Werking van moderne kerncentrales - Jan Leen Kloosterman, TU

Werking van moderne
kerncentrales
www.JanLeenKloosterman.nl
1
Uranium
U-238
Atoomkern met
protonen (p) en
neutronen (n)
Electronen
U-238
U-235
92 p en 146 n
92 p en 143 n
Niet splijtbaar
June 1, 2007
Goed splijtbaar
Industriedag Borssele
99,3% voorkomen
2
0,7% voorkomen
1
Uraniumverrijking
June 1, 2007
3
Industriedag Borssele
neutron
U-235
Moderator
U-238
U-239
U-235
Moderator
Np-239
Industriedag
Borssele
U-238
June 1, 2007
Pu-239
4
Pu-239
2
Energie dichtheid: equivalent van 1 gram
2500 liter
June 1, 2007
3000 kg
Industriedag Borssele
5
Componenten in reactorkern
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
6
3
Werking van een drukwaterreactor (PWR)
June 1, 2007
7
Industriedag Borssele
Veiligheid van lichtwaterreactoren (LWR)
U-235
Moderator
Doppler feedback
June 1, 2007
U-238
Moderator feedback
U-235
1)
stabiel
U-239systeem (zelfregeling)
2)
verlies vanIndustriedag
koelcapaciteit
schakelt de reactor af 8
Borssele
3)
verlies van moderatie schakelt de reactor af
Np-239
4
Nawarmte: verval splijtingsproducten
Vervalenergie [MWd]
Vervalvermogen [MW/MW]
KCB: 50.000 straalkachels
Tijd / dagen
koeling blijft noodzakelijk na afschakeling
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
9
Nawarmte: verval splijtingsproducten
Geproduceerde warmte na 0.5 dag bedraagt:
0.0047 MWd ≈ 400 MWs = 400 fps
Omschrijving
Energie ( fps )
o
Splijtstof van 100 C naar bedrijfstemp
9
o
o
Koelmiddel van 100 C naar 286 C
112
Reactorvat en constructiematerialen
43
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
10
5
Principe van meerdere barrieres
Splijtstof (tablet en bekleding)
Primair systeem (staal)
Veiligheidsomhulling
(2x beton + staal)
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
11
Splijtstofelement van een PWR
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
12
6
Belangrijke componenten in een PWR
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
13
Reactorvat PWR
12 m
4m
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
14
7
Drukhouder PWR
June 1, 2007
15
Industriedag Borssele
Stoomgenerator PWR
20 m
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
16
8
Vervanging stoomgenerator
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
17
In bedrijf zijnde commerciële vermogensreactoren in 2000
(bron: Nuclear Engineering International Handbook 2000)
Totaal vermogen: 364 GWe
57,9% Drukwaterreactor (PWR)
21,4% Kokendwaterreactor (BWR)
7,8% Gasgekoelde grafietreactor (GCR)
7,6% Zwaarwaterreactor (PHWR)
3,2% Lichtwatergekoelde grafietreactor (LWGR)
0,9% Snelle kweekreactor (FNR)
1,2% Andere reactoren
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
18
9
Werking van een BWR
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
19
Splijtstofelement BWR
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
20
10
Generaties kernreactoren
Generation I
Generation II
Commercial Power
Reactors
Advanced
LWRs
Generation IV
Evolutionary
Designs Offering
Improved
Economics
AP1000
SBWR
PBMR
HTRPM
- ABWR
- System 80+
- AP600
- EPR
- LWR-PWR, BWR
- CANDU
- VVER/RBMK
Gen I
1970
June 1, 2007
Economical
- Enhanced
1980
- Minimal
Waste
- Proliferation
Resistant
Gen III
Gen II
1960
- Highly
Safety
- Shippingport
- Dresden, Fermi I
- Magnox
1950
Generation III+
Generation III
Early Prototype
Reactors
1990
2000
2010
Gen IV
2020
2030
Industriedag Borssele
21
Defense in depth
1. Design to prevent the occurrence of events (transients) that
can result in damage to the fuel or reactor system
•
Negative feedback coefficients
•
Large safety margins
•
Reliable components and well-known materials
2. Protective systems to halt transients
•
Reactor SCRAM systems
•
Pressure relief valves
3. Mitigation systems to limit the consequences of transients
•
Emergency core cooling
•
Emergency secondary feed water systems
•
Industriedag
Borssele
Emergency electrical
systems
•
Multiple barriers to the biosphere
June 1, 2007
22
11
Defense in depth generation II
1. Design to prevent the occurrence of events (transients) that
can result in damage to the fuel or reactor system
•
Negative feedback coefficients
•
Large safety margins
•
Reliable components and well-known materials
2. Protective systems to halt transients
•
Reactor SCRAM systems
•
Pressure relief valves
3. Mitigation systems to limit the consequences of transients
•
Emergency core cooling
•
Emergency secondary feed water systems
•
Industriedag
Borssele
Emergency electrical
systems
•
Multiple barriers to the biosphere
June 1, 2007
23
Defense in depth generation III
1. Design to prevent the occurrence of events (transients) that
can result in damage to the fuel or reactor system
•
Negative feedback coefficients
•
Large safety margins
•
Reliable components and well-known materials
2. Protective systems to halt transients
•
Reactor SCRAM systems
•
Pressure relief valves
3. Mitigation systems to limit the consequences of transients
•
Emergency core cooling
•
Emergency secondary feed water systems
•
Industriedag
Borssele
Emergency electrical
systems
•
Multiple barriers to the biosphere
June 1, 2007
24
12
Defense in depth generation III+
1. Design to prevent the occurrence of events (transients) that
can result in damage to the fuel or reactor system
•
Negative feedback coefficients
•
Large safety margins
•
Reliable components and well-known materials
2. Protective systems to halt transients
•
Reactor SCRAM systems
•
Pressure relief valves
3. Mitigation systems to limit the consequences of transients
•
Emergency core cooling
•
Emergency secondary feed water systems
•
Industriedag
Borssele
Emergency electrical
systems
•
Multiple barriers to the biosphere
June 1, 2007
25
European Pressurized-water Reactor
reactorgebouw
June 1, 2007
turbinegebouw
Industriedag Borssele
4 veiligheidsgebouwen
26
4 x 100%
13
Dubbele veiligheidsomhulling
– beton –
– staal –
– beton –
bestand tegen
de inslag van
een groot
verkeersvliegtuig
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
27
Passief gekoelde ‘Core catcher’
koelwater
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
28
14
Advanced Passive PWR
1117 MWe (Westinghouse – VS)
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
29
Passieve veiligheidssystemen:
minder componenten
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
30
15
Passieve noodkoeling van
veiligheidsomhulling
June 1, 2007
31
Industriedag Borssele
Generaties BWR
gen II
June 1, 2007
gen III
gen III+
ABWR
ESBWR
Industriedag Borssele
32
16
High Temperature Reactor (HTR)
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
33
TRISO splijtstof
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
34
17
Pebble-Bed Modular Reactor
June 1, 2007
35
Industriedag Borssele
Overzicht van moderne kerncentrales
Generatie III
Type
Generatie III+
ABWR
EPR
AP1000
ESBWR
PBMR
HTR-PM
BWR
PWR
PWR
BWR
HTR
HTR
III+
III+
III+
Generatie
III
III
III+
Vermogen
1350
1600
1150
1550
165
190
VS certificatie
ja
2007
ja
2010
nee
nee
In gebruik
3
0
0
0
0
0
In aanbouw
3
1
0
0
0
0
Respijtperiode
72 uur
30 min.
72 uur
24 uur
∞
∞
Kernsmeltfrequentie (1/jaar)
2⋅10-7
1.3⋅10-6
4⋅10-7
3⋅10-8
0
0
‘core catcher’
nee
ja
<24 uur
<24 uur
onnodig
onnodig
Constructietijd (jr)
4
4
3
3
2
?
Technische levensduur (jr)
60
60
60
60
?
?
June 1, 2007
Industriedag Borssele
36
18