Musical Investigations: Peruvian Music and

Musical Investigations: Peruvian Music
and
Gheorghe Zamfir
Sky Murphy
Peruvian
Demographics
Population:
30. 38 million
Languages:
Ethnicities:
Religions:
The capital, Lima
Spanish (primary)
Quechua & Aymara
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45%
37%
15%
<1%
Amerindian
Mestizo (Mixed Amerindian and Spanish)
White
Other
Roman Catholicism
81.3%
Evangelical
12.5%
Other
3.3%
None
2.9%
Geography
Land Mass:496,200 mi²
Peru has tropical climate with both wet and dry
seasons
Peru has a range of tropical rainforests, mountain
ranges, two ocean currents (El Niño and Humboldt)
and topography variations
There is some aridity in the valleys, but is moist in the
higher elevated areas. The coastal region is a
microclimate of pure desert.
History of Peru
Current Political
System:
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Peru was once part of the Incan Empire
Conquered by Spanish Conquistador, Francisco Pizarro in
1531
Fought a war for independence from 1821-1824
Peru, along with many other Latin American countries, was
colonized by the Spanish and Portuguese. Religion was spread
to the “new world” in the form of Roman Catholicism. The
Roman Catholic Church has had a profound effect on the
historical, moral, and cultural development of Peru.
Constitutional
Republic
Culture
National identity is maintained by means of
language, religion, and music. Festivals like the
Fiesta de la Cruz and Inti Raymi show
unique practices and aspects
possesses.
Key aspects of Festivals in Peru include:
the
Food
that Peru
Music
Dance
Music and dance of the Andes
Forms of Dance:
Chujchu:
a comical dance that depicts slaves passing
out due to malaria and labor
Peru has blended a series of Spanish,
Andean, and African elements into
their music style. Music of the Andes
is mainly preserved historical music
that has been passed down from
generation to generation.
Qhapaq Ch'unchu: a dance that represents
warriors protecting the Virgin Mary as she is paraded around
town
Musical Instruments
The antaras/siku: panpipes associated with the sikuri
https://www.youtube.com/watch?
v=LIbWIWOoPso
The pinkullo: wind instrument that is similar to a flute
The guayllaquepas: trumpets made of Strombus (sea snail)
The pomatinyas: little drums made of puma skin
The Huancar/wankara: a double-headed drum used by men
The charango: a small stringed instrument that is a member of
the lute family
https://www.youtube.
com/watch?v=GiLy5gEHtQ8
Andean Musical Structure
Most Andean music has a straight two or four beat rhythm that is often with triplets or a crochet, quaverquaver rhythm (“one, two-and, one two-and”).
Huayno-written in 2/4 and is well suited to
tonalities and pentatonic scales
Crochet
minor
Quaver
Saya- fast rhythm; four beat structure with heavy accents on beats one and two, beats three and four
carry the response to the accent note
Tonada-precise metric verses that are regularly repeated, stability compared to that of the monadic
styles; typically has slower and more pulsating rhythm than other styles.
“El Condor Pasa”
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This song has been declared as Peru’s second
national anthem.
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This was originally a piece in a traditional Peruvian
zarzuela (musical play), El cóndor pasa
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Has been since arranged by composer Daniel
Alomía Robles and the American musicians, Simon
and Garfunkel. There are more than 4000 versions
and over 300 sets of lyrics.
Suggestion:
Play from [0:00-0:
35] &
[1:12-1:50]
El Condor Pasa
Musical Elements:
Polyphonic
Melodic Structure: places a bigger emphasis on
the high register; slurred
Certain verses of the melody are repetitive throughout
different voices at staggering times: soloist/melody is
originally the leader, while accompaniment is the follower,
eventually switches;places emphasis on the soloist
This is an example of the Tonada style
Gheorghe Zamfir (1941- )
Gheorghe Zamfir
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Born in Gaesti, Romania on April 6,
“If you have God, Allah, in your heart and
1941
in your mind, you receive inspiration
Began playing pan flute at the age of immediately and then you write as fast as
14
a speeding car.”
Proclaimed as the “King of the Pan
Flute”
Studied at the Bucharest Academy of
Music, then at the Bucharest
Conservatory
Conducted the "Ciocarlia" (Skylark)
Folk Ensemble in Bucharest in 1969
Expanded the traditional Romanian
20-piped pan flute to 22, 25, 28, and
30 for higher range
By loosening and tightening his
embouchure, Zamfir can obtain as
many as nine tones from each pipe
His main influence is God
Side Note:In 2008, Zamfir released
an album titled the Spirit of the Andes
in which he did several new
compositions and even an
arrangement of “El Condor Pasa”
Prominent Works
Gheorghe Zamfir has worked on soundtracks for movies and shows like Kill Bill,
Picnic at a Hanging Rock, and Once Upon a Time in America.
“the Lonely Shepherd”
Suggestion:
play from 0:
00-2:17
Gheorghe is the featured soloist; orchestrated by James Last.
Clearer Version: Kill Bill Soundtrack
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1qsgBF7ZIsk
“the Lonely Shepherd”
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Key of D minor
Solo on the Pan flute
Ballad, melancholy
accompaniment composed mainly
of brass, rhythm section and strings
(essentially a whole ensemble)
repeated verses are staggered:
accompaniment is leading,
soloist/melody is following
Soloist frequently uses eighth-note
and quarter-note triplets; plays
vibrato on the
Differences between
“El Condor Pasa” and “the lonely shepherd”
articulation is staccato, light
articulation varies from tenuto to slurred
festive, jovial
melancholy, ballad like
rhythm section defines tempo
soloist defines the tempo
Similarities between
“El Condor Pasa” and “the lonely shepherd”
Primary Link: staggered repeated musical verses between melody and
accompaniment, overlap each other
Secondary Link: the melodic material and/or solo lies within instruments with
the higher register, in this case, the pan flute
Works Cited
http://www.peru.travel/about-peru/peruvian-identity/culture.aspx
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dyVNi9LKfA
http://www.mapsopensource.com/peru-map.html
http://hexagontravel.co.uk/journeys/mountain-lodges-of-peru-2/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peruvian_War_of_Independence
http://www.cruzdelsur.com.peru
http://www.inkastravelservice.com/en/tour/cusco-inti-raymi-04-days-03-nights-city-tour-inti-raymi-sacred-valley-incas-machu-picchu
http://www.metmuseum.org/about-the-museum/now-at-the-met/features/2010/curator-interview-armadilloshell-charango-or-jarana
http://www.machupicchu.org/peruvian_music.htm
Works Cited cont.
http://www.allmusic.com/artist/gheorghe-zamfir-mn0000694325/biography
http://abduzeedo.com/beautiful-tarantino-movie-posters
https://musescore.com/user/38408/scores/1017136
http://www.todayszaman.com/arts-culture_gheorghe-zamfir-touring-turkish-cities-with-musical-celebration-of-valentines-day_271145.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LIbWIWOoPso
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GiLy5gEHtQ8
http://www.guitarrachilena.cl/huayno.php
http://www.guitarrachilena.cl/tonada.php