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‘Gaskwaliteit’
7 september 2012, Woerden
Jacob Klimstra
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
[email protected]
May 31, 2012
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Gas is een noodzakelijk ……………
De klant wil liever geen gas
Klanten willen comfort, ervaringen, winst en power
En dat gaat niet zonder energie
May 31, 2012
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Electricity use and GDP (PPP)
North America
Europe
Latin Am. World average
Chin
a
Middle East Africa
PowerPlants Africa Group Asia (ex China)
Jacob Klimstra for Wartsila
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Een paar jaar geleden: zorgen om gas
Nederlandse gasvoorraad in 2010: 45 EJ
Zonder import/ & export: 35 jaar
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Vloeibaar gas uit Libie, Qatar, Iran, Nigeria …. 18‐3‐2011
www.klimstra.nl
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Schaliegas = leisteengas = shale gas
Veel water en chemicaliën nodig bij productie
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Onconventioneel gas: coal bed, tight, shale gas
639 Economist)
862 Economist
EU: voorraad voor 50 jaar gasverbruik
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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‘O, kom er eens kijken’: voldoende gas
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Europa: Hoe komen wij aan voldoende gas? Bron: EC/EU, bcm = Gm3 (miljard m3/jaar)
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Arm Europa …………………………. gas van elders
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Bron : EC/EU
18‐3‐2011
www.klimstra.nl
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Een nieuw patroon
• USA heeft het LNG niet echt meer nodig (nu 25% schaliegas, in 2035 ≈ 50%)
• Europa en Azië wel • Meer LNG import in Europa
• Liberalisering van de gasmarkt: iedereen mag leveren
• Transmission System Operators transporteren • Wisselende gassamenstellingen
• Wie is verantwoordelijk voor ………………. 6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Vloeibaar gas uit Libie, Qatar, Iran, Nigeria …. 18‐3‐2011
www.klimstra.nl
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Regulering – regulariseren
‐ In orde maken
‐ Regelmatig maken
Wat??????
‐De gaskwaliteit? ‐Het gaskwaliteitsvraagstuk? En wie bepaalt dat? ‐‐‐ De ambtenaar ?
De leverancier ? De klant ?
May 31, 2012
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Wat is gaskwaliteit??
Klanten: kwaliteitsgas
‐ goedkoop, ‐ schoon ‐ voortdurend optimale prestaties apparatuur
Gasbedrijven: niet: ‐ kwaliteitsgas
wel: ‐ de samenstelling
‐ de Wobbe index Wat in de leiding zit !
May 31, 2012
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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De EASEEgas specs: niets over prestaties, emissies, klopvastheid, rendement, hoeveelheidsmeting
Min
Max
Recommended
implementation
date
[13.60]
15.81
1/10/2010
m3/m3
0.555
0.700
1/10/2010
Total S
mg/m3
-
30
1/10/2006
H2S + COS (as S)
mg/m3
-
5
1/10/2006
RSH (as S)
mg/m3
-
6
1/10/2006
O2
mol %
-
[0.01]*
1/10/2010
CO2
mol %
-
2.5
1/10/2006
H2O DP
o
-
-8
See note **
HC DP
o
-
-2
1/10/2006
Parameter
Unit
WI
kWh/m3
d
C at 70 bar (a)
C at 1 – 70 bar (a)
* EASEE-gas has organised an oxygen measurement survey, which by end of 2005 will examine
the maximum feasible limit equal to or at an alternative specified value below 0.01 mol %.
** At certain cross border points, less stringent values are used than defined in this CBP. For these
cross border points, these values can be maintained and the relevant producers, shippers and
transporters should examine together how the CBP value can be met in the long run. At all other
cross border points, this value can be adopted by 1 October 2006.
Geffredo Wobbe (1927), Bologna
De Wobbe Index
Δp = k ∙ ½ ρ
Δp
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2
v
V
P = V . Hi
V = c √ Δp/ ρgas
Wobbe = Hi / √ ρgas/ρair
Hi = lower calorific value (MJ/m3)
ρ = density (kg/m3)
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Variaties in Wobbe Index ………
Naar verbranding
Mixer
Lucht
Gas (Wobbe Index)
Wobbe Index constant: constante energie toevoer en constante brandstof‐
luchtfactor
Wobbe varieert: λ (nieuw) = Wobbe (oud)/Wobbe (nieuw) * λ (oud)
Variatie in energietoevoer: variatie in prestaties
Variaties in lambda: slechter:
‐ Emissies (NOx, HC, CO, Aldehydes)
‐ kloppen
Geffredo Wobbe (1927), Bologna
‐ efficiency
‐ stabiliteit
26‐1‐2011
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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EASEE‐gas … easy voor de shippers
EASEE‐gas: consortium van gasleveranciers/transporteurs
Maximum EASEE‐gas
Gasunie H‐gas
Minimum EASEE‐gas
WI L‐gas 12.15 – 12.35 kWh/m3
18‐3‐2011
Gasunie L‐gas
www.klimstra.nl
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Voorgestelde samenstellingen GTS en de resulterende klopvastheid
Gasunie brengt de Wobbe Index van H‐gas binnen de vereiste L‐gas band met stikstof
Stikstof helpt bij moderne arm‐mengsel motoren niet om de klopvastheid te verhogen
Compon
ent Groning
en
Gas 2
Gas 3
Gas 4
Gas 5
Gas 6
Gas 7 ‘Troll’
Gas 8
‘Libië’
Gas 9
C1
81.2
80.7
76.4
74.7
81.3
78.7
69.1
71.7
68.2
C2
2.9
2.7
5.3
7.0
4.3
5.2
10.2
6.5
10.0
C3
0.4
1.3
1.4
1.6
0
0.9
2.3
1.6
3.3
C4
0.2
0.4
0.5
0.3
0
0
0.3
1.4
0
C5
0.1
0.1
0.3
0
0
0
0
0.6
0
N2
14.3
13.5
14.8
14.6
14.4
15.2
17.6
18.2
18.5
CO2
0.9
1.3
1.3
1.8
0
0
0.5
0
0
Inductio
n τ (ms)
3.2
2.9
2.6
2.8
3.6
3.3
2.6
2.0
2.7
Klopvast 84
heid (MN)
78
73
74
87
81
69
64
68
18‐3‐2011
www.klimstra.nl
19
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De EASEEgas specs: niets over prestaties, emissies, klopvastheid, rendement, hoeveelheidsmeting
Min
Max
Recommended
implementation
date
[13.60]
15.81
1/10/2010
m3/m3
0.555
0.700
1/10/2010
Total S
mg/m3
-
30
1/10/2006
H2S + COS (as S)
mg/m3
-
5
1/10/2006
RSH (as S)
mg/m3
-
6
1/10/2006
O2
mol %
-
[0.01]*
1/10/2010
CO2
mol %
-
2.5
1/10/2006
H2O DP
o
-
-8
See note **
HC DP
o
-
-2
1/10/2006
Parameter
Unit
WI
kWh/m3
d
C at 70 bar (a)
C at 1 – 70 bar (a)
* EASEE-gas has organised an oxygen measurement survey, which by end of 2005 will examine
the maximum feasible limit equal to or at an alternative specified value below 0.01 mol %.
** At certain cross border points, less stringent values are used than defined in this CBP. For these
cross border points, these values can be maintained and the relevant producers, shippers and
transporters should examine together how the CBP value can be met in the long run. At all other
cross border points, this value can be adopted by 1 October 2006.
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Short History USA gas
Less than a decade ago, the USA had big plans for
LNG imports:
• Security of energy supply
• Relatively low greenhouse gas emissions
Until then: close to constant gas composition
Concern: LNG imports might disturb the quality of gas
FERC (Federal Energy Regulating Committee) approached: Natural Gas Council & other interested parties on how to deal with the problem:
New committee NGC+ Result: White paper on Natural Gas Interchangeability and Non‐
Combustion End Use, February 28, 2005 6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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In de USA
Many
parties
involved
Association, Chair
Mark Hereth, P‐PIC,
Facilitator
LNG Suppliers
Edgar Kuipers, Shell
Mike Milliet, ChevronTexaco
Les Bamburg, Sempra
Ben Ho, BP
Mark Bentley, ExxonMobil
Pat Outtrim, Cheniere
Ed Lehotsky, Cheniere
Phil Redding, BG North
America
Hubert Loussouarn, Total
Frank Katulak, Tractebel
John Hritcko, Shell
Randy Mills, ChevronTexaco
Al Fatica, BP
Rudy Adamiak, Tractebel
Greg Bartholomew, Sempra
Pipelines
Terry Boss, Interstate
Natural Gas Association of
America
Grant McCracken Panhandle
Energy
Todd Dustman, Questar
Hank Poellnitz, El Paso
Dennis Alters, Cross
Country Energy
Scott Zersen, El Paso
Reji George, El Paso
Ian Morris, Cross Country
Energy
Thanh Phan, Duke Energy
Jeryl Mohn, Panhandle
Energy
David Noss, Dominion
Energy
Bruce Hedman, Energy and
Environmental Analysis
Utilities (LDCs and in some
instances Power Generation)
Robert Wilson, Keyspan Energy
Larry Sasadeusz, Southern
California Gas Company
Rosemarie Halchuk, Xcel Energy
Peter Collette, Public Service
Electric and Gas
John Erickson, American Public
Gas Association
Kevin Shea, Southern California
Gas Company
Lee Stewart, Southern California
Gas Company
Joe Bonner, Pacific Gas and
Electric
Mark Satkamp, Louisville Gas and
Electric
Robert Trumbower, Peoples Gas
Glen Schwalbach, Wisconsin
Public Service
Michael Gerdes, BSH
Michael Farmer, Peoples Gas
Pieter Ouwerkerk, Exelon
Robert Kemper, Southern
California Gas Company
Frank Strauss, Consolidated
Edison
Ali Quraishi, American Gas
Association
Steven Zavodnick, Baltimore Gas
and Electric
Lori Traweek, American Gas
Association
Ed Anderson, RJRudden
Regis Klingler, CMS Energy
Jack Zerega, Public Service
Electric and Gas
Richard Rudden, RJ Rudden and
Associates
Joseph Santaro, Niagara Mohawk
White Paper on Natural Gas Interchangeability
And Non‐Combustion End Use
32
Power Generation
Chuck Linderman, Edison
Electric Institute
Jack Cashin, Electric Power
Supply Association
Bruce Rising, Siemens
Craig Chancellor, Calpine
Colin Wilkes, General
Electric Power Generation
Keith Barnett, American
Electric Power
Dona Gussow, Florida
Power and Light
Mike Klassen, Combustion
Science & Engineering, Inc.
Richard Roby, Combustion
Science & Engineering, Inc.
Nicole Prudencio, Calpine
Jim Downs, Calpine
Feedstock
Tom Carville, The Fertilizer
Institute
George Valadez, Alcoa.
Dena Wiggins, Process Gas
Consumers
Dave Schalles, Bloom Engineering
(for Alcoa)
Kirsten Gibbs, Process Gas
Consumers
Appliances
Mark Kendall, Gas Appliance
Manufacturers Association
Frank Stanonik, Gas Appliance
Manufacturers Association
Richard Cripps, Association of
Home Appliance Manufacturers
Jack Goldman, Hearth, Patio and
Barbecue Association
Research
David Rue, GTI
State Official
Eric Orton, State of Utah
Gas Processing
Mark Sutton, Gas Processors
Associ
commissie NGC+
15 LNG suppliers
12 pipeline companies
24 gas selling utilities
11 power producing companies
5 feedstock companies
4 appliance manufacturer representatives
19 meetings and conference calls
Aspecten:
‐ Verbrandingsrendement
‐ Emissies
‐ Vlamstabiliteit
‐ Prestaties
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Het resultaat van overleg in de USA
May 31, 2012
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Gas quality is a ‘technological science’
749 bladzijden met artikelen over gaskwaliteit en dat is nog maar een fractie van alle kennis Gas kwaliteit is niet:
‐ Een mening
‐ Een politieke beslissing
‐ Een commerciële slogan
Before the EU liberalisation, every major gas company had a large gas‐application research department
e.g. Ruhrgas, British Gas, Gasunie, SNAM
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Key note by gas expert Prof. G.F. I Roberts
‘Gas supplier is responsible for best quality, because:
Gas customer cannot:
‐ Assess gas quality;
‐ Return gas if unsatisfactory’.
‘Gas will increasingly be used for electricity production and transport (engines, turbines) and less in households’
‘A wide gas composition range automatically lowers efficiency and increases emissions’
‘Gas quality should be user led, not supplier led and be careful not to become politician led’
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Next keynote by G.F. Steinmetz, Baltimore Gas and Electric
‘Pipeline Quality might be a misnomer; appliance quality would be
more appropriate’
‘Gases must be compatible with the equipment and the appliances in use’
‘General recognition is given to the inadequacy of Heating Value,
Specific Gravity and Wobbe Number to gauge interchangeability. The BURNING CHARACTERISTICS of the various component gases must be considered’
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Schaliegas: voldoet niet aan de NGC+ rules
Schaliegas kan veel hogere koolwaterstoffen bevatten en snelle variaties vertonen
Daarom: gasbehandeling in de USA (‘Natural Gas Liquids – NGLs’)
Valerie Wood in Pipeline & Gas Journal September 2011:
‘NLGs are priced in accordance with crude oil prices. …….. the production of high‐value NGLs helps to lower natural gas break‐even prices’
In de USA zijn de gasproducenten, ‘appliance’ fabrikanten en klanten gelukking met de NGC+ range
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Verwachte problemen met een breed bereik in samenstellingen
Burners:
‐ flash back
‐ blow off/flame lift
‐ yellow tipping
‐ incomplete combustion
‐ higher emissions
‐ lower efficiency
Gas Engines: ‐ knocking
‐ reduced efficiency
‐ tripping
‐ combustion instability
‐ reduced output
‐ higher emissions
Gas Turbines:
‐ tripping
‐ combustion instability
‐ higher emissions
‐ increased wear
‐ reduced efficiency
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A challenge: everybody wants to use the result of electricity use…….. and more and more In 20 years time: world electricity use will double from 20 PWh to 40 PWh
Developing world, electric transport, gadgets, heat pumps
‘What a great future for the Power Sector‘
50 watt
May 31, 2012
2000 watt
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Danish Power demand, wind output + 75% and ‘other’ power sources
Danish Policy: 50% El from wind
Demand = 4474 GWh, Wind produces 2238 GWh
No base load left ……………………………………..
May 31, 2012
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Smart Power Generation with gas
Gas engines: no creep and fatigue due to cycling
May 31, 2012
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Gecomprimeerde lucht of ‐ aardgas
Compressed air
Compressed natural gas
2.5 GJ/m3 at 70 bar
29 MJ/m3 at 70 bar
Aardgas is factor 100 effectiever op te slaan dan perslucht June 2011 Milano
www.klimstra.nl 32
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Klopvastheid voor het EASEEgas
Methane number 80 is preferred
The USA range limit guarantees that
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Een constante Wobbe Index met stikstof toevoeging aan rijk gas: laag methaangetal
Rode markeringen: door GTS voorgestelde pseudo G gassen
G‐gas
Gewenst methaangetal > 80
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Effect Methane Number/Klopvastheid op Performance
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Dit mag niet gezegd worden………..
Een gasmeter meet volume
De calorische bovenwaarde in de EASEEgas specs kan variëren tussen de 36 MJ/m3 and 48 MJ/m3:
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Fuel properties and combustible mixtures
Gas gas meter
Energy supply determination
Φ = gas flow in m3/s at the prevailing pressure p and temperature T
H = calorific value in MJ/m3 at defined pressure p0 and temperature T0 (often: 273.15 K, 1013.25 mbar) The meter gives Φ ∙Δ t
The real energy supplied = H ∙ p/p0 ∙ T0/T ∙ Φ ∙Δ t
Good meters have p and T compensation
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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The gas turbine
Rumble, afblazen, terugslag
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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PLUG flow
Quality 2
Quality 1
Even if gas‐fuelled appliances have been equipped with expensive feedback and control equipment, accepting plug flow is close to impossible
The EU specs do not show any limitations in plug flow. 6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Vermogensregeling gasturbine
Vermogen,
temperatuur
gas
6 december 2011 Linkebeek
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Researchers: power to gas for shaving wind and solar peaks
6.8 kWh/m3 H2: η = 44%
Some data: 80 – 50% efficiency
Convert back to electricity: 50%
Estimated cycle efficiency: 40‐ 25%
For shaving some peaks of little energy
Danish gas
Wobbe Index Hs
Hi
54.94 MJ/m3
43.64 MJ/m3
39.46 MJ/m3
Danish gas with 5% hydrogen
54.22 MJ/m3
42.09 MJ/m3
38.03 MJ/m3
With 5% hydrogen added: 4% less energy per m3
May 31, 2012
Jacob Klimstra Consultancy
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Nog eventjes de Deense windenergie……………………….
Danish Policy: 50% El from wind
Demand = 4474 GWh, Wind produces 2238 GWh
No base load left ……………………………………..
May 31, 2012
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Power to Gas voor pieken van renewables is niet smart Time distribution of Danish wind power Energy loss 1 %, utilisation factor 4% output
Energy loss 4.8%, utilisation factor 10%
Energy loss 12.4%, utilisation factor 16.7 %
May 31, 2012
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De beste oplossing voor regulering
BIOGAS
storage
splitter
Imports, feed in, LNG
Quality gas to customers
Higher hydrocarbons to refinery
GL‐Noble Denton Poyry rapport: Kosten brede band: 180 miljard Euro ‘Opbrengst’ brede band: 0.9 miljard Euro per jaar E12168-TB
Samenvatting
1. De EASEEgas specs geven geen kwaliteitsgas
2. Een brede band in Wobbe Index verslechtert de toepassing
3. Regelen van de Wobbe Index met veel stikstof geeft geen goed gas
4. Effecten op de grootste gastoepassing van de toekomst (= elektriciteitsproductie) zijn niet onderzocht 5. Power to Gas (waterstof) is niks
6. Sommige zaken stilgezwegen
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