs egrisis samefos
ekonomikur ganviTarebas da kulturis maRal dones.
aseTive naqalaqarebi da mdidari arqeologiuri masalaa aRmoCenili dasavleT saqarTvelos sxva adgilebSic. magaliTad, samtrediis raionis sofel
dablagomTan da saCxeris raionis sofel sairxesTan.
Cv. w-aR-mde VI saukunidan dasavleT saqarTveloSi mimoqcevaSi iyo adgilobriv moWrili vercxlis fuli, romelsac mecnierebi `kolxur TeTrs~ wodeben.
fulis moWra aq ganviTarebuli saxelmwifos arsebobas adasturebs.
egrisis samefo adremonaTmflobeluri saxelmwifo iyo. es niSnavs imas, rom
aq monis Sroma meurneobaSi farTod ar iyo gamoyenebuli. monebs ZiriTadad
mZime samuSaoebze asaqmebdnen, rogoric iyo madnis amoReba-damuSaveba, cixeebisa da sasaxleebis mSenebloba, gzebisa da arxebis gayvana, gemebze meniCbeebad
muSaoba da sxv. soflis meurneobas ZiriTadad Tavisufali da naxevradTavisufali meTemeebi eweodnen.
egrisis samefo dayofili iyo saerisTavoebad (skeptuxiebad), romlis saTaveSic mefis moxeleebi – erisTavebi idgnen. eseni iyvnen adgilobrivi aristokratiis warmomadgenlebi. egrisis mefes eqvemdebareboda svaneTic, romlis
mosaxleoba jer kidev Temuri wyobilebis wesebiT cxovrobda. arqeologiuri
masala mowmobs, rom TviTon egrisis mosaxleobis SigniT qonebrivi da socialuri dayofa Sors iyo wasuli. aq gvxvdeba rogorc aristokratTa mdidruli
samarxebi da akldamebi, ise gansakuTrebiT didi raodenobiT adgilobrivi
sazogadoebis rigiTi wevrebis ubralo ormosamarxebi, oriode Catanebuli
Tixis WurWliTa Tu Raribuli samkauliT.
egrisis samefo sakmaod Zlieri saxelmwifo iyo. amas mowmobs Tundac is faqti, rom misi uSualod dapyroba ver SeZlo Zlevamosilma aqemenianTa iranma.
egrisi mas mxolod `nebayoflobiT~ ZRvens ugzavnida: xuT weliwadSi erTxel
100 biWsa da 100 gogos.
Cv. w-aR-mde III saukunidan egrisi axladwarmoqmnili qarTlis samefos politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqca.
wya­ro 1
berZeni geografi straboni (cxovrobda Zveli da axali welTaRricxvebis
mijnaze) kolxeTis Sesaxeb:
`Tu rogor saxelganTqmuli iyo Zvelad es qveyana, cxadhyofen amas miTebi, romlebic
mogviTxroben iazonis laSqrobaze... amis Semdeg (aietis) memkvidre mefeebma
skeptuxiebad (saerisTavoebad) dahyves qveyana da hqondaT zomieri xelisufleba...
(egrisis samefos qveSevrdomTa Soris svanebi) TiTqmis saukeTesoni arian simamacisa
da Zalis mxriv: floben isini irgvliv (yvelafers) da upyriaT kavkasionis
mwvervalebi, romlebic dioskuriis zemoT aris: hyavT maT basilevsi (beladi) da
sabWo 300 mamakacsagan Semdgari da, rogorc amboben, kreben laSqars 200 000 (kacis
raodenobiT); marTlac, mTeli xalxi meomaria, magram araorganizebuli~.
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
klasSi samuSao
1. romeli miTi igulisxmeba `iazonis laSqrobaSi~?
2. ra mniSvneloba hqonda egrisis mefeebis mier qveynis skeptuxiebad anu
saerisTavoebad dayofas?
3. ra niSnebiT Cans, rom svanebi jer kidev Temuri wyobilebis wesiT
cxovrobdnen?
4. ra gavlena moaxdina dasavleT saqarTveloze kimerielTa Semosevam?
5. riT dasturdeba qalaq vanis mniSvneloba?
6. isaubreT egrisis saxelmwifoebriv mowyobaze.
7. rogor axasiaTebs straboni svanebs? ramdenad damajerebelia TqvenTvis
cnoba svanTa laSDqris raodenobis Sesaxeb?
ZiriTadi TariRebi
Zv. w. VII-VI ss. mijna
– egrisis (kolxeTis)
samefos warmoqmna
VII s.
VI s.
V s.
IV s.
III s.
Zv. w. IV-III ss. –
qarTlis (iberiis)
samefos warmoqmna
II s.
39
Tavi meore
9.
40
farnavaz mefe da misi epoqa
legenda farnavazis Sesaxeb
`qarTlis cxovrebaSi~ Setanilia naxevrad legendaruli gadmocema qarTlSi
mefobis dawyebis Sesaxeb. am gadmocemis mixedviT, rodesac aleqsandre makedonelma daipyro irani da wina azia, saqarTveloSic movidnen dampyroblebi da
qveyana daikaves.1 maT mokles mcxeTis mamasaxlisi da qveynis mmarTvelad TavianTi
sardali, azoni datoves.
azoni mkacri mmarTveli gamodga. misi
brZanebiT moTxares da daangries aqauri
cixeebi, dampyroblebi xocavdnen qarTlis yvela mcxovrebs, visac ki iaraRis
tareba SeeZlo. qarTlis mosaxleoba did
ubedurebaSi Cavarda.
gavida karga xani. bolos gamoCnda
Wabuki farnavazi, mcxeTis mamasaxlisis
ZmisSvili, romelic jer kidev 3 wlis bavSvi qarTlSi dampyrobTa Semosevis droidan dedamiss kavkasionis mTebSi gadaemala
da axla ukve srulwlovani da davaJkacebuli dabrunebuliyo mcxeTaSi. igi SesaniSnavi moisari da monadire iyo. erTxel
nadirobisas iremi mokla, magram SemoaRamda da gauavdrda. man Tavi Seafara erT
gamoqvabuls, sadac moulodnelad didZal simdidres miagno. farnavazi da misi
ojaxis wevrebi xuTi Ramis ganmavlobaSi
farulad ezidebodnen am ganZs.
farnavazi daukavSirda dasavleT saqarTvelos erisTavs qujis da masTan erTad gadawyvita ajanyeba azonis winaaRmdeg. napovni simdidriT maT SeiZines saomari iaraRi, daiqiraves kavkasiis mTielebi
(ovsni, lekni) da dampyroblebi daamarcxes. azonis jaris nawili maT mxareze
gadmovida, xolo TviTon azoni brZolaSi
mokles.
1
dadgenilia, rom aleqsandre makedonels TviTon saqa­
rTveloSi ar ulaSqria, magram gamoricxuli ar aris,
romelime misi sardlis laSqroba.
sasafeTqleebi axalgoridan. Zv. w. IV s.
mefe farnavazis qandakeba TbilisSi
qarTlis samefos gaZliereba
qarTlis, anu rogorc mas Zveli berZnebi uwodebdnen – iberiis samefo Cv.
w-aR-mde III saukuneSi sakmaod gaZlierda. am dros misi sazRvrebi samxreTiT
md. araqsamde aRwevda, CrdiloeTiT ki kavkasionis qeds mihyveboda. misi politikuri gavlena kavkasiis mTielebzec vrceldeboda. qarTlis samefos SemadgenlobaSi Sedioda dasavleT saqarTvelos didi nawili. amiT aRmosavleT
da dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleoba kidev ufro dauaxlovda erTmaneTs da
daCqarda maTi konsolidacia – erT xalxad Camoyalibebis procesi.
qarTlis samefos mdgomareobis Sesaxeb mniSvnelovan cnobebs gvawvdis I
saukunis gamoCenili berZeni geografi, straboni. misi aRweriT, `iberia metwilad kargad aris dasaxlebuli qalaqebiTac da dabebiTac, ise rom aq aris
kramitiani saxuravebi, saxlebi arqiteqturulad mowyobili, bazrebi da sxva
sazogadoebrivi dawesebulebani~... qveyana aqtiur aReb-micemobas eweoda da
did rols asrulebda Zveli saberZneTis aRmosavleTis qveynebTan vaWrobaSi.
aq gadioda savaWro gza (rionisa da mtkvris gavliT kaspiis zRvamde) indoeTisa
da CineTisaken, saidanac SemohqondaT abreSumi, amitom am gzas abreSumis didi
gza ewodeboda.
qarTlis samefos kontrols eqvemdebareboda gadmosasvlelebi kavkasiis
qedze. am gzebis saSualebiT qarTli ukavSirdeboda CrdiloeT kavkasiel
mTielebs, romlebsac xSirad iyenebda Tavis mowinaaRmdegeebTan brZolaSi. am
uReltexilebis gamagrebas didi mniSvneloba hqonda ara marto qarTlisaTvis,
radgan imierkavkasieli mTielebi da momTabare-meomari tomebi am gzebiT SemoWrisas aoxrebiT da darbeviT emuqrebodnen mezobel qveynebsac, romlebze
zemoqmedebisaTvisac qarTlis mefeebi am mdgomareobas kargad iyenebdnen.
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
qarTlis saxelmwifoebrivi mowyoba
samSoblos ganTavisuflebis Semdeg farnavazma Tavi qarTlis mefed gamoacxada. man Tavisi da colad miaTxova qujis da Tan igi egrisis mmarTvelad
dasva. mefe farnavazma erisTavebi, e.i. adgilobrivi mmarTvelebi, daayena qveynis rva sxvadasxva nawilSi. Sida qarTli calke saganmgeblo erTeulad gamoyo
da mis saTaveSi spaspeti (mTavarsardali) Caayena.
farnavazma kvlav aaSena mcxeTis zRude da sxva cixe-qalaqebi. man qarTvelTa mTavar RvTaebad armazi gamoacxada, romlis kerpic (qandakeba) mcxeTis
pirdapir maRal mTaze aRmarTa. aqve aaSena didi cixe, romelsac armazis cixe
ewodeboda. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ legenda farnavazsve miawers qarTuli enis
gavrcelebas da qarTuli mwignobrobis (damwerlobis) Seqmnas.
am legendaSi bevria zRapruli, magram masSi mainc sinamdvilis garkveuli
anarekli Cans. sxva monacemebiTac mtkicdeba, rom qarTlis samefo, marTlac,
Cv. w-aR-mde IV-III saukuneebs mijnaze warmoiqmna da mis saTaveSi idga farnavazianTa samefo dinastia. aseve, savsebiT realuri unda iyos is RonisZiebani,
rac, am legendis mixedviT, farnavazma gaatara: qveynis administraciuli mowyoba (8 saerisTavod da erT saspaspetod dayofa), erisTavTa qveSevrdomebad
aTasisTavebisa da spasalarebis daniSvna, erTiani saxelmwifo religiis Seqmna
da sxv.
41
Tavi meore
qarTlis saxelmwifoebrivi da sazogadoebrivi wyobileba
qarTlis saTaveSi mefe idga, romelic `didi mefis~ tituls atarebda. qveyanaSi umaRlesi Tanamdebobebi mefis sagvareulos warmomadgenlebs ekavaT.
magaliTad, mefis Semdeg meore piri iyo spaspeti, romelic mTavarsardlisa da
umaRlesi msajulis movaleobas asrulebda, amave dros mas ganmgeblobaSi gadacemuli hqonda Sida qarTli. danarCeni samefo dayofili iyo saerisTavoebad,
romlebic Tavis mxriv iyofodnen ufro mcire administraciul erTeulebad
da maT saTaveSi spasalarni da aTasisTavni idgnen. isini krefdnen saerisTavo
da mefis karis sasargeblo xarks. samefo gvars emsaxureboda sakmaod mravalricxovani fena damokidebuli meTemeebisa, romlebsac `samefo monebi~ ewodebodaT. gabatonebuli mdgomareoba ekavaT qurumebsac.
mosaxleobis did umravlesobas Tavisufali an naxevrad Tavisufali meTemeni
Seadgendnen. omianobis dros maT laSqrad gamosvla evalebodaT. maTi Zveli qarTuli saxelwodeba iyo `eri~, `erisganni~. monebi SedarebiT mcire raodenobiT
hyavdaT, ZiriTadad, mZime samuSaoebze gamosayeneblad. qalaqebSi umTavresad
vaWrebi da xelosnebi cxovrobdnen. rogorc vxedavT, qarTli sazogadoebrivad
gansxvavdeboda klasikuri monaTmflobeluri qveynebisagan, rogoric Zveli saberZneTi da romi iyo da ufro elinisturi aRmosavleTis qveynebs emsgavseboda.
wya­ro 1
a
`qarTlis cxovreba~ qarTlis pirveli mefis farnavazis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb:
`farnavaz uSiS iqmna yovelTa mterTagan da mefe iqmna yovelsa qarTlsa da
egrissa zeda. da ganamravla yovelni mxedarni qarTlosianni1, ganawesna erisTavni
rvani da spaspeti (mxedarTmTavari)... xolo amaT erisTavTa queSe, adgilTa da
adgilTa, ganaCina spasalarni (sardlebi) da aTasisTavni, da maT yovelTagan
movidoda xarki sameufo da saerisTavo...
aman farnavaz mozRuda qalaqi mcxeTa mtkiced, da yovelni qalaqni da cixeni
qarTlisani mooxrebulni (mterTagan) aman aRaSenna... da amanve farnavaz Seqmna
kerpi didi saxelsa zeda Tvissa: ese ars armazi...
da ese farnavaz iyo pirveli mefe qarTlsa Sina qarTlosisa naTesavTagani. aman
ganavrco ena qarTuli, da arRara izraxeboda sxva ena qarTlsa Sina Tvinier
(garda) qarTulisa da aman Seqmna mwignobroba qarTuli~.
1
qarTlosianni – qarTvelTa legendaruli mamamTavris, qarTlosis, STamomavalni.
b
qarTlis moqcevis qronika (IX s.) farnavazis Sesaxeb:
`farnavaz aRmarTa kerpi didi cxvirsa zeda (mTisasa) da dasdva saxeli misi
armazi, da moqmna (aaSena) zRude wyliT kerZo da hrqvian armaz (cixesa amas)~.
42
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
qarTlis mdgomareobis gauareseba
Cv. w-aR-mde II saukunis manZilze didi cvlilebebi moxda qarTlis samefos
saSinao da sagareo mdgomareobaSi. misi siZliere garkveulad Searyia Sinaurma
brZolebma, rac atyda mefis xelisuflebasa da erisTavebs Soris. am brZolebSi
sagareo Zalebic ereodnen.
qarTls Tavidanve kargi urTierToba hqonda siriis selevkianTa samefosTan,
magram am ukanasknelma TandaTan dasusteba daiwyo. mas gamoeyo da calke saxelmwifod Camoyalibda parTia, romlis saTaveSic arSakianTa dinastia idga. parTia wina aziaSi uZlieres saxelmwifod iqca. amave dros dasavleTidan Semoteva
iwyo romma. romaelebma Cv. w-aR-mde 190 wels daamarcxes selevkianebi, riTac
isargebles somxeTis mmarTvelebma da maTi batonobisagan Tavi gaiTavisufles.
somxeTis teritoriaze Seiqmna ori somxuri saxelmwifo – sofenes samefo da
didi armenia. am samefoebSi saqarTvelos samxreTi teritoriis nawili Sevida.
qarTlis samefos aRmosavleTiT, dRevandeli azerbaijanis teritoriaze
warmoiqmna albaneTis saxelmwifo, xolo dasavleTidan gaumezoblda pontos
samefo. pontos samefo Savi zRvis samxreT sanapiros moicavda da misi mosaxleobis did nawils dasavlur-qarTuli tomebi (lazebi, Wanebi, kolxebi, xalibebi, mosinikebi da sxv.) Seadgendnen. pontos samefo gansakuTrebiT gaZlierda
miTridate VI-is mefobis (Zv. w. 111-63 ww.) dros. man daipyro Savi zRvis Crdilo
da aRmosavleTi sanapiro, maT Soris kolxeTis teritoriac; didi armeniis
(somxeTis) mefe tigran II-sTan erTad daiwyo brZola aRmosavleTSi romis Semotevis winaaRmdeg. am brZolebSi qarTlica da albaneTic pontosa da somxeTis
mokavSireebi iyvnen.
romaelebma ramdenjerme daamarcxes miTridate VI da somxeTSi SeiWrnen.
male romaelebis armias saTaveSi Caudga cnobili sardali pompeusi, romelmac
aiZula somxeTis mefe tigran II, winaaRmdegoba Seewyvita da romaelebs damorCileboda. amis Semdeg romaelTa armia saqarTvelosaken daiZra.
43
klasSi samuSao
1. ra mniSvneloba unda hqonoda farnavazis mier erTiani saxelmwifo
religiis Seqmnas?
2. daakvirdiT, ra unda iyos legendaruli da ra namdvili gadmocemaSi
farnavazis Sesaxeb.
3. ra RonisZiebebi ganaxorciela farnavazma mas Semdeg, rac Tavi qarTlis
mefed gamoacxada?
4. gaixseneT me-7 klasSi naswavli Zveli aRmosavluri RvTaebebi. romel
araqarTul RvTaebebTan SeiZleba hqondes kavSiri RvTaeba armazs?
5. ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTlis axladwarmoqmnil saxelmwifoSi qarTuli
enis `ganvrcobas~ da qarTuli mwignobrobis Seqmnas?
6. SeadareT erTmaneTs `qarTlis cxovrebisa~ da qarTlis moqcevis
qronikis cnobebi farnavazis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb.
Tavi meore
7. ra mniSvneloba hqonda qarTlisTvis kavkasionis qedze gadmosasvlelebis
kontrols?
saSinao davaleba
1. dawereT Txzuleba `qarTlis saxelmwifos mmarTveloba da
sazogadoebrivi urTierTobebi~.
2. rukaze (gv. 43) dayrdnobiT CamowereT Zv. w. III saukunis saqarTvelos didi
dasaxlebuli punqtebi da iq mcxovrebi xalxebi.
ZiriTadi TariRebi
Zv. w. III s. –
farnavazis mefoba
qarTlSi
300
44
250
200
150
Zv. w. 190 w. –
selevkidebis
damarcxeba romis mier
100
50
10.
saqarTvelo-romis urTierTobebi antikur xanaSi
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
pompeusis laSqroba qarTlSi
romaelebi qarTls Cv. w-aR-mde 65 wels moadgnen. qarTlSi am dros artagi
mefobda. qarTlis mefe kargad xedavda, rom Zalebi uTanabro iyo da mas ar
SeeZlo winaaRmdegoba gaewia romaelTa uZleveli armiisaTvis, amitom man
pompeuss despani miugzavna da zavi SesTavaza. pompeusma ifiqra, rom qarTlis
mefes es molaparakeba drois gasayvanad da Zalebis mosakrebad undoda, amitom
molaparakeba Sewyvita da qarTlis Suagulisaken daiZra. romaelTa jari armazis cixes Semoadga. armazis cixis mcirericxovanma garnizonma maT saTanado
winaaRmdegoba ver gauwia. mefe artagi mtkvris marcxena napirze gadavida da
xidi dawva. pompeusis jarebma mtkvris samxreTiT mdebare teritoria daikaves.
artagma kvlav molaparakebiT scada zavis Camogdeba, mtkvarze xidis aRdgena da
mters sursaTiT momarageba aRuTqva. magram pompeuss qarTlis sruli damorCileba surda. romaelebi gadavidnen mtkvris marcxena sanapiroze da iberTa
laSqars aragvis xeobaSi Seuties. brZola qarTvelTa damarcxebiT damTavrda.
romaeli istorikosebi aRweren, Tu ra TavdadebiT ibrZodnen qarTveli
meomrebi. damarcxebis miuxedavad isini agrZelebdnen brZolas, adiodnen maRal xeebze da iqidan uSendnen isars momxdurebs. mamakacebTan erTad mamacurad
ibrZodnen qalebic. daWrilTa Soris, romlebic romaelebma daatyveves, mravali qali aRmoCnda. brZolis velze 9000 qarTveli meomari daeca, 10 000-ze meti
tyved Cavarda. artagma romaelebis sardals mZevlebi da Zvirfasi saCuqrebi,
maT Soris oqros sawoli, taxti, magida gaugzavna da zavi iTxova.
pompeusi saTanadod iTvaliswinebda saqarTvelos did strategiul da politikur mniSvnelobas da bolos da bolos dazavebaze daTanxmda. zavis pirobe-
45
Tavi meore
46
bis Tanaxmad, qarTlSi mefoba xeluxleblad rCeboda. qarTlis mefes mxolod
romaelTa `megobroba da mokavSireoba~ daevala. aseve evaleboda kavkasionis
uReltexilebis Sekvra da Crdilo kavkasiidan meomari-momTabare tomebis Sekaveba. Tavis mxriv, romaelebi saqarTvelos mimarT araviTar valdebulebas ar
kisrulobdnen. rogorc vxedavT, es xelSekruleba ar iyo Tanasworuflebiani.
qarTlis samefo romis politikuri gavlenis qveS moeqca, magram misTvis es
zavi iseTi sazaralo mainc ar iyo, rogorc, magaliTad, somxeTisaTvis. somxeTma dakarga tigran II-is dros dapyrobili yvela olqi da amieridan igi didi
imperiidan meorexarisxovan saxelmwifod iqca. es qarTlisTvis sasargebloc
ki iyo, radgan `didi armeniis~ mezobloba mis politikur SesaZleblobebs mniSvnelovnad zRudavda da zogjer masze damokidebulsac ki xdida. gavixsenoT,
rom armeniam iberias ramdenime mosazRvre olqic ki waarTva. qarTlis samefo
kari kargad iyenebs Seqmnil viTarebas da romTan kavSiriT did politikur
sargebelsac poulobs.
qarTlidan pompeusi dasavleT saqarTveloSi gadavida, sadac miTridate
VI eguleboda. pontos mefem zamTari fazisSi gaatara da aqedan bosforSi
(CrdiloeT Savi zRvispireTSi) gadaixvewa. pompeuss brZoliT uxdeboda gzis
gakafva, man fazisamde miaRwia. romaelTa sardalma kolxeTis mmarTvelad adgilobrivi didebuli aristarqe daniSna da kolxeTi uSualod romis dapyrobil teritoriad gamoacxada. Cvenamde moRweulia aristarqes mier moWrili
moneta, romelzec amokeTilia warwera: `aristarqe, kolxeTis mbrZanebeli~.
pompeusma albaneTzec ilaSqra da isic romis mbrZaneblobas dauqvemdebara.
saqarTvelo Zv. w. I saukuneSi. brZola somxeTis dauflebisaTvis
Cv. w. I saukuneSi qarTlis samefo SesamCnevad gaZlierda. amas xeli Seuwyo mis
samxreTiT somxeTis dasustebam. qarTlma SeZlo samxreTi teritoriebis ukan
dabruneba. ufro metic, qarTlis samefo kari moxerxebulad sargeblobda romis
imperiasTan kavSiriT da TviT somxeTze Tavisi politikuri gavlenis gavrcelebas
cdilobda.
am dros somxeTis dauflebisaTvis erTmaneTs upirispirdeboda maSindeli
msoflios ori uZlieresi saxelmwifo – romis imperia da parTia. 35 wels somxeTis
dakaveba scada parTiis mefem, romelmac iq Tavisi Svili gaamefa. romis imperatorma sTxova qarTlis mefes, rom mas somxeTidan gaeZevebina parTiis mefis Svili da
uflebas aZlevda, iq mefed daesva TavisTvis sasurveli piri. marTlac, qarTlis
mefem somxeTSi gagzavna jari Tavisi memkvidris, farsmanis sardlobiT. qarTvelebma somxeTi daikaves da iq mefed dasves qarTlis mefis meore vaJi – miTridate.
parTiis mefem didi laSqari gamogzavna somxeTidan qarTvelTa gasadevnad, magram
gadamwyvet brZolaSi qarTvelebma isini daamarcxes.
parTelTa laSqars mefis vaJi, orodi sardlobda. qarTvelebma saTanado Tadarigi daiWires. maT daixmares mezobeli albaneTis jari, gaxsnes kavkasionis
gadmosasvlelebi da imierkavkasiidan mokavSired alan-osebi gadmoiyvanes. parTelebis Zala ZiriTadad cxenosanTa laSqarSi iyo, maSin rodesac qarTvelebs
cxenosnebTan erTad Zlieri qveiTi jaric hyavdaT. brZolis bedi garkveulwilad
gadawyvita qarTvelTa mefis Zis, farsmanis, vaJkacobam. brZolis qarcecxlSi
erTmaneTs Sexvdnen TviT jaris sardlebi – farsmani da parTeli ufliswuli
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
orodi. farsmanma xmlis mZlavri dartymiT mas
muzaradi gaupo. orodis mcvelebma TavgaCexili
ufliswuli saswrafod gaacales brZolis vels,
magram cnobam parTelTa mefis Zis sasikvdilod
daWris Sesaxeb maT laSqarSi didi areuloba gamoiwvia. qarTvelebma ki ufro Tamamad Seuties
mters da sastikad daamarcxes.
male qarTlis samefo taxtze avida farsman I,
somxeTSi ki misi Zma, miTridate mefobda da faqtobrivad somxeTi qarTlis politikuri gavlenis qveS iyo moqceuli. qarTlis mefes surda,
somxeTi qarTlis srul qveSevrdomobaSi moeqcia
da iq Tavisi memkvidris – radamistis gamefeba scada. radamistma SeTqmuleba moawyo Tavisi biZis,
miTridates winaaRmdeg da mas taxti waarTva, magram somxeTSi mefoba didxans ver SeinarCuna. igi
mkacri mmarTveli gamodga. mis winaaRmdeg somexi
didebulebi ajanydnen da radamisti somxeTidan
gamoaZeves. somxeTis dauflebisTvis brZola gamarmarilos stela. napovni
naaxles parTiam da romma da farsmani iZulebuli
zRvaSi soxumis (dioskuriis)
gaxda, asparezi daecala. am warumateblobis gamo
maxloblad. Zv. w. V s.
qarTlis mefem Tavisi Svili, radamisti, sikvdiliT dasaja.
63 wels romsa da parTias Soris daido xelSekruleba, romlis ZaliTac somxeTi
ormagi damokidebulebis qveS eqceoda: somxeTSi imefebdnen parTiis samefos gvaris – arSakianebis warmomadgenlebi, mxolod im pirobiT, rom isini romis vasalebi
iqnebodnen. amis Semdeg qarTlis samefos aRar SeeZlo somxeTze raime ufleba
ganecxadebina. parTelebma TavianT mxareze gadaiyvanes aqamde iberiis gavlenis
qveS myofi albaneTis samefoc. amis miuxedavad, qarTli mainc Zlier saxelmwifod
rCeboda da kvlav aqtiurad monawileobda wina aziis politikur cxovrebaSi.
romis batonoba dasavleT saqarTveloSi. aniketis ajanyeba
gansxvavebuli viTareba iyo dasavleT saqarTveloSi. romisTvis egrisi ufro
xelmwisawvdomi iyo, vidre qarTli: zRvis saSualebiT romaelebi egriss advilad
aRwevdnen. garda amisa, egrisSi maT ar emuqrebodaT uSualo safrTxe parTiis
saxelmwifosagan. amitom romaelebi aq SedarebiT Tavisuflad moqmedebdnen.
qveynis mTavar qalaqebSi romaelTa jari idga. egrisis binadari mosaxleobis
mdgomareoba imiTac garTulda, rom am periodSi gaZlierda mTaSi mcxovrebi
sxvadasxva, SedarebiT CamorCenili tomebis Tavdasxmebi da masobrivi Camosaxleba. isini tyveebisa da nadavlis xelSi Cagdebis mizniT Tavs esxmodnen kolxeTis dasaxlebul punqtebs, qalaqebs. magaliTad, maT gaZarcves q. pitiunti,
daacarieles dioskuria da sxv. romaelebi am mekobre mTielebs ki ar ebrZodnen,
aramed maTTan saerTo enis gamonaxvas cdilobdnen da maT am TavdasxmebisTvis
aqezebdnen kidec, Tundac imitom, rom romael monaTmflobelebs tyve-monebi
didi raodenobiT sWirdebodaT. dasavleT saqarTvelos mosaxleobis ukmayofi-
47
Tavi meore
leba dRiTi dRe izrdeboda, rac male did ajanyebaSi gadaizarda.
69 wels Savi zRvis samxreT da aRmosavleT sanapiros (pontos, kolxeTis)
mosaxleoba ajanyda romis winaaRmdeg. ajanyebas saTaveSi Caudga yofili mona,
aniketi. romis imperatorma ajanyebis Casaqrobad rCeuli jari gamogzavna.
romaelebma daamarcxes aniketi, romelmac Tavi kolxeTs (md. xobis xeobas)
Seafara. romaelebma igi mainc daatyveves da sastikad dasajes.
saqarTvelo-romis urTierToba II saukuneSi. qarTlis mefe farsman
II qveli
II saukuneSi qarTlis samefo kvlav Zlieri saxelmwifoa. romis imperatorebi cdilobdnen masTan kargi urTierToba hqonodaT da xelSekrulebiT
gaformebuli `megobroba da mokavSireoba~ SeenarCunebinaT, qarTlis mefeebs
Tavi sakmaod damoukideblad eWiraT. magaliTad, 128 wels romis imperatorma
adrianem mcire aziaSi yofnisas TavisTan miiwvia aRmosavleTis sxvadasxva
qveynis mefeebi da mmarTvelebi. romis imperatorma qarTlis mefe farsman II-is
(120-170) gulis mosagebad Zvirfasi saCuqrebi gaugzavna. saCuqrebs Soris iyo
saomari spilo da 50-kaciani razmi. qarTlis mefem imperators samagiero saCuqrebi uZRvna: didZali Zvirfaseuloba da oqroqsovilis mosasxamebi, TviTon ki
masTan gamocxadeba ar ikadra. amiT ganrisxebulma romis mperatorma brZaneba
gasca, am mosasxamebiT gladiatorebi SeemosaT da ise gamoeSvaT cirkis arenaze. misi saCuqrebis ase abuCad agdebiT ganawyenebulma qarTlis mefem gaxsna
darialis kari, gadmoiyvana alan-osTa meomari tomebi da romis imperiis aRmosavleT provinciebs Seusia. amiT qarTlis mefem agrZnobina romis imperators
Tavisi Zliereba. aseTi dapirispireba romsa da qarTls Soris im garemoebam
warmoqmna, rom qarTlis mefem daikava gasasvleli Sav zRvaze, kerZod daiqvemdebara ZidritTa tomi, romelic mosaxleobda dRevandeli aWaris Savi zRvis
sanapiroze, romis imperators ki amis cnoba arafriT ar surda.
romsa da qarTls Soris aseTi daZabuli urTierToba SedarebiT mowesrigda
adrianes sikvdilis Semdeg. romis saimperatoro taxtze asulma axalma imperatorma, antonine piusma scno qarTlis samefos mier Savi zRvispira teritoriis
SeerTeba. man qarTlis mefe romSi stumrad miiwvia. farsman II mravalricxovani amaliT Cavida romSi. molaparakebis Semdeg gaimarTa didi asparezoba,
romelSic monawileoba miiRo qarTlis mefem da misma amalam. qarTvelTa am
stumrobis aRsaniSnavad specialuri warwera gaakeTes marmarilos dafaze,
romelic romis forumis moedanze iyo gamofenili. farsman mefes neba mieca,
kapitoliumSi Seewira msxverpli, rac did pativad iTvleboda ucxoelisaTvis.
cxenze amxedrebuli farsmanis qandakeba daidga omis RmerTis, marsis, taZarSi.
farsman mefe moxseniebulia mcxeTasTan aRmoCenil e.w. armazis bilingvaSi (orenovan warweraSi). is iq moxseniebulia, rogorc `qveli~, e.i. mowyale, mxne, guladi
da SemmarTebeli. farsmanis Semdeg qarTlSi mefobda xsefarnugi, romelic aseve
moxseniebulia armazis bilingvaSi, magram sxva cnobebi mis Sesaxeb ar gagvaCnia.
dasavleT saqarTvelo II saukuneSi
rogorc davinaxeT, romaelebma dasavleT saqarTvelo dapyrobili qveynebis
ricxvSi moaqcies da aq TavianTi mmarTveloba daamyares. adgilobrivi mosaxle-
48
armazis bilingva
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
oba ver egueboda romaelTa batonobas. amis TvalnaTeli mowmoba iyo egriselTa aqtiuri monawileoba
aniketis ajanyebaSi. am ajanyebam gamoamJRavna, rom
romaelebs uWirdaT aq TavianTi batonobis SenarCuneba. Tanac dasavleT saqarTveloze sul ufro metad
avrcelebda Tavis gavlenas qarTlis gaZlierebuli
samefo. qarTlis mosazRvre argveTSi ukve qarTlis
mefis erisTavi ijda, aseve aWara-guriis teritoriis
mniSvnelovani nawili Sav zRvamde qarTls emorCileboda. dasavleT saqarTvelos danarCeni nawilis
mosaxleobac qarTlisken miiswrafvoda. romis saimperatoro kari iZulebuli iyo, garkveul daTmobaze
wasuliyo da aq adgilobrivi mmarTveloba aRedgina.
II saukuneSi dasavleT saqarTveloSi ramdenime samTavro Camoyalibda: lazebis, afSilebis, abazgebisa da
sanigebis samTavroebi, romelTa saTaveSic romaelebs
adgilobrivi mTavrebi dauyenebiaT. am mTavrebs romaelebi `mefeebsac~ ki uwodebdnen. romaelebi zRvispira teritorias mainc ar Tmobdnen. aq maT mTavar
sanavsadguro qalaqebSi, magaliTad, fazisSi (foTSi), dioskuriaSi (soxumSi), romelsac am dros ukve
sevastopoli (berZn. Rirseuli, wminda) ewodeboda,
aSenebuli hqondaT cixeebi da Cayenebuli hyavdaT
mecixovne jari, romelTa mdgomareobasac sistematurad amowmebdnen.
wya­ro 1
armazis xevSi aRmoCenili epitafiis (arameul1-berZnuli orenovani warweris anu
bilingvis) qarTuli Targmani:
`me (var) serafiti, asuli zevaxisa, mcirisa pitiaxSisa farsman mefisa, meuRle
iodmanganisa – Zlevamosilisa da mravali gamarjvebis mompovebeli ezosmoZRvrisa
sxefarnug mefisa – Zisa agrifa ezosmoZRvrisa, (imdenad) lamazi da saTno iyo
(serafiti), rom kacis Svili ar iyo misi msgavsi silamaziT. miicvala 21 wlisa~.
qvis es stela erT dros aRmarTuli yofila zevax pitiaxSis udrood gardacvlili
asulis, romelic iyo meuRle ezosmoZRvar iodmanaganisa – serafitis saflavze.
wya­ro 2
`qarTlis cxovreba~ mefe farsman II-is Sesaxeb:
`...xolo farsman qveli iyo kaci keTili da uxuad momniWebeli da Semndobeli,
asakiTa (e.i. garegnobiT) Suenieri, taniTa didi da Zlieri, mxne mxedari da
SemmarTebeli brZolisa, uSiSi, viTarca uxorco da yovliTave umjobesi yovelTa
mefeTa qarTlisaTa, romelni gardacvalebul iyvnes uwinares missa~.
1
arameuli mTels wina aziaSi gavrcelebuli ena da damwerloba iyo.
49
klasSi samuSao
1. ram ganapiroba pompeusis laSqroba saqarTveloSi?
2. ra pirobebiT daido zavi qarTlis samefosa da roms Soris?
3. rogori uflebiT daiqvemdebara romma dasavleT saqarTvelo?
4. ra Sedegi moutana qarTlis samefos romTan dakavSirebam?
5. ram ganapiroba qarTlis samefos gaZliereba I saukuneSi?
6. rogori iyo qarTlis urTierToba somxeTTan da riT damTavrda igi?
7. vin iyo aniketi? rogor warimarTa ajanyeba da ratom damarcxda igi?
8. wyaro 2-is mixedviT daadgineT, ra da ra moxeleebi hyavdaT qarTlis
mefeebs.
9. ra iyo romsa da qarTlis samefos Soris dapirispirebis mizezi?
10.ra mniSvneloba hqonda romSi farsman mefis stumrobas?
Tavi meore
11.ratom gaxda romi iZulebuli, rom dasavleT saqarTveloSi aRedgina
adgilobrivi mTavrebis xelisufleba?
saSinao davaleba
leqsikoni
1. CamowereT sakvanZo movlenebi,
romlebmac antikur xanaSi
saqarTvelo-romis urTierTobaSi
mniSvnelovani roli Seasrula .
repitafia – warwera saflavis
qvaze
2. teqstis da wyaros mixedviT
daaxasiaTeT farsman mefe.
ZiriTadi TariRebi
Zv. w. II s. – samTavroebis
Camoyalibeba dasavleT
saqarTveloSi
200
50
150
II s. 20-30-iani wlebi
– farsman II-is mefoba
qarTlSi
Zv. w. 65 w. –
pompeusis laSqroba
saqarTveloSi
Zv. w. I s. –
farsman I-is
mefoba qarTlSi
100
50
0
69 w. – aniketis
ajanyeba
105
11.
antikuri saqarTvelos religia da kultura
oqros disko axalgoridan. Zv. w. IV s.
oqros yelsabami vanidan
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebi
pirvelyofili-Temuri wyobilebis xanaSi calkeul tomebs Tu Temebs TavianTi
mfarveli RvTaebebi hyavdaT. aRmerTebdnen bunebis Zalebs, sagnebs, movlenebs.
maSindeli adamianebis warmodgeniT am
RvTaebebs hqondaT zebunebrivi Zala da
Tvisebebi: isini amyarebdnen wesrigs bunebasa da sazogadoebaSi, hqondaT didi fizikuri da mxedruli Zliereba, SeeZloT
bunebaSi sicocxlis ganaxleba da aRorZineba. maT pativsacemad imarTeboda religiuri ritualebi da ceremoniebi. erTerTi aseTi ritualuri scena gamosaxulia
TrialeTis vercxlis Tasze. aseTive gamosaxulebebi moipoveba arqeologebis mier
aRmoCenil sxvadasxva nivTebsa da iaraRebze. bevri am religiuri ritualidan SemorCenilia xalxur yofasa da tradiciebSi.
saxalxo warmodgenebi da dResaswaulebi:
berikaoba, yeenoba, xatobebi am uZvelesi
religiuri ritualebis saxeSecvlili gadmonaSTebia.
uZvelesi religiuri warmodgenebi SemorCenilia Zvel qarTul xalxur miTebsa
da zRaprebSi. Cveni zRaprebis gmirebi xSirad Cadian qvesknelSi, adian zecaSi, sadac
xvdebian da elaparakebian mzes, mTvares,
varskvlavebs, romlebsac adamianis Tvisebebi da garegnoba aqvT. mze qalad saxiT
aqvT warmodgenili, mTvare – mamakacad,
aseve amindisa da Rrublebis RmerTi tarosic mamakacia da sxv.
51
Tavi meore
religia uZveles qarTul
saxelmwifoebSi
qarTvel tomTa saxelmwifoebrivi
gaerTianebebis warmoqmnasTan erTad
xdeba maTi religiuri warmodgenebis
daaxloeba-Serwyma, calkeul RvTaebebs
Soris garkveuli wesrigisa da ierarqiis
(ufros-umcrosobis) damyareba. qarTvelebis umaRles RvTaebad mTvaris RvTaeba
iqca. igi meomari mamakacis saxiT hyavdaT
warmodgenili. mis wminda cxovelad xari
iTvleboda, amitom mas xSirad xars Seswiravdnen xolme. xaris rqebi naxevarmTvaris formisaa, amitomac xaris rqebi Zvel
sakulto SenobebSi, aseve Cveulebriv sacxovrebel saxlebSi xSirad xaris rqebis
gamosaxulebebs anda TviTon xaris Tavebs
vxvdebiT. xaris kultis aseTi gavrceleba
saqarTveloSi samiwaTmoqmedo meurneobis
dawinaurebis Sedegi iyo.
52
religia qarTlis Zvel samefoSi
qarTuli saistorio tradiciiT qarTlis pirvelma mefem, farnavazma mTavar
RvTaebad armazi gamoacxada. es igive
Zveli qarTvelebis mTvaris RvTaeba iyo,
mxolod amjerad sxva RvTaebebis TvisebebiTac aRWurves da saxelic armazi
uwodes, rac xeTurad swored mTvaris
RvTaebas niSnavda. es saxeli, iseve rogorc bevri sxva kulturuli elementi,
am dros qarTlSi Semoitana mcire aziidan
mosulma mesxur tomTa nakadma. armazis
qandakeba (kerpi) aRmarTul iqna mcxeTis
pirdapir maRal mTaze, romelsac Semdeg
armazis mTa ewoda. es iyo spilenZisagan
Camosxmuli meomari mamakaci oqros abjriTa da muzaradiT, romelsac Tvalebis
magivrad Zvirfasi qvebi hqonda Casmuli
da xelT epyra maxvili. misi dReoba zafxulis bolos tardeboda. am dros feradi qsovilebiTa da yvavilebiT morTul
mcxeTis quCebSi imarTeboda xalxmravali
ritualuri msvleloba. am msvlelobaSi
monawileobas iRebda samefo ojaxic. arma-
adgilobrivi draqma
ariadna. II s. sarkinedan
adamianis brinjaos figura. vani.
Zv. w. III s.
saqarTvelo aRmosavluri da dasavluri kulturebis
gzajvaredinze
qarTvel tomTa uZveles saxelmwifoebriv gaerTianebebs (diaoxs, kolxas)
da Semdeg egrisisa da qarTlis samefoebs mWidro ekonomikuri da politikuri
kavSirebi hqondaT rogorc wina aziis qveynebTan, ise saberZneTTan da romTan.
es urTierTobebi aisaxeboda qveynis kulturul ganviTarebazec. qarTvel
xalxs Tavisi sazogadoebrivi mdgomareobis Sesabamisi sakmaod maRali TviTmyofadi kultura hqonda, magram karCaketili da garesamyarosgan mowyvetili rodi iyo, piriqiT, qarTuli kultura iTvisebda yvelafers saukeTesos,
rac mis axlo, Tu Soreul mezobel qveynebSi iqmneboda. saqarTvelo Tavisi
geografiuli mdebareobiT warmoadgenda bunebriv xids aRmosavleTsa da
dasavleTs Soris, amitom aq xdeboda orive mxridan momdinare tradiciebis
saintereso Serwyma. es garemoeba Tavisebur iers aZlevda qarTul kulturas
mTeli misi arsebobis manZilze.
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
zis RvTaebas xSirad bavSvebsac swiravdnen
msxverplad.
armazis mTis mopirdapire mTaze aRmarTuli iyo zadenis kerpic. am adgils gvian
zeda zadenis anu zedaznis mTa ewoda. armazis gverdiT idga sxva RvTaebebis qandakebebic, romlebsac Zveli qarTvelebi
miiCnevdnen sxvadasxva Zalis gansaxierebad
da did Tayvans scemdnen.
mas Semdeg, rac gaCnda berZnuli axalSenebi Savi zRvis aRmosavleT sanapiroze,
gansakuTrebiT ki elinizmis xanaSi, aseve
rac saqarTveloSi romis politikuri gavlena damyarda, farTod vrceldeba berZnul-romauli kultebi, aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi ki sparsuli cecxlTayvanismcemloba da miTraizmi, Tumca mosaxleobis
qalRmerT nikes brinjaos
didi nawili mainc mtkiced icavda Tavis
qandakeba. vani. Zv. w. II-I ss.
mamapapur religias, romlis gadmonaSTebi dRemdea SemorCenili, gansakuTrebiT
saqarTvelos mTis regionebSi. am gadmonaSTebs ikvleven da swavloben Cveni
eTnologebi (eTnografebi).
antikuri xanis qarTuli xuroTmoZRvreba
Zveli berZeni geografis, strabonis mowmobiT, maSindel saqarTveloSi
mravlad iyo qalaqebi, romlebic xuroTmoZRvruli xelovnebis wesebis mixedviT iyo nagebi. aseTi qalaqebi iyo aRmosavleT saqarTveloSi mcxeTa armazis
cixiT, urbnisi, ufliscixe. arqeologiurma gaTxrebma daadastura berZeni
avtoris es cnoba.
gansakuTrebiT unda aRiniSnos kldeSi nakveTi qalaqi ufliscixe, sadac
53
Tavi meore
sxvadasxva daniSnulebis nakveT-nagebobebs Soris SemorCenilia antikuri
Teatris Senobac. mcxeTisa da misi midamoebis arqeologiurma Seswavlam
adgilobrivi maRalganviTarebuli
kulturis brwyinvale nimuSebi gamoavlina. aq aRmoCenil iqna Zveli sasaxleebisa da taZrebis naSTebi da, rac
gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia, antikuri
xanis abanoebi. abano am periodis didkacobisTvis dasveneba-garTobisa da
fizikuri varjiSis adgilic iyo. abano
rTul nagebobas warmoadgenda. igi ramdenime darbazisagan Sedgeboda cxeli Zalisas antikuri abanoebis naSTebi
da civi wylis auzebiT, wylisa da haeris gasacxelebeli iatakqveSa mowyobilobiT. wyals Tixis milebiT awodebdnen.
iataki mozaikiT iyo moxatuli, rac TavisTavad xelovnebis saucxoo nimuSs
warmoadgenda. aseTi abanoebis naSTi aRmoCnda mcxeTasTan, armazis xevSi, ZalisasTan, agreTve dasavleT saqarTveloSi. mcxeTasTan aRmoCnda SedarebiT
kargad Semonaxuli samefo akldamac, rac am periodis aRmSeneblobiTi xelovnebis maRal ganviTarebas mowmobs.
dasavleT saqarTveloSi qalaq vanis teritoriaze arqeologebma gaTxares
da Seiswavles am periodis naqalaqari, sadac aRmoCnda sxvadasxva sakulto
da saero nagebobebis naSTebi: mrgvali taZris nangrevebi, Svidsafexuriani
sakurTxeveli, qviT mokirwyluli quCebi, koSkebi da sxv. aRmoCnda agreTve
Zveli nagebobis dekoratiulad gaformebuli svetisTavebi. aqve aRmoCenil
mravalricxovan nivTebs Soris gamoirCeva gamarjvebis qalRmerT nikes brinjaos figura, romelic agvirgvinebda saritualo WurWels.
antikuri periodis qalaqi iyo cixegojic, romelsac berZnebi arqeopoliss,
anu Zvel qalaqs uwodebdnen. am naqalaqaris (e.w. noqalaqevis) gaTxrebi dResac
grZeldeba.
saxviTi xelovneba. damwerlobis sakiTxi
saqarTvelos teritoriaze arqeologiuri gaTxrebis dros araerTi maRali xelovnebiT Sesrulebuli qandakeba aRmoCnda. qandakeba damzadebuli
iyo liTonis, qvis Tu gamomwvari feradi Tixis masalisagan. amas garda, bareliefebiT Tu ornamentebiT Semkulia am dros damzadebuli liTonis nivTebi,
WurWeli da iaraRi. adreklasobrivi xanis qarTuli kulturis sakmaod maRal
dones mowmobs brinjaosa da rkinis SesaniSnavi nakeTobani, saomari, samuSao
da ritualuri daniSnulebis iaraRebi srulyofili formebiTa da mxatvruli gaformebiT; didi gemovnebiT damzadebuli samkaulebi, saojaxo nivTebi,
oqromWedlobisa da liTonis mxatvrulad damuSavebis brwyinvale Zeglebi,
romlebic didi raodenobiT Cndeba saqarTvelos mTel teritoriaze.
mecnierTa Soris did kamaTs iwvevs qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis sakiTxi. saistorio tradiciiT, qarTuli anbani Seqmna qarTlis pirvelma mefem,
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farnavazma, magram jerjerobiT V saukuneze adrindeli qarTulad Sesrulebuli warwera aRmoCenili ar aris. saqarTveloSi ixmareboda berZnuli da mTels
maxlobel aRmosavleTSi gavrcelebuli arameuli damwerloba. am enebze Sesrulebuli araerTi warweraa aRmoCenili saqarTveloSi. rogorc varaudoben,
maT gverdiT unda yofiliyo gamoyenebuli am anbanebis safuZvelze Seqmnili
qarTuli damwerlobac, romelic sul ufro da ufro srulyofil saxes iRebda da sabolood Camoyalibebuli saxe miiRo qristianobis Semosvlis Semdeg.
1. ra Tavisebureba axasiaTebda qarTul kulturas antikur xanaSi?
2. romeli Zveli qarTuli qalaqebia Seswavlili arqeologebis mier?
3. ra viciT qarTuli damwerlobis warmoSobis Sesaxeb?
saSinao davaleba
1. moamzadeT referati Temaze:
`qarTuli kultura antikur xanaSi~.
Temaze muSaobisas, SegiZliaT
ewvioT adgilobriv istoriul
muzeums da daakvirdeT TqvenTvis
saintereso epoqis nimuSebs.
saqarTvelo antikur xanaSi
klasSi samuSao
leqsikoni
rmiTra – naTlisa da mzis
indo-iranuli RvTaeba
reTnologia (eTnografia)
– istoriuli mecnierebis
dargi, romelic swavlobs
xalxTa yofa-cxovrebas
qalis Tixis qandakeba
ufliscixidan. Zv. w. IV-III s.
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