Diet and pancreatic cancer

Transcription

Diet and
pancreatic
cancer
www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk
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Contents
Introduction
3
Key words used in this booklet
4
How does pancreatic cancer affect diet and nutrition?
5
What are pancreatic enzyme supplements and how can they help?
10
Other supplements
18
Diet and surgery
20
Diet and inoperable pancreatic cancer
25
Diet and chemotherapy
30
Diabetes and pancreatic cancer
32
The emotional impact of diet symptoms
36
Physical activity
38
Diet tips
40
Questions to ask your medical team
48
Glossary
50
Further information and support
52
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SUPPORT LINE: 0808 801 0707
Introduction
This booklet is for anyone with pancreatic cancer. Their family
may also find it helpful. It explains how pancreatic cancer and the
treatments for it can cause problems with diet, eating and nutrition.
We provide information on how to manage these problems, and
some tips for dealing with some of the different symptoms people
may get. We also provide details of other sources of support and
information about diet.
Not all the information in this booklet might be relevant to you. It’s
been designed so that you can dip in to find the information you
need, when you need it.
If you have any questions about anything you read here, or about
diet and pancreatic cancer, speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian.
You can also speak to our specialist nurses on our Support Line.
Call our specialist nurses free on 0808 801 0707
or email [email protected]
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Key words used in this booklet
We’ve explained some of the key words around diet that we’ve
used in this booklet. You can find a glossary with more medical
words on page 50.
Diet
Your diet is the food you eat. When we talk about symptoms or
problems around diet in this booklet, we mean problems that
can affect your eating and digestion.
We are not talking about the kind of diet people often go on to
help them lose weight. Most people with pancreatic cancer won’t
need to lose weight – many often need to put weight back on.
Nutrients
Nutrients are the things you get from your food that you need to
be healthy. They include protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins
and minerals.
Digestion
Digestion is what your body does to break down your food to get
the nutrients out of it.
Enzymes
Enzymes are substances produced by different glands in the
body, including the pancreas. Different types of enzymes have
different roles in the body. Pancreatic enzymes help break down
our food and drink.
Absorption
Once your food has been broken down, the nutrients pass into
the blood so that they can be used by the body.
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How does pancreatic cancer
affect diet and nutrition?
The pancreas plays an important role in digesting food, as it produces
enzymes that help to break down the food. Nutrients from the food
can then be absorbed into the blood and used by the body (see
page 4).
Different pancreatic enzymes help to break down foods containing fat,
protein and carbohydrate.
Pancreatic cancer can reduce the number of enzymes that your
pancreas makes. It can also block the enzymes from getting to the
bowel, where they are needed for digestion. For example, the cancer
can block the pancreatic duct, which carries the enzymes from the
pancreas to the small intestines.
This means that food is not properly digested, and the nutrients in
the food aren’t absorbed. This is called malabsorption. This can be
treated with pancreatic enzyme supplements – see page 10.
The pancreas also produces hormones, including insulin, which
control sugar levels in the blood. Pancreatic cancer can reduce
the amount of hormones the pancreas produces. This can cause
diabetes – see page 32.
Surgery for pancreatic cancer, where all or part of the pancreas
is removed, will also affect the amount of enzymes and hormones
produced by the pancreas – see page 20.
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Pancreas with surrounding organs
What symptoms are related to diet?
It’s common for people with pancreatic cancer to get symptoms
caused by problems with eating and digesting food. These
can include:
• loss of appetite
• weight loss
• feeling and being sick (nausea and vomiting)
• loose watery stools (diarrhoea)
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• yellow, oily, floating stools (steatorrhoea – see page 8)
• abdominal (tummy) discomfort or pain
•bloating
•wind
• feeling full up quickly
• urgency in opening your bowels, especially after eating
• some people also develop diabetes.
These symptoms can be a sign that your body can’t digest food
or absorb nutrients properly. However, they can also be caused
by other things. If you have any of these symptoms, speak to your
doctor or nurse. There are ways to manage them.
Some diet symptoms can also be caused by jaundice.
What is jaundice?
Jaundice is a symptom of pancreatic cancer. It develops when there
is a build-up of something called bilirubin in the blood. Bilirubin is
found in bile, which is produced by the liver. You might get jaundice
if your cancer has grown to block the bile duct, which carries the bile
from the liver to the small intestines.
Jaundice can cause loss of appetite, taste changes, feeling and
being sick, and steatorrhoea. These usually improve once the
jaundice is treated.
You can read more about treatments for jaundice in our fact
sheet, Surgery and other procedures to control symptoms.
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What is steatorrhoea?
Steatorrhoea is caused by fat in stools (poo). Stools are usually
yellow or clay coloured, and can be oily, smell horrible, and are
difficult to flush down the toilet. It happens if your body can’t digest
fat in your food properly – because the pancreas isn’t producing
enough enzymes.
What support is there for problems with diet and eating?
A dietitian is a professional who provides advice about diet and
nutrition. Specialist pancreatic or oncology dietitians are experts in
diet and cancer, and can help manage your dietary symptoms and
prevent weight loss.
A dietitian will assess your symptoms around diet and eating. They
will help you make changes to your diet to help you eat as well
as possible. They will also assess whether you need pancreatic
enzyme supplements (see page 10) to help with digestion.
Finding ways to manage your dietary symptoms can help you
feel better generally. If you haven’t seen a dietitian, and you are
having problems with your diet and eating, or are losing weight,
ask your medical team or GP to refer you to one.
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What are pancreatic enzyme
supplements and how can they help?
Pancreatic enzyme supplements replace the enzymes that your
pancreas would normally produce. This is known as pancreatic
enzyme replacement therapy (PERT). They help to break down food,
and can help to manage the symptoms on page 6. Pancreatic
enzyme supplements can make a big difference to how you feel.
You should be told about pancreatic enzyme supplements by
your doctor, nurse or dietitian. If you think you have symptoms,
ask about enzyme supplements. You could even take this
booklet with you to show them.
Different types of enzyme supplements are available in the UK:
•Creon®
•Pancrease®
•Nutrizym®
•Pancrex®.
Some enzyme supplements have a number after the name – for
example, Creon 25,000. This shows the strength of the dose of
enzymes. See page 11 for more information about the dose.
Pancreatic enzyme supplements are usually prescribed as capsules,
but they are also available as granules or powder.
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All pancreatic enzyme supplements are made from pork products,
and unfortunately there is no alternative. Organisations representing
Jewish and Muslim communities have said that these treatments
are acceptable to use. Talk to your doctor if you are allergic to pork
products. Vegetarian enzymes are sold in some health food shops
and online, but they provide very low doses, are expensive and there
is no evidence to show that they work.
What does pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy involve?
The dose of pancreatic enzyme supplements that you need will
depend on your own situation. For example, any surgery you have
had, which part of your pancreas has been affected by the cancer,
other medications that you may be taking, and what you are eating.
Speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian about what dose of enzymes
to take. A normal dose to start with may be 50,000 units for a main
meal and 25,000 units for snacks or milky drinks. This can be
increased if you need to – for example, if you still have symptoms.
Most people will need to increase the amount of enzymes from this
starting dose.
This may sound like a lot of enzymes. But it’s not actually as
much as the pancreas would normally produce. For example,
during and after a small meal, the pancreas may produce more
than 720,000 units.
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The dose of enzyme supplements you need will vary, depending on
what you eat. You will need to take more enzyme supplements for
larger meals and more fatty foods, as these need more enzymes
to digest them. Don’t change what you eat to try to manage your
symptoms – for example, don’t reduce the amount of fat in your diet
if you have steathorroea (see page 8). Just make sure you take
enough enzymes for what you are eating.
Your dietitian or nurse can tell you how to work out the best dose
of enzymes. It may take a little while to find the right dose for you,
and the amount of enzymes you need may change over time.
How should I take the enzyme supplements?
It’s important that you take the enzymes properly, to make sure
they work well.
•Enzyme supplements should be taken with all meals and
snacks, as well as milky drinks – such as milky coffee.
•You should take the enzymes with the first few mouthfuls
of food.
•If you are taking more than one capsule, eating a larger
meal, or your meal lasts more than half an hour, you can
take half the capsules when you start eating, and half
during the meal.
•The enzymes work best if you take them at the beginning or
during a meal. They won’t work as well if you take them after
a meal.
•Swallow the capsules whole with a couple of sips of a
cool drink.
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•You will need more enzymes for larger meals or fatty foods
– for example, if you have takeaways, roasted or fried food,
pizzas, curries, doughnuts, pastries, puddings, oily dressings
and sauces, or food with lots of cheese or chocolate.
•Don’t store them in hot places – for example, don’t leave them
in the glove box of your car in hot weather, near radiators, in
direct sunlight, or in trouser pockets.
•Don’t worry if you forget to take your enzyme supplements.
Just take the usual dose with your next meal or snack.
•If you have been prescribed nutritional supplement
drinks (see page 18), you will need to take your enzyme
supplements with these as well.
When NOT to take enzyme supplements
•Don’t take the enzyme supplements without food or milky
drinks as they won’t be helpful.
•You don’t need to take them if you have drinks with only a
splash of milk, fruit squashes, or fizzy drinks.
•You don’t need to take enzyme supplements with small
amounts of fruit (except avocados and bananas) or dried fruit.
•You won’t need them with small amounts of vegetables
(except potatoes, beans, and pulses such as lentils).
•You don’t need them with sugary sweets – for example, jelly
babies, wine gums and fruit pastilles.
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What if I can’t swallow the capsules?
It is best to take the capsules whole as they work better this way. If
you find it difficult to swallow capsules, speak to your doctor, nurse
or dietitian – there may be smaller capsules available.
You can open them and mix the granules inside with a teaspoon of
soft, acidic food – such as apple sauce, fruit puree, jam or yoghurt.
Swallow the food straight away and wash it down with a cool drink
to rinse your mouth. Don’t chew the granules. If the granules aren’t
swallowed quickly, or they get stuck between your teeth or dentures,
they can cause mouth ulcers.
Don’t mix them with hot foods or drink as this will stop the enzymes
working. And don’t sprinkle the granules on a plate of food as the
enzymes won’t work this way, and they may affect the taste.
If you have any questions about how to take your enzyme
supplements, speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian.
You can also call our specialist nurses on our free
Support Line.
How do I know if I am taking enough enzymes?
If you are taking enough enzymes, your symptoms (see page 6)
should improve.
If you continue to have symptoms while using the enzymes, or are
losing weight, speak to your dietitian, nurse or doctor. They may
increase the dose of enzymes. They may also suggest taking a
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medicine called proton pump inhibitors (see below), or arrange
tests to check for other digestion problems. Your dietitian may also
suggest changes to your diet.
What happens if I take too many enzymes?
There is no maximum dose of enzyme supplements for people with
pancreatic cancer. Any enzymes that your body doesn’t need will
pass through you. If you think you’ve taken too many, make sure you
drink plenty of fluids, and take your enzyme supplements at your
next meal as usual. If you feel unwell, speak to your doctor or nurse.
What if the enzymes don’t help?
If your symptoms don’t improve, the most likely reason is that the
dose of enzyme supplements is too low, so the dose may need to
be increased. You may also need to change the brand or type of
enzyme supplement.
Sometimes, the enzymes don’t work because of acid from the
stomach. It’s normal for the stomach to produce acid. But too much
acid in your bowel can stop the enzyme supplements working.
Medicines called proton pump inhibitors (for example, omeprazole or
lansoprazole) or H2 antagonists (for example, ranitidine) can reduce
the amount of acid your stomach produces, and make the enzymes
more effective.
Your symptoms can also be caused by other things. If they don’t
improve, speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian.
You can also call our specialist nurses on our free Support Line
with any questions about taking enzyme supplements.
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Are there any side effects of enzyme supplements?
Some people get tummy discomfort or pain, nausea, or vomiting
when taking enzyme supplements. Less common side effects
include bloating, cramping, feeling full, and loose watery stools
(diarrhoea). You can find more information about the side effects
in the leaflet that comes with your enzyme supplements.
Some of these symptoms can also be a sign that your dose of
enzyme supplements is too low, so increasing the dose may
help. Speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian if you have any
of these symptoms.
The side effects usually settle down. Trying a different brand or type
of enzyme may help.
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Other Supplements
Vitamin and mineral supplements
If you are not digesting your food properly, you may not be getting
enough vitamins and minerals from your food. You may need to take
a vitamin and mineral supplement to help make sure you are getting
enough vitamins and minerals.
Ask your dietitian, doctor or nurse whether vitamin and mineral
supplements would be helpful. If you are taking pancreatic enzyme
supplements and you also need a vitamin and mineral supplement,
take it with a meal or snack, when you are also having the
enzyme supplement.
Nutritional supplements
If you are still losing weight or are struggling with what you’re
eating, despite trying a build-up diet and enriched food (see pages
41-43), your doctor, nurse or dietitian may recommend nutritional
supplements. These can provide extra calories (energy), protein,
vitamins and minerals.
There are different types of nutritional supplements available. They
include supplements that are milk-based, some that are similar to
juices or yoghurts, powders and soups. Try different supplements
to find one you like. For example, some people find they prefer a
savoury supplement to a sweet one.
You will need to take pancreatic enzyme supplements with
nutritional supplements. Speak to your dietitian about what dose
to take.
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Diet and surgery
There are different types of surgery for operable pancreatic cancer.
They all involve removing all or part of the pancreas.
You can read more about surgery for pancreatic cancer on
our website at www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk/surgery
How will my diet be affected by surgery?
Before surgery
The fitter you are before surgery, the better. This will help your
wounds to heal, reduce the risk of infection, and help your recovery
from the operation. It’s important that you eat as well as possible in
the weeks before your operation. If you have lost weight or you have
a poor appetite, you may find the tips on pages 41-43 helpful. This
will aim to increase the energy and protein you have in your diet.
Physical activity can also help to improve your fitness for surgery.
See page 38 for more information.
After surgery
You won’t be able to eat or drink anything for the first few hours after
surgery. How you are fed in the days following surgery will depend
on your hospital and your own situation.
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You may be able to have a few sips of water a few hours after your
operation. You will slowly start to drink and eat normally again,
starting with clear fluids such as water and squashes. You can then
try other fluids, including fruit juice, tea, coffee, milk and nutritional
supplements. Next, you can try eating softer foods that you should
chew well. Once you are managing this, you can slowly have more
normal food.
At some hospitals, you might be fed through a tube to begin with.
This is to give your digestive system time to recover, and to make
sure you are getting all the nutrients you need. You may have either
a tube that passes up your nose directly into the small intestine or
through a cut in your tummy (enteral feeding). You might be fed in
this way for a few days. Not all hospitals use feeding tubes, and it
might depend on your own situation.
Everyone will recover differently from their surgery. How quickly you
start eating and drinking again will depend on your own recovery.
You may see a dietitian after your surgery. They can provide advice
on managing any symptoms from the surgery, putting on weight, and
using pancreatic enzyme supplements. They can also give you tips
on how to eat enough and get the nutrients you need.
There are no foods which you should totally avoid after your surgery.
To begin with, you will need more energy and protein in your diet to
help you heal and recover.
Physical activity can also help with your recovery. Physiotherapists
at the hospital can provide advice about this. Read more information
on page 38.
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Diet symptoms after surgery
Having all or part of the pancreas removed will affect how well
the pancreas produces enzymes and hormones. You may need
to take pancreatic enzyme supplements (see page 10) to help you
digest food. You may also develop diabetes and need medication
to manage this (see page 32). Speak to your doctor, nurse or
dietitian about this.
You may have lost weight before or after surgery. It may take a
few months for you to start to put weight back on. Try not to lose
more weight, as this will affect how well you recover from the
operation. Even if you are overweight you should try to keep
your weight stable.
You may find that your weight becomes stable at a certain point
and you don’t put any more on. If you are having problems putting
on weight, speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian. The tips for a
build-up diet on page 41 may help with putting weight back on.
Some people find that they have a small appetite and can’t
manage big portions following surgery. This may last for several
months or be long-term. The tips on pages 40-43 may help
with this.
Some types of surgery involve removing part of your stomach.
This may mean that you feel full more quickly than before. Eating
small amounts often may help you get the nutrients you need. Try
having three small meals and three snacks a day.
You may find that some foods don’t taste the same after surgery.
Taste can take some weeks to return to normal. See page 46 for
tips on dealing with taste changes.
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If you notice your tongue has a creamy white coating, or your mouth
is sore, speak to your doctor. This could be an infection such as oral
thrush. This is common after any large operation. It can reduce your
appetite and cause taste changes.
If you are having chemotherapy after your surgery, speak to your
doctor, nurse or dietitian about any eating problems, to make sure
these don’t delay the chemotherapy.
If you have any concerns or questions about managing diet
problems after surgery, speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian.
You can also call our specialist nurses on our free
Support Line.
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Diet and inoperable
pancreatic cancer
If it’s not possible to remove your cancer with surgery (inoperable
pancreatic cancer), you may be offered other treatment. This can
help control the cancer’s growth, relieve any symptoms, and improve
how you feel generally. Preventing weight loss and improving diet
symptoms are an important part of this.
You can find more detailed information about treatments on
our website at www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk/treatment
How should I manage my diet if I have inoperable
pancreatic cancer?
If you have inoperable pancreatic cancer, keeping your weight stable
may improve how you feel and help you cope better with the cancer
and treatment. There are no foods that you should stop eating
because of the cancer.
If you are eating well and haven’t lost any weight, you can carry on
with your normal diet.
But if you have lost weight, are struggling to eat or have a poor
appetite, speak to your dietitian. They can help you manage any
symptoms (see page 6). For example, they can give you advice
about what to eat to make sure you get all the nutrients you need.
There are tips that might help with weight loss on pages 41-43.
The dietitian can also help you with pancreatic enzyme replacement
therapy (see page 10), and with diabetes if you have been
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diagnosed with this (see page 32). If you haven’t seen a specialist
pancreatic or oncology dietitian, ask to be referred to one.
Sometimes the dietitian may recommend nutritional supplements
(see page 18). They may also suggest medicine to stimulate your
appetite, such as steroids (for example, dexamethasone) or
hormonal therapy (for example, megestrol acetate). This will depend
on your own situation.
It's common for people with pancreatic cancer to lose muscle.
Gentle physical activity and eating well can help to reduce muscle
loss. Preventing muscle loss can help you have more energy,
feel better, and cope with treatment. There's information about
suitable exercises on page 38. Some research has suggested that
some omega-3 fatty acid supplements may help with muscle loss,
although other studies have found that they make no difference.
Diet and pancreatic cancer is complicated, and it’s important that you
get the right advice. Speak to your dietitian about any questions or
concerns you have.
You can also ask our specialist nurses on our free Support Line
about any questions you have about diet.
Diet and a duodenal stent
Sometimes the cancer can block the duodenum (first part of the
small intestines). If this happens, you may need to have a stent
(hollow tube) inserted. This unblocks the duodenum and allows food
to pass through. This should also relieve symptoms caused by the
blockage, such as feeling full, and feeling and being sick.
Read more about duodenal stents in our fact sheet,
Surgery and other procedures to control symptoms.
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How should I manage my diet with a duodenal stent?
After the stent has been inserted, it needs to settle into place. For the
first few days you will only be able to have liquids and very sloppy
foods. If you can manage these without being sick, you should be
able to build up to a soft diet over the next one to four weeks.
You will need to be careful about what you eat to make sure the
stent doesn’t get blocked. The following tips may help.
• Eat smaller meals but more often.
• Take your time eating, and make sure you chew your food well.
•Eat a variety of food to make sure you get enough nutrients.
•For more ideas about how to put on weight, see pages 41-43.
You will need to eat soft foods, such as:
• porridge or cereal soaked in milk
• soup (add cream, milk or cheese for extra nutrients and calories)
• minced meat and poached fish
• eggs, including boiled, poached or scrambled eggs and omelette
• fish pie, shepherd’s pie or macaroni cheese
• mashed potato (add butter, cream or cheese)
• vegetables cooked until tender with no skins or pips
• rice pudding, stewed fruit, yoghurt, mousse, custard or ice cream.
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Try to avoid foods that might block the stent. These include:
• raw or bulky vegetables, such as salads, celery and sweetcorn
• nuts and dried fruit
• fruit with a pith, such as grapefruit or oranges
• tough or gristly meat
• bread, as it expands in your stomach when it mixes with liquid.
If your stent gets blocked you will feel full and may be sick. If
this happens, contact your specialist nurse, or go to your local
accident and emergency department (A&E) if it is out of normal
hospital hours.
Speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian for more advice about what
to eat after you have had a duodenal stent put in.
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Diet and chemotherapy
Chemotherapy is one of the most common treatments for pancreatic
cancer. Some people are also offered radiotherapy along with their
chemotherapy. This is called chemoradiotherapy.
Read more about chemotherapy and the different drugs used
on our website at www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk/chemotherapy
How will chemotherapy affect my diet?
Eating well can help you to cope with chemotherapy or
chemoradiotherapy treatment. However, you may get side effects that
affect how much you are able to eat or drink.
Common chemotherapy side effects include:
• feeling and being sick (nausea and vomiting)
• loss of appetite
• taste changes
• loose watery stools (diarrhoea)
• difficulty opening your bowels (constipation).
There are ways to manage these side effects – speak to your doctor,
nurse or dietitian if you have any of them. The tips on pages 40-48
may also help.
Chemotherapy can also cause a sore mouth and mouth ulcers.
Cleaning your teeth regularly with a soft toothbrush may help. Your
doctor or nurse can give you an anti-bacterial mouthwash that
should help.
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Diabetes and pancreatic cancer
Your pancreas produces a hormone called insulin. This helps to
control the amount of sugar in your blood (your blood sugar level).
If your pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin, this can cause
diabetes. Your pancreas may not produce enough insulin if you
have pancreatic cancer, or you have had all or part of your
pancreas removed.
Diabetes is a condition where the amount of sugar in your blood is
too high. When you digest food and drink, carbohydrate is broken
down into glucose, which is a type of sugar. This passes into your
blood, and is used by the body. Normally, insulin controls the blood
sugar level. But if your pancreas doesn’t produce enough insulin,
your blood sugar level may not be properly controlled.
If your blood sugar level is too high (hyperglycaemia), you may
feel very thirsty, pass more urine, get headaches and feel tired.
Your pancreas also produces a hormone called glucagon which
also helps to control your blood sugar level. If your pancreas doesn’t
produce enough glucagon when you need it, your blood sugar
level may drop and become too low (hypoglycaemia). You may feel
hungry, shaky or sweaty.
Managing diabetes
If you are diagnosed with diabetes, you should see a doctor or
diabetes nurse for help with managing it.
It's important to get advice about diabetes that's relevant to you.
There are different types of diabetes, and information on the internet
may not be right for you, because of your pancreatic cancer.
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Speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian for advice about what to eat.
If you are well, have a good appetite and have not lost weight, you
may be told to follow a healthy, balanced diet. Diabetes UK have
information about food that you may find helpful.
If you have lost weight or are struggling to eat, the usual advice
about diet and diabetes may not be appropriate for you. You may
need more calories (energy) in your diet to help you put weight back
on (see pages 41-43). This may include eating foods that increase
your blood sugar level. Your diabetes will be managed around
this. For example, your diabetes medication may be increased
if necessary.
You may need to monitor your blood sugar level, and take tablets
or have insulin injections to stop your blood sugar level becoming
too high or too low. Diabetes UK have more information about
monitoring your blood sugar level and taking medication, including
injecting insulin. Do be aware that this information is aimed at
people who don’t have pancreatic cancer.
Diabetes and pancreatic enzyme supplements
If you are having problems digesting your food, you may have low
blood sugar levels. This is because you won’t be able to digest
and absorb sugars from your food properly. Once you start taking
enzyme supplements, your blood sugar level may start to rise
because you will start to digest your food properly again.
Speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian about this. You may need
more diabetes medication.
If you forget to take enzyme supplements with food, your blood
sugar level may drop.
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What else can affect my blood sugar level?
Some treatments for pancreatic cancer or its symptoms contain
sugar. These include some medications to relieve pain, some
chemotherapy treatments and some steroids. These may increase
your blood sugar level. Your medical team may need to monitor this.
If you have symptoms such as sickness or diarrhoea, and take
tablets for your diabetes, you might not be able to absorb the
medication properly. Speak to your doctor, nurse or dietitian if you
have these symptoms.
If you are prescribed nutritional supplements, be aware that some
of these are high in sugar. Speak to your dietitian or nurse before
taking these if you have diabetes.
Exercising can lower your blood sugar level, as your body uses the
sugar as energy. If you are fit enough to do a lot of exercise, and
have diabetes, you may need to eat more when you are exercising.
This won’t be necessary if you are just doing gentle physical activity.
Managing diabetes if you have pancreatic cancer can be difficult
and confusing. If you have any questions or concerns, speak to
your cancer nurse, dietitian, doctor or diabetes nurse.
You can also call our specialist nurses on our free Support
Line with questions about diabetes.
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The emotional impact
of diet symptoms
You may find that symptoms affecting your diet are difficult to cope
with and have a big impact on you. Food is an important part of
everyday life for many people, and eating with friends and family can
be an important social activity.
Some people may find that concerns about eating and other related
symptoms can affect their mood – for example, they may feel more
anxious or down than usual. Common concerns include worries about
losing weight, and pressure to eat more than you feel you can manage.
If you are coping with diarrhoea (loose watery stools), you may worry
about going out in case you can’t find a toilet when you need it.
Your family and friends may also find it difficult. They may worry about
you, and whether you are eating enough. But they can be a huge
support. Try talking to them about things that you might find helpful.
For example, some people need smaller meals and more snacks.
Others find that the smell of food makes them feel sick, and manage
better if family or friends do the cooking.
There are practical tips on pages 40-48 that may help you and your
family deal with the emotional impact of diet problems.
It may take some time to get used to changes in your diet. But finding
ways to manage your diet and symptoms can help you feel more in
control. If you are struggling at all, speak to your dietitian, doctor
or nurse.
Or call our specialist nurses on our free Support Line.
36
37
37
Physical activity
Being less active, as well as eating and drinking less, can lead
to loss of muscle strength and overall fitness. These are common
effects of pancreatic cancer, surgery and chemotherapy. Gentle
physical activity can help to maintain or improve your strength
and fitness. It may also help you feel better, and cope better
with treatment.
It is important to exercise within your own limits. You may find that
some days are better than others. Take it easy and only do what you
are able to. It’s a good idea to speak to your doctor or nurse before
starting any kind of exercise plan.
For most people, doing ten minutes of gentle exercise three times a
day would be suitable. This could include:
• going for a walk around the block or garden
• light housework or gardening
•sitting in a chair or lying on a bed or floor, raising your leg, and
holding it for a few seconds, before lowering it and repeating a
few times
•lifting some small weights, tins of food or bottles of water while
sitting in a chair
• walking up and down a few steps.
If you usually do a lot of exercise, you may wish to do more than
this. Don’t do any vigorous exercise without talking to your doctor or
physiotherapist first.
Even if you are in hospital, some form of physical activity can help
maintain your level of fitness. This can help you cope better once
you leave hospital.
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39
Diet tips
The following tips may help you manage different symptoms that
may affect your eating and diet.
If you have any questions about any of these tips, speak to your
doctor, nurse or dietitian.
Or you can call our specialist nurses on our free Support Line.
Some general tips
If you are having problems eating or are losing weight, the following
tips may help.
•If you can’t manage large portions, try eating little and often – for
example three small meals and three snacks a day.
•Pancreatic enzyme supplements can help improve symptoms and
may make you feel better. Don’t forget to take them when you eat,
but don’t worry if it takes time to work out the right dose for you.
•Every mouthful helps. If you feel sick or very full, have a break
and eat some more an hour or so later.
•Eating even a small amount can be a big achievement – try to set
realistic goals for yourself.
•Freeze individual portions of homemade dishes that are quick to
defrost when you do feel like eating.
•How food is presented on the plate can help it look more tempting.
•Gentle support and encouragement from family can help.
40
“I managed to get her to eat more food simply by leaving time in
between meals and snacks, and leaving snacks in front of her. I
noticed that she would go back to them to take another mouthful
from time to time.”
“I was told to eat anything that I fancied, such as chocolate,
biscuits, sweets.”
“I shopped for food for her, and baked and cooked her favourite
foods. She was eating but needed tempting now and again. It made
me feel that I could do something for her.”
Tips for a build-up diet
If you have lost weight or have a small appetite, you might need a
build-up diet to help you put weight back on. This can increase the
amount of energy (calories) and protein in your diet.
•Have high calorie foods, such as full fat milk, yoghurt and butter.
You can also enrich your food (see page 43).
•If you are eating higher fat meals, you may need to increase the
amount of enzyme supplements you take.
• Try to have a pint of full cream milk every day.
•Try to eat more foods that are high in protein, such as meat, fish,
milk, cheese, eggs, beans and lentils, nuts, and yoghurt. Try to
include protein in at least two of your meals each day.
•Try to have snacks between meals. Snacks can include sweet
things like cake, yoghurt, fruit, teacakes and malt loaf. Or you
can have savoury things like toasted crumpets, samosas, nuts,
cocktail sausages, cheese and crackers.
41
• Have a snack instead of a main meal if this is easier.
•Have a pudding once or twice a day – for example, yoghurt, ice
cream, cake, sponge pudding, fruit pie, or ready-made desserts.
•Drink about eight cups of fluids a day. Have nutritious drinks
such as milk, fruit smoothies (made with yoghurt, ice cream or
full cream milk), hot chocolate and fruit juice.
•If you find drinks fill you up at meals, it may help to have your
drinks in between your meals, rather than with them.
•Use ready meals if that’s easier. These will save you time and
energy. There is a wide range of frozen, chilled or packet ready
meals available.
•Eat what you feel like, and try not to worry about ‘normal’ meals.
It’s fine if you fancy breakfast cereal for supper, your pudding
before your main course, or soup for breakfast.
•Avoid low fat or ‘diet’ food.
•Have some fruit and vegetables every day – but don’t fill up on
these if it means you can’t eat foods that are high in energy
and protein.
42
Enriched food
Enriched food can help you get more calories and protein, without
needing to eat more food.
•Enrich milk by mixing four tablespoons of milk powder into a pint
of full cream milk. Use this enriched milk instead of ordinary milk
in tea and coffee, on cereals, in soups, to make sauces, and in
milk-based puddings.
•Add sugar, jam or honey to cereal, porridge, puddings and
hot drinks.
•Add cheese, cream, dried milk powder, lentils or pasta to soup.
•Add cheese, cream, butter, margarine, mayonnaise or salad
cream to meat, potatoes and vegetables.
• Add cream, evaporated milk or cheese to milk-based sauces.
•Add cream, custard, evaporated or condensed milk, ice cream,
honey, sugar, dried fruit, or nuts to puddings.
If you have other health problems, for example heart problems, you
may have been told in the past to reduce the amount of fat in your
diet. But if you have lost weight because of pancreatic cancer, eating
higher fat food can help you put weight on. If you’re not sure about
how much fat to eat, speak to your dietitian.
If you can’t eat a build-up diet and are still struggling with eating,
or you are still losing weight, speak to your dietitian. If you
haven’t seen a specialist dietitian, ask your doctor or nurse to
refer you to one.
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44
Tips for coping with nausea and vomiting
Feeling and being sick (nausea and vomiting) can be a symptom
of pancreatic cancer, or a side effect of some treatments, such
as chemotherapy.
•Nausea is often worse when there is nothing to line the stomach –
even eating a little dry toast may help.
• Try eating plain foods, for example, toast, bread and biscuits.
•If the smell of food makes you feel sick, avoid strong
smelling foods.
•Try eating cold foods, which smell less than cooked food.
•If the smell of food cooking makes you feel sick, ask someone to
cook for you, use ready meals, or get takeaways.
•Try sipping cold fizzy drinks between meals – it may help to let
them go flat first.
• Try salty foods, such as crisps and salted nuts.
•Try food or drink containing ginger, such as ginger ale and
ginger biscuits.
•Eat meals slowly, and try to sit upright for an hour after
you’ve eaten.
•Remember to drink plenty so that you don’t get dehydrated,
especially if you are being sick. Try to have nutritious drinks,
such as milk, milkshakes, fruit juice, smoothies and soup.
If you are having problems with feeling and being sick, speak to your
medical team. There are several anti-sickness medications available
that can help. If one type of medication doesn’t work, try a different
type, or a combination of drugs.
45
Tips for coping with taste changes
Some chemotherapy drugs can make food taste different. People
often describe it as a metallic or cardboard taste, or as if they have
cotton wool in their mouth. Food may lose its flavour and taste bland,
or you might be put off your favourite meal or drink.
Taste changes usually improve with time. You might find the following
tips helpful in the meantime.
•Eat the foods that you do like the taste of, and avoid those that
you don't. Try different foods to find some that you do like.
•Try foods that you no longer like again after a few weeks, as your
taste may have returned to normal.
•If meat tastes bitter or metallic try marinating it before cooking –
for example, in wine, barbecue sauce or sweet and sour sauce.
Cold meats may taste better served with pickle or chutney.
•If you find you can’t eat meat, other good types of protein include
fish, eggs, beans, pulses, lentils, milk, yoghurt and cheese.
•Season your food with strong flavourings, such as mustard,
herbs, pepper, spices or lemon juice.
•Sharp tasting foods such as grapefruit, lemon, and drinks such as
bitter lemon may help stimulate your taste buds, increase the flow
of saliva and get rid of any unpleasant taste in your mouth.
• Try foods that you need to chew – this will also increase saliva.
• Some people find cold or warm foods easier than hot food.
•If tea and coffee taste strange, try milky drinks, fruit juices or
fizzy drinks.
•Some people find that artificial sweeteners taste metallic – avoid
them if they do.
46
•Try to drink plenty of fluids and keep your mouth and tongue
clean. Brush your teeth regularly, and use a soft toothbrush to
clean your tongue if necessary.
•Use plastic or wooden cooking spoons, rather than metallic ones.
•Ask your doctor or nurse to check for oral thrush. This can cause
taste changes and sickness, and is usually easy to treat.
Tips for coping with a dry mouth
Some treatments for pancreatic cancer can cause a dry mouth.
• Sip drinks frequently.
• Suck ice cubes or ice lollies.
•Suck sweets or mints, or chew sugar-free chewing gum to
increase saliva.
• Make your food moist with sauces, gravy, custard or cream.
•Keep your mouth clean. Brushing your teeth before and after
meals might help.
• Use mouthwashes regularly.
• Use lip balm to soothe dry lips.
There are also some prescription products available to help with a
dry mouth. These include artificial saliva sprays (for example Saliva
Orthana® or Glandosane® sprays), saliva stimulating tablets,
and the Biotene® range of products (which include toothpaste,
mouthwash and gel). Ask your medical team whether these
might help.
If your mouth is sore, ask your doctor or nurse to check to make sure
you don’t have oral thrush. This can usually be easily treated.
47
Tips for coping with diarrhoea
Treatments such as chemotherapy can cause loose watery stools
(diarrhoea). There are treatments available for diarrhoea. Changes
to your diet may help to reduce it, but there are also other causes so
speak to your medical team about it. The following tips may help.
• Eat small, frequent meals.
• Drink plenty to replace fluids lost with diarrhoea.
• It can help to avoid spicy foods, alcohol, tea and coffee.
•It may help to avoid eating high fibre foods – although this won’t
help if you have diarrhoea as a side effect of chemotherapy. High
fibre foods include beans, wholemeal bread, brown pasta or rice,
high fibre cereals, nuts and dried fruits.
•If you have very bad diarrhoea, you may need to replace lost
salts with salty and sugary foods, isotonic sports drinks such as
Lucozade, or a rehydrating solution such as Dioralyte®.
Questions to ask your medical team
•Can I be referred to a specialist pancreatic or
oncology dietitian?
• How soon can I see a dietitian?
•Would pancreatic enzyme supplements help with my
diet symptoms?
• How do I take pancreatic enzyme supplements?
• What should I do if my symptoms don’t improve?
• Who should I ask about help with managing diabetes?
48
49
Glossary
You can find more medical words in our Medical A-Z fact sheet
on our website – www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk/publications
Bile: fluid which helps digestion. It is produced by the liver.
Bile duct: tube that carries bile from the liver to the small bowel.
Bilirubin: a yellow substance found in bile. It is the waste product
of the normal break down of old red blood cells. Jaundice develops
when there is a build-up of bilirubin in the blood.
Chemotherapy: treatment that uses anti-cancer drugs to destroy
cancer cells.
Duodenum: the first part of the small intestines.
Glucose: a sugar found in foods and drinks. Our body turns all
carbohydrates that we eat (such as starch) into glucose, and uses it
as energy.
Hormones: chemical messengers that are carried in the blood and
affect different processes in the body.
PERT: pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy, which is used if
the pancreas isn’t producing enough enzymes. It involves taking
pancreatic enzyme supplements to help to break down food.
Radiotherapy: radiotherapy uses high-energy x-rays (radiation) to
destroy cancer cells.
Stools: poo. You may also hear it called faeces or bowel motions.
50
51
Further information
and support
Pancreatic Cancer UK
Pancreatic Cancer UK is the only national charity fighting pancreatic
cancer on all fronts: support, information, campaigning and
research. We are striving for a long and good life for everyone
diagnosed with pancreatic cancer.
Support Line
We run a confidential Support Line for anyone affected by pancreatic
cancer. Our specialist nurses can provide individual information
about pancreatic cancer, treatment options and managing symptoms
and side effects. They have time to listen, answer your questions
and provide support.
Freephone 0808 801 0707 (Monday to Friday, 10am-4pm)
Email [email protected]
Information
We provide information about pancreatic cancer, treatment options,
side effects and living with pancreatic cancer. All our information is
based on the latest evidence.
Go to www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk
Download and order publications at
www.pancreaticcancer.org/publications
52
Support groups
There are pancreatic cancer support groups across the UK, where
you can meet other people affected by pancreatic cancer, share
experiences and find support.
Find your nearest support group on our website at
www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk/supportgroups
Discussion forum
Join our online discussion forum to talk to others affected by
pancreatic cancer. Members include people with pancreatic cancer
as well as family and friends. They share their experiences and tips,
and support each other.
Sign up at www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk
Other organisations
Cancer Research UK
www.cancerresearchuk.org
Helpline: 0808 800 4040 (Mon-Fri 9am-5pm)
Information for anyone affected by cancer.
Diabetes UK
www.diabetes.org.uk
Careline: 0345 123 2399 (Mon-Fri 9am-7pm)
Information on managing different types of diabetes.
Macmillan Cancer Support
www.macmillan.org.uk
Support Line: 0808 808 0000 (Mon-Fri 9am-8pm)
Provides practical, medical and financial support for anyone affected
by cancer.
53
Maggie’s
www.maggiescentres.org
Centres around the UK, and an online centre. Offer free,
comprehensive support for anyone affected by cancer.
NHS 24
www.nhs24.com
Telephone: 111 (24 hours a day, 7 days a week)
Provides health information and advice, and you can search for local
services in Scotland.
NHS Choices
www.nhs.uk
Provides information about different health conditions, living well and
care and support, and local services in England.
NHS Direct Wales
www.nhsdirect.wales.nhs.uk
Telephone: 0845 46 47 (24 hours a day, 7 days a week)
Health information in Wales, including local services.
NICan (Northern Ireland Cancer Network)
survivorship.cancerni.net
Information about services in Northern Ireland to support people
with cancer and their families.
nidirect
www.nidirect.gov.uk
Information about local services in Northern Ireland, including
health services.
54
This booklet has been produced by the Support and
Information Team at Pancreatic Cancer UK. It has been
reviewed by healthcare professionals and people affected
by pancreatic cancer.
References to the sources of information used to write this booklet
and an acknowledgement of the health professionals who reviewed
it are available on our website – www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk/diet
Pancreatic Cancer UK makes every effort to make sure that its
services provide up-to-date, unbiased and accurate information
about pancreatic cancer. We hope that this information will add to
the medical advice you have received and help you to take part in
decisions related to your treatment and care. Please do continue to
talk to your doctor, specialist nurse or other members of your care
team if you are worried about any medical issues.
Give us your feedback We hope you have found this information
helpful. If you have any comments or suggestions about this
booklet or any of our other publications please complete our
Information Feedback Form at www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk/
informationfeedback or write to the Information Manager at the
address on the back cover.
The photographs in this booklet are of people affected by pancreatic
cancer, including family members, as well as people who haven’t
been affected by pancreatic cancer.
55
Pancreatic Cancer UK
2nd floor, Camelford House
89 Albert Embankment
London SE1 7TW
Email: [email protected]
Telephone: 020 3535 7090
Website: www.pancreaticcancer.org.uk
56
Diet/August 2015
© Pancreatic Cancer UK August 2015
Review date August 2017
Pancreatic Cancer UK is a charity registered in
England and Wales, charity number 1112708.

Diet and pancreatic cancer

Transcription

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