Syrtcdr.qt CL|l|.LSt

(l|tar|'7
Syrtcdr.qt
to
CL|l|.LSt -Ldb'fqtotlr{l)
r,| 8d€d.(WO*Om.tL
I
In o(kr lo obni!
Ni(@
hddqrit idoPHEc&dn
s
Thit tohniqE b ndcd
2OlO'o
6r tIE f6! tin
.
6 @dd. tus&@ni@ of B.EnDq|nlE ty n6is a.lliqE rs u.d-
DhB. Poitt
u.ahcr lo*
wOwS sl-8.1 rxrnod
IE
ryoricd
T1F @po.iti@ Br!.PhFqroD E
by
Nair
l. .l
stt66iad
bv
i lt e of
lhuid o.ni. 6r quiok Dixing of rcquiEd n t llh @Potunts al.tooic l*L niis
Finng ptovidcd { oppodrity br dift|lnl i6 ro hodogmi4 Md nininiE dEi'
diFeMr qFigi.s in . *sy @lletircly to &hid. mc phae it FLlirclv lw
The nost ihoonatt
tutG
LhpqitE.
11llso hclp.d to
An mprs to
6Fd6iu
inrdi.blr L!d
!o
of lnis low ta$F
mE
svnmdG
ichi4. pdiiclc aiz qith {Fos:t uifom distritrtion.
h@iM
h$ftriic
plnii! fomstioi
of
sl $l {d
oo'pFcipibdod nethods
@mpon nt!
lik cP.rq'tF O,dd
by
sldull
s"tl b'a
*hicn m udesiEb!.. To 3vtth*it U. me.i.l !t Etdiwlv lows teBpaitle {d
shofi t@e new t .hnhE &d nEthodolog 16 lppli.d h v6 objcni* to
BaFo,Ol
ft it s nc*{y
to
.|Mllh. itlai.l !hol.
l00CC for
.fici4y of r*lDN for dditld ph,e trd p(irvn'
In d&r b otq!@ rh. tvndEis di6cuhG! ..d ir|q$ d"6ci6cv o'
*p'eipiElio. bd.d siDply lh! !p!'!4b.olid sB b rung' lhc dift@l
€ciim tiG fd lh. slf.lssbtv of SRS'R' bh.t! of thc MrvF siturN
(BaFq:OD). !- F.rOl tFaor F.]O. sd BlFopr e tbr b8ic buildi4 bl@*r fd
inpmw eFgJ
.d
riD.
7lJ- S.|I-4eoblY ofSRSrR' blo.lt!
Bf', F.* sd olvhich d6t bc er_
@ting l!Fp. tue in slittbLtin' WOWS
B.f.DOD fods bt Elcdng bixnno of
bl6k |t lD.cific
$l gll n?thod is nohl alpr4h it shich ptlh.ditr8 uatMr dot dlt doumg'd
lr!.fonn rioof i .dcditla@pomntsb{t.l5oh.lpd10ilniai'lhe$lf@6blv
ol &.ir.d bl6k. lt E pGtibL th@dt dis !P!@t d{t eu.os@blv Eltlid of
ss.mbled to
S
sd
R
thlek s dd. 6id by sinS tL
sflrc!!.l dio$d show th. diftG inr.d.did.
fomins
pFh'lline
buldite
codilitu
FolloPing
blcb tnich @dcr' d
rn.t 9cific libc
ttd|li 5tein @$on/. Ditrt !t buiBilg bbrr
dir nct$t
M-tF hooftrit !E cidt Bt,.Pufcpr Eq!i6 $m 'xsa
of
9l
n€dcd for
G.hniqu' H.E Sols.l ir dEn
fom i.,
'.d
.xpl.iN $. @mpld mrdiE ofB! &rit
WO\VS
E Kn.
Folldhg figw
B
A
9
J_
{4N
FiguF 7.l: Sa@uBl ep@rnalion of
B.f.rOD with hrmcdirtes blockr hd
diFoGnl !iLs
hs cr4lahcd tE limpl. P'slde ldoPd in wows sol'
g.l m.6od. The @bin.d cftct of p&h.{ing oneccd th. @iioi p@$ oi
diftBr irr.d.dirtc @Dondls ii s@t r mv ttd @!lcE Eafmtltio ton
Fir{E (!is.
7.2)
8.lqroDto lbF.uODo b. &bi.v.n.
95
Crrpliolv tos cnd
of
Wolry$Sol{el tydn6b
fiSW t.2: SinpL s'rlbdis Ptlce
A[
Aldrich),
of WOWS
!.ttod
sl-8d n'inod
.d ct@i6L utd rw of.rdticll gE& (Ms'r &d Signa
Sit@ !o mrer suo.rd B us.d $ s6 l@ WOWS (With Ot
5nr3
walcl Sur6.l!rt), FigE (7.2) bs .xphitud lh. sv hBis
P@dE
uP ro
cnd
For
rcl! givd mm s AA- AAr A'r{' AAr' Alc od
AAJ for PH.o, 0.2, 04 0 6, 0 s md l 0 rca@tivcE After moling tl 965+5'c
for th@ hourr Sru.tdl ck li.rt (dc {d &) dd ntgn'lic Dopcni6 Bs
id.ntilidion of sples,
sudi.d ed
they
.!.lF.d.
?.2- Structurrl
sn.lFi3
ndqi.L )(RD sd SEM wG led l(RD
hs cxpllin d lhc stroctunl EhEd pdn E s ed pditv of F pecd hltdial vl'ile
d v'li 6
sEM .xpl.in d i$. $!64 ndpholoSv of Fnicl's, th'i! disdibulion
For str@tml
@lris
of pnFEd
%
?.2.r- )(RD
XRD
*iv.Ldgrh
!rtd!'
of.ll
I
Ba, ,PtrFq,O
rh.
spks ws
&o?
66
o
to
i(I
b, Bio8 Rrdittid clKd of
7l) did lot d.:L..t / show Dv inpqlv
, (x- O,O, 0.2, 0.4 0.6, 0.8 sd L0) d shom b.lo*
=l,t4O6A. Figw (Fig.
Ft
in
ft-i=,*
i,0oo
L!-J-.t*-*tJ-t*
',
ElJhF.uOD@Po'iri6 lint'Ed !i
phe
for l,)c hM s}nthei4d tv wows sol4.l n'lhod No iitE9
FisuE 7,3;
965451]
*"'
bdd.d
{s
)(RD
Fnss
of
d.t€ted. Alnon lo(l% Duirv
w
ehi.vcd
cftrh !bov. 3h4.d thll hcltiDg !t 200+20 c @Drinuo6lv Dp lo dry wa
$rtrcid fq mpLL stlctual gt!*lh. lt plvidcd @ud '@te' io dieEnt
@to s &r th.t @npkliod n llct t!+4riv. Pdt'cuta iiE $b6iiinim of Pb
wG a slpplcnd ro.nnd@ gorrlt PG* in dsht uv Stiding % hclptul lor
gro*tt ous
borier homogcnhdiot! uifod distib ion of odgJ dd ndt@l
i6pdv.! phssc purity. It vs not Pdiblc in c!+Ecipibdon n'lhod b€caus' lh@
spl6 *@ pFplJtd d t@m tdnPnnF Th. $!r.g/ tul w itvolved i' el-gcl
s wll a
r@bniq* w$ sufiicicm ase, ed tN mpLdd of dif'Ml d'iioN
rdsfomltim inlo djfEFd dporcnE d $Ebl@lc Atl the @oditio6
vd 6vodbl. for dc $ll.4mblv of SRS h bl6kr |t $.6dr6
wilcn kb.ii6 of diffsal @liom rc nnnftd, ch3noos of <Lv'loping
sftss ed <tistonid l@ minimiz.d A! s 6utt rc inpuit gctk wa detc'E l
Ditrobe in i@ic ndii of Pb erd B! {$ @t isnoobb hms irs dgnind' }a
lnen
91
s.ll. hi subltitrdiod g@itd tltg dd dit rli6 de to ehich lFl ru
[email protected] d Thh s.ll @bi of bor / .nagv h iais of int Dtl sltlg ud
.bsrt d in tbc ptlso
dislortioc 6n.lly
wdc
e sltl ii tuirud!
of 200I2qC Ar lh. lnd rha*
rhlt )aRD r@litc
vs
untbla to
v[ilrios
@td {rd
(s
Fig
clds ftlv vd 004E1-0t57, 0O'
s27-r029 ..d &r aa60hlq:orri JCPD ddhi,g dld3 w 00{a l_l!, .trd m'
0l?.0660. Th.s Dat! }w ds drI.h.d ..d itdsid bv aing 'cnsk ell' $frwe
Di{i.rcnl sltu$dl o'@d.s lik hltie trmlr.G &d voluE. of uit €U wc
crlculalcd fon lhi! $ftwd, Tl"F XRD fig@ drM rs ind*d bv Dsirg'check
7.3).
Rca&d
Ek re dr.hld
wilt
ell efiwe'. tlc@ ttcfornrrion tior
7.2.2-
Struchr.l
Pb
*s
of
00,
i5
lowa tha (l l4) Fniculslv for
inr.'sitics of (107) 6td (l14) lor
itcr&d
hids vd@ of x'
6r r{.8 wB tht low'g @ Pak
Ar.o &d AAto *@ !tno51ldc h@v'r P€3r
0,4 0.6 ud O.8 Pdk
boaddins ws
BdFqrOs to PbFctrOD wc obEin'd
uri.do!!
Pdl inr.isiry
*h.F
,'CPD
i
cNitv
tlt
Dall but Flti
in AAro A!
substilrliod of Lad incr4e'n (2d) al$
ltd
tt hjglF
v.ls of (.?O. iducdd in crvtlltiE iiz. iw 4?m to 23nn va ohub&d tdn
B
aAooto A&6 i. rnjt gb*lh t si.t n d ftdu.d Fd A}{t Pclk:s intcsitv
d.cF!i.d bur bod.diie w ircM!.d s ! BDh gai! s4 ircE4d tm 23m lo
gM&r ioiic
42m. b c.s. ofAAh crvstalit siz. olhitud ws Jom it 16 tlu lo
ddji ofPbt' ion (1.76A). M.xioM !Ei.3n! 5Om vs obtlin'd I vG Eporltd
lh.t ldnidv6 of rcnnu&ciic ond.. lit PtO, Siq tld aLO, 6ullv 6t!it thc
h.xdrditc 8rcvrh plus lrde Fm.rd (d) tnd (') a@ dso chescd
@tdbsty whi.n tm EdEd li! vd@ of @it eI s sbM in (Fis 74)
'!
Th.s f,.ll dt €[5 lidihd lhc tu t83!orhtio' wi6in p{iicks du[8 ctvslrl
inc@d
in
@
of Diin
grc*ah P@ss whi.h lcd to
did noi
oilbinad
inis
mlld gni6r:r'
Xiav d.Nitv (pJ [email protected] tom 5 27slc# to J 48 g/om' fron sePlc AA00
[ w6 baw of hisl'?' dsitt
@bar.o ud sa=1.0) to AA, o (Pb-l o &d B!={-o)
dlan Br (l tl8td61 .!d btga sizt of Pt io'5 It *4 cle
offt
01.34
Ym1
( p.) tlso iicaEd n@ 2 22 g/cni lo 4 1? g/mr ' Ii
dcvcloFd
confim.d lhat posity will r.dM, h orn r md poF tduc'd Snucnrc
*s @mprct Md r.d8rio! in volMc ws obtoin d crvstallit' si& (D) of sples
obt ircd *.s in ih. m8e of 47lo tEnm
noLd L.ll.r bulk <kcitv
98
:
ara
!
316
9or
Fi8@
Ttblc ?-lr
7.4r
vol6e Fdu.ld 8
L.!ic. @.n rt (4.),
Pb
' ioN @*oh'tio itu|@d
vdw ofbii c.I ( /I
TlHrdicd dq$ity (A).!d Bdr
{A)
dctdry
Crvc'Iin tiz'
(D
)
(rJ ofB.,"rLFqortttc'lorLEd
v(A)
5.27
2.22
5.\2
3_91
6n,934
5.42
4.ll
23.18
695-3r8
5,45
4.31
5,9t
8.t7
69(.114
48
5.52
4.t6
5.91
21.18
692.t19
58
5.48
4.11
5.91
2t,19
701.96t
5.90
21.t9
700,t46
t.89
21.t9
5,X'
?.2.1 Sculln8
d4t o!
oicrdcoPv (SEM)
49
rdlvd!
Mioogophs (Fig, 7.5) hNc .xPhjn d thc at$cc floipholo8v of dtc
h'd chdgcd tlF
@oDositid. I !ho*!d li61 subtiMioo of k rt id DL" of bsih
b' sn *n c sori'
sdpholo8/. FM AA.o odiom b.x4on t ldudc clt
dE d tikt stu16 & tlso 6@ & Pbt $bcdn'ioo imsstd uP lo Pb = 06
q lrtlcluld Fducd ed sd lik' notpholo$/ ws
(A-Aot) hMgo.l
F.nkt6
impdcd ln AA.r 168 / sbo€tr lik'
snEtrd @E d*clo!.d ln AAr0.lon8.ted phtcLt likt Dto' stlcnE with
ditrs siz md din6ioB o b. obwcd FM SEM oicDgtllh! it B
d.veloD.d.
Ddilictlio
slighlly chdgcd or
I
ont chiigcd dB roQholory b{t ako d*lopcd
or ttdrfom.d difr.sfi filp.r lik the!4 wiF, blding 3hct tr le.fnd plaLl.r lit
llm i.@nGs. h hair tul Pb" ohrtiniG hld {hr*d lh. cDsni:ild
@clnd.d th't l.rd suh6ritujon
nor
siiEnrs .nd ih.L go*lh h.d diftuat 6nddm ed syh- T1@
diftar moiphobgns iinErd 6. Ford66 In lt F*!t cts., ddDhotog/ i3
r.(|ly di&nfi a @!.td b r[a !tr?.d !y t* @g-ipil,Iid 6.d.d. Altlod
pleta lik6 s!.nc e d.rcloo.d ann v6y L$ tnilld Eft..s ollhe 3hrF
e ohsed i! cl.ctic.l uil a{!ab FlFli.3 .lto,
F..A
Ncw
Fig@ ?.5: SEM
ri@rt
(IVOWS)
I'lB
tdhod. All
otB.rJLFqrO't (r{.0 -
ePL.
rcG !int6!d
100
tldBizd hv Sol lcl
.! 965+5! &r 3 bo6
1.0)
D.Bificrtid irc@d widi hld lubditdio rhich .ff*i.d rh. top.niA
liL Edultim i! 3!utr.l Fm.r.B &d 6 otta t rd iftd!.d dD m.8rdc
T.l Mrgn
lic Pmpertie.
Htstceis l@F
of
B.rJb,FqrOD @roritid
Malnctomcilr ws usn .t @D icnDcnlln to
ncae
{w! h (FU 7 6) h.lov.
!s PoFd4
i5
AA
E
FigEr,6: Htc.cis
kops
ofB.'.tb"Fq:or (x{ 0ro
1.0)
5v!tth6i2.d hv so!
c.l
D.rnod
s.d. qed hpgli.d
xdis
q (+loto.
to
101
- tBo.) ed
Y{ir
B ( +l
t io_lttc)
7.3.l-A..lyri! of dryn.ti. DrolEnh,
I ltrddgDtb rurgid ud tu st!.td
Brl.uOD ir
bl@kr. R bl@k conllim Bs" ios.
Pf
coBbb of
SRSTR1
iois @ Soidt io EpL@ tlEs ios. R bldk
bityluld.l l.tie ril6). IM iN e @md.d by td
io6, Six of twclrc iM ioB Fr uit 6ll rt! bced in l2K sih< Tni! silc li6.t d.
boudry b.rrs s !d R bl*ki, 2b $b-larie p@s !rM8 iit turid *idr
l2t siEs 1fn sd 2! sb-lrtiB *hich @l!in iM i@ &d rlFy b.long to Aiel
blaL Mlsbu iFcrr ulyrt lhowd ltll l2K eLbni€ 3it , e dsgly
.ls
conniB 2b (triaonrl
l2K (sph lp) sb-Lnie ha
!t
iB iit!6.ti@
on.nuion i|:tdrio6 wnh 4l".Dd 4i, (3pin
liti
dM)
2b (!pin up)
du. lo
ilo.g ridr
F.'ioB. lxrb
u .&div! Fh vhc! iomigncdc dop.d w \ed. A@dh8
to 1t v&ioB sFlrni.6 of B!-fttriE @tih!. rosrnr !.dFnt!F ei$r.p,
snffi K lE cdtib{rion @6 too l2K .rd 2b !ia3 rvhid dhh F.} ic.
Bf ioE 0.371) of hdl idic ndii std EPt .td by lt4. ioli ndn ltn
inlcFclios phy.d
i6!
(1.761)
h.w
kls
oobility 6.n oths ho!. Thjt $bsillli@ dilnltbt ll&
bdpbolog/ of 8ni! 6iq nio ud rh.ir SDrrh a Gpdld
lir.st B'qrn. & . BIt vri.lm i! crl6s. i.t4rri6 F '- (i
h diEcElr
-r.* rt6
*na disrbcd S. 8p*rb i@hbi!4,
dificEit noipholoo' (s EEM DlFlgphs) q h. oht iFd Suh nqP[do&
qh.n .xp6.d to ltplicd tllnaic 6.ld ! qlLd dmir. TIE &mins htrc
Dl@
suhdinrnoi of DodbrgtEtc dopor
difFmt Nchdim f6 cnds/ mininizltionr.
Led subdinni@ *s Btodiblc of ttdta& of $ch
*t6/. Th..ft.t
of
Ib 3lhsin|iid 6
Go.osibl. for d.c6irg dE &ieftpy .n6/ of qdnei4d dtlitl s shM bv
gnpn Gig. ?.7). Th. grqn .rphi!.d thd @ivity ba d..Es.d 6h 5.178tO. io
$ch
osE
is sftngty
dprs.
.d by dccr$.
iD
4rivig
dml u. nE uD io Fl.0 lo.8!lr&ftric m.in qtib|to6 fot .ft.1iu .ra.itit wl! 2a afr 2b (!!) od l2k
rir.s. l2t-2b int @tiN i! vqy siriv. lo i.sFnhr Gmrgy of D.Ltri.Dr{ Pb
3ub*innim w csF6iblc for d.lEilg th. FquiEd dgldizi!8 d48v 6r
&cBi4
rd! M!!in
1.641 koc
$d rhd
domid
u.t r lh. .ppli.d fi.ld s di$u$.d it &Pb,FqkOD MPsilion
chlpq. l2k-2b i3 inpotldt for m.gictrc pbpcni.l:
ro dign
in pnvDus
102
5.0
a{5
J
r.o
3,0
Fitw
It
is
0.0 0.2 0.a 0.6
Ft oonc t)
7.?: C@tuivity
e @ptabL ed
ln @oF iro! !o
0.8
1.0
a . 6ncrim ofPb coN (x),
d$ihblc p.anEt!. fo high ddsiry eoding
n
dhr?r.
sc mpcitio
stn66iz.d by GF@ipiiirid mc6o4 tEr
rtrupr 6ll i5 &. x-0,2 rftr rbd J@t lloq d@dDg t@d B F" Borh EsioN
c suiLbk fq !!*ific /A€.i.I devi@ &bricdi6.
E!6gy plrturbrlion
*a
repoBibL ofafi.cliry ftu cxotingc int n
.td
lioi of
Cdis !d th.n hourdriB sw hF@r n
dcfining tb. Eh&.M'rr. RlltuJttr !d Min@ aa$/ p.qner ir@!s.d up io
r=1,0. This tEnd ir bnlly difl€dnl tod s@ mpoBirion tfinBiz.d by @
p@ipitaftn mcihod rh.E torh thce prct ni6 dEled at hidq v!16 of x. h
pEsnt c6. lll nagnaic pDp.rtics q.E iDDrcv.d. Itis djlfdscc b only be.@ of
chtngc ofsynthdi Ddbd.d phe puity, Surft@ Ddpholo8/.bougn cheg.d
in acb mp6itid bur d.6il h dribrEd to ioForc lnc nltrl.tic poFni6.
ion .totu F.'..O4€F.!
l0l
11
oaa
r.5
t[I
ta*
;.,
E a!.
00 02
Fis@ 7.8:
0t 0t t,
0?a
vdrrim
io
ein
00tu0.4o.oa
|t||l.|Er -(r,) od!di66.Fts Pttdwt-(r''I-,
iBllc clo6trioof
Pb@F(x)
lmae int!!l.|r@wErooGibk tuie|!e hdiru@E
DclrrrbL ro b. usd s ldD.Mr E!!nai. Ellaiil
7J.2-
't.o
F.<h!r.
ltis
S.llniio! E.g!.ttt to!
Srdion D.sBliz.lio (.lO .rF iElstd win i!.t4 h Pb concddd
s 3hom br rrph of (Fi!: ?.9). In M.tyF t!tai.l., r*'2b 3i6 e rh. dj!
@trrribo!06 toud rtulid D*r*tirdioo l2FGr dieihtul d6 firc dift.at
.rysr.llostrphic sir6 {2!' l2h 4fr, lfr 2. ed 2b); od of enict 2t 46 ltd l2t G
@t lEdnl *hilc
0|!6
e altH.tt
litca Nottntgdic doFnt ei6 grai.. i@ic
d ct t dtl dt i whisb Gult itr itroq' of Fci ol-F.* iDcri.dmrbicl illh itro4 t E4rcdc FoFli6'cr". ovs.ll lt
$bciortion in E.l{hFqrOD *s t!.toliblc 6r ifia$ of D|t!.li. Fopcnk6
IncElr ii siot lim nrgElir,lion xd 8uinm.*.8)' Flduol is etul tu di5
@id tu hid &Bity do|ding ncdh.pPlicltiot ti@ !I.h tizc b.lmo* le
ndii hr! pFGll@ M4.acy
.ia
thM 50im. Gtrii
Di.w!v. d.vi6
Bultihrr
lndic s.L!i.ls(r'rz .
ohtaind in thi. mgc i! suitlblc fo.
&d s
!.ft.Mt
104
chip
idator'
a0
-.
IJ
t.t
0.0
FigG
?.9:
vrirlior
h
0,
trnlnid
ora
0l or
D.lDciiatioo - (i/,
1.0
F . tmdoi
ofPt
adr)
td ei6 d. ido&i6 of Ptl ioot' ldtrlio
uglctirrim i!c!.d !P b F Io b .ll or|!.lic Foldd6 n'6inr ftd
1' ndltolo$/ i' du'd
.[dS.d tlrn t {.a. SEri, oic$Sta6! !to*.d 6!l !t
'({
clu.g.d ndgn*a d,B EFtLd|bttta Mdrgldcd'!ontsbigl'a i@h
ndii (til. L.it), it aod ido Ti. &e! ti!. 4fi rn 4fi d$ b rttl rltrtio
turgrridid i@Fs. (,t4ui'drii.di! !F6tE€ oo& n'o )e<' 0 to l 0 tL
nuiFd t|llt d.ii.tt by IbFqrO, s ltos b 8t'd i5 22 tG llisndv hi8na
i!2.0 tc $.ttadt @orbd &r rtFctp'tar/
Gnph of (Fis. t.9) Jbced
?.+ ELca|cil PruD.rdo
o.t
nrar,
A@ding b lt'E rnE ssv' FlFda of
'!v
G d@g!y in0ua..d bv td6i! E lhod
E"!in h6iL
'nd
o(hlr
EhLd 3dt.sis
codiric.lplicd BrkPbfll1olr ru tv!6.sid b *FttiPido idod tld
p'oFli6 e dislrd b cLFt' t. b lhc. F!9qd" !do' M ft( vai'lioor
*s bpQlitt Pbs bdue of didb cdddid D'ot6if ru dittun'd
vttixiN obs'd *w
ln P'.$!t Mtcidd m iDpuftv Phr!. m &..'ed Tb
t.
ont bR.u* of chDSG in @Po.itidr noQholog/' Fin didtitd *idt t6Der
Lmp.6!E .nd .PplLd.h{tic fi.ld TI|. @lt$ of coded{' 4d Fl&i6lid
rchds !hw.d ihr .hdricrl pbFni.3 rcG iFprov'd B @F&d b 'ts
.oDrdFn FoFnils 3 diloult
d
h c|IPr.
105
5.
?.a,1-
T.oper.tu. d.P.!dot
ReiJliviiy of pF
dc
PrcP.rdd
Nd sbPdi6@
w
o.8u.d
bv
uinr Arinai6
plol
wa dousltl
eiv6 b.ld i! sEph of (Fir'?.10) Cnpt ddlionc{t lhit @ductivitr
s Pb" ioB *.F hftduc.d (d -l/p) DlftMt gEph| |hom bl* e qphinins
stull ve.tios, Vn t lt$ ioic ttdii t{d EPLen in. slld idic ndii b&im'
stws dd
dilroni@ w@ {t v.lo!.d vhjch Eo!4d h
di&t ldh' !ii6 Tht*
6mll vrd*iN {ct! Fplt@ld by rh.s rn!tu. Obn tuto6 which ds
dribucd ro th6. v{irlid wF i6F&clic4x disldrriN Ed chdg' of
sh @Pdili@ ! CDn bv SEM nicNgnPh!
to 3lor
All lhce otibuliffi €u5.d thc SMlion id hop?ing mh!'is
doer $ 6rd@lion *s Educcd s lhom bv (Fis ?- t0) D'ct4 in ondwrivir'
io $ohili9'
incEe.d lhc Fsislilig t d ..dtdid d*a/ lt B!n'd i! d"!F*
@8nitd's
Gnpbs (Fis ? lI ro ?.13) e qpbinfu dE vtrilio in difasi
qi6 vdrio itr L.d @n@!|no. lrn aobilitv of Pt! i6 h dift! ti|.'
h 6c
@uFlcy ol F.r iG.rd !4arion of FC' iod 'le c!!5'd $'I h6ps
noDhology of
2l
20
1t
F!!
ct7
!'i6
i5
13
l!
2ll
25
lfiBTt
Figuc ? lor Arn.niB
Dlor fot
!0
\i'
diltviiv
Dd
idivttio
'63]/
b4.u5t of holping of ch{g' 6i'6 ('L't!tt
drftdlo
b.N@nF' &dFc* io* !tdlncdrll lics of tE tnucfir' Rdi$ilitv
incr.4 s the dopDt t ad inttodu*d tod !tF{ 0 to Pb-l 0'
Colduclivity in
fsit
s is
ts &.Gt*d th. g.n !.Iio 3 rcll a lbPpitrg or
Fl rd tDs atih.dd !n r, cn TlN tsistity inq€t{r bcditg lt' Ptr
iN @ff.nmdon h!5 m.d. difficult tu 6. t f?bg ctdB! to hop E rlFt F{uitld
&
sa6
Pb 5ut6liMi@
I$t. C@l&d *.16 *@ Sdor'd a di$!!s'd itr prlviN
n ]iI
cli,ot 6. r sfioidt @un of @ry ir tnLlb cb!4' sil td? orba-i"
i! dnbddffi
nor ABorbt of &tiv.li6 dr5' nlo i!.6!.d bdB' of i*t!e
ud intaml sri!g''. Ct ph dbft b.ld eqliB lt' ir@ins tt€'d of &rivllid
Is .8ef
ro
3
ia6
Fig@
7 l
t: A.lilrtioo
@il s t 6eti6
oflb ccfi{x)'
!.littliod @rS/ @nfdcd ttd Finivitt bld d$ isss'd Foll4ing
id.jle in lad
gnpn {Fi8. ?.12) [email protected] th!! niriiitv hs ilcdEd vidr
cd@nfttio! in 4h mpoaino!
LElle
in
Fie. 7.12:
Rairdvity (t)
s I foErid
107
ofPb
@(x}
R6islivity .!a mobili9 bd
oobilitr
dc!a$. Gn![
h.lo*
iN* dni6 ia whryd
Bisivny i@a!.q
!+Fll.d.!ow .ElFis.
fto'
-lr'ro'
luro'
iz,to'
0.0 0,2 oJ oa 0.3
Pb.o..l{
rrg@
?.{2-
7,13: Mobilitv
a . At&do!
t.0
6fft
co&(x)
r.tqt6cy d.porloa .. ProPsd6
tCR 64408 Err.r
of mar.rinl in tlF
B
tlqud,
!5.d
b invcniS.! 6. flqu@v d.Oa&!t F.p.ni6
dng. lootlz
to
lMttz Ctpdib^€
(C)
!d disilliid
ft.lor (D) wE ddrdld .t |w! l@Fr,r, Th.n F@(es Urc dielefic
msr,rr dd di.l*lic 16 wE qlculrr.d ftr .ll !.dpb.
Th. Ei.ri6s in diaL.tic @drtrt &d dicL.tio lN a a nnodo of
naucy @ p@Gn in rhc Snths b.loq {Fir' ?.14 ed 7.lJ) Both p.md.6 G)
md (t@O deEss.n
dh il1.l!@
in
t qldy
'Djs k
tm.l
hchiviorof a[ CtriEs
ta .,9hiNd ibis Doheisn o
$. bqsis of i .rbcid Fldi4lion. Poldtllis in f.dt6 b ltrgdlv b..sc of da
D@nc. of F." iotu o octahcd6l siica Ac..rding lo M.w, mod.l lne dielsric
FaErial likc (8.,"P!JGrOr)i'7 @nsisb of oondElins ghins epool.d bv *alr
d Fpon
d in the lite6r@.
M,sll
W.g!.r nod.l
defined gain bound4i6 nm.onducdA
(iNul.dd
hv6
ll ha qlhircd
$d Poldiztion p@s
sinil4 in nen&is i!. .leton *hdgc b.mE! f.'eFG'iN
lir.ntoE dd ir pFvi@r cblpt u thd
condDc{on
t0t
e
in dt€
tlDosr
rrd
i
FisuE ?.r4:
Di.l6ui. @!t!tt
of
dl
spk
sltlb6i2.d
bv
solgd tclhod.
x{.2 dictc.tric msrant for all comPdhion
hrd inc,.6s€d. lt 16 b6@ of Pf coedtltion wbich h6 chmscd rh?
moDhology dd ori.nhlion of gnits. lt b EpdLd in th. lii.mtw lhal dial@ttio
coBr.nt if incMles, lalgc nhbo Ff ioB Pilc up a llzin toodtiB ud lhct e
6ily loldi2.bk th4 F.t ionJ( Tt lde ti6" bdtilc F t!P6 imii.! d.
Above gnph
stos thll
d@Pi
'rt
gd.ratid of f.lM id e ryntldit t*lhod .ft.Ns th. F{!dti6' lF! n is F.vd
by 6np{ing n b @FEipilnioo &rhod roP! ..d Mv oihs tlgDh.R htv'
cls giyo im .Jahdion b. bgia v.l!. of dick Eic cl)@!!'t
RiF ed 6I lik Pb, x'{.2 (6ll), d$ in !b, ).{,6 .lbosr simila trlnd in x0.8 ed x=1.0 n4 follNins Fei- D..Eing tFnd in di.l4lric Msla,t N
b.cals of less .umbd of F." ions s kls tmb{ of Fd+ iod {ill poldi* th'rc'
alm6r iimile pbd@don Murtd in @ of F() 8 ald x- | 0 Mposniod'!r'
For other odlositi@ Ua r{.4 .nd x{.4 6 6. kad dclts ircde4
di.Lrtic onildt [email protected] it dnoll !.tu oiL. Chdg.csi6 *ihn lhbugh
,hiL dp.6iti6 had no signincsr
.nds/ chdecd s n 6 incrasd ir .sh
'I?
dift G@. Tn n cloN Io +Plii !.ld sG .lnpc gre $ di'L'tric @r$l
.trlin d w rlncl siiil!. Drfrat ioic ndii vd.n@ nhhq t d natoSm'tv
lle
Dby.d rhei
oL't.
clct$lgnclic vavs
studi.d composnim
6
by
T1E
hith
iic6ing
ulw ( . ) d6tts
the
F*t*io
dath of
ln. skin .frFtr!. B.h.vior of diclelric losi for
ditr Fnt frm compositio srtth6iz€d wilh ccPdiPiiltion
109
y2
tln
lot
ld6
(6no s ! frcrid of tlqwrct for @Psitim (Ba'
.Phre,rOD) F.Pdld ht Sol{cl nedod
H4 c@l,r.d P6fs 49q!d h @ of A,A.oed AA4, n@ Pmiqliv
al hiCI6 t!4ctr t $nib dbt dic l@ !t dult sboqld d itrcEin! tsd in o{hu
Figsrc ?.l5:
Dieletic
.onpositions, Such
t
ls
tiviry ws not
otsdd
in @mP6itim svnftsn'd bv co
Dif.r.m i@& Gd4 sq'!t ootitig of la.l i@ .Dd c@dinlrioo of F "
ios {i$ d- 6d diD.L of dimFrn ddgd in diftml dit*lio& Thu dd'loPql
jon
co€rdin.tion'! fm.d diPole of diftt il sftnglts {ih diltt'nt El4
t!q*rci6. fte .lc.t!or hoppirg bara FC'_Fcts i@ DodE6 &olhq
rcLerion.
The
Ftq,rid oh!s1651r6 *nd .5@ilrtd eith
phdomaon sllogcthd 3ho*cd ti. teh.vior Sivm in !bov'
dif&Fnt kids of
sp&. ohrgc poLrizrtion
Th. di.l4rio lo$
sis
in
@
of
O
l)
&d
O
2 dopi!8
il
thc
t!+dEv nng'
kltz Ddimum !i 8OO kIL md niiimuD .t 3 Mnz)' li @ of AAo: or
0l dopiiS ( tanlg iie 5 kHz , N .t lm UL &d tdt'd b [''inm d
3Mli2). SlrwtrE of f.nit€s o.nicuhlv tt studi.d mrositid @nbi"cd
dnhiiion6 sd irDcrfcolioE ir crF.l ltu.hr whi.h !revid.d f.lpins 60aF for
noppEg ch!4!3 (cL.tds). Who 4pliad nlqudcy 6d holping ttqucEv
(nlnhg
40
Guh!"t Pab e c.lLn tlsM Ftr rB baic'llv ga@l' dE
p.ldalion b.hind tlE.pDli.d nc|ll' I h.pF!.d ii@ ofA'o!atd A'A{:
nElch.d, dE
b
hg of
ll0
ftqwy 8!:i. dn .dioo., l|lcn Doalblog/ rd piL up lhctls rr
to .!pli.d tcqlsEv i. toidt
sdn bdrndi6 c !@ .6ctiw. T!.L
'!eoo$
diF.mr in rlF agjoc of 6dd.r.rl 3!L+ Ea.e of lt6. di&s Ec!.ni$t
ch&6 of @n.M Dntuicm b€s dinitjCE4 Eo*eE, ds. it bs @uttld
Ar hjSn
ftd.ld .! lhom io 8EP[ Gig 7 15)
As rhe pEp6r.d @t iU Po!4s !{n lic pbrqti.s e molion of ln.$
ir lo$ is uetul
Dc.ks d ris s bcew of nolio oi d@in Mus'ft. Incl*
&d lhb lo$
co
inu€d io novc
ht!ftEM
(EMI)re . Fouoqdg tso $blcs e 3h@iog 6! hdtlio( ofdr.L.tic ss$it dd
Dueia fd nininizilg aviffinn! Dolll'id de
lo
.L.toorgrctic
dicl4 i. lo$ ir dE nlqufuy E8i<6.
T&!. ?.2i Di.ldEic 6Fb!t B.r.FGDPb'oD( solsll )
Pt(x)
l00lH,
&al?,
lMtt2
0.0
29_56
3t.21
74!5
29.71
30.07
2t,61
04
70,89
10,19
0.6
t30.tD
12t,65
'E.5J
90.!t
0.E
91,x9
86.04
5E.r5
1.0
88.,O
86.83
68.06
Tlbl. ?.1 DEL.Eic
tN Bt,f.dt"On
(Sol_ gcl)
0.116
T.tSunnrry
B
dislsd h4'
B6,.Jb"Feuos synrh6ia! bv WOWS Sol4'l nothod
Bdle of pne puitv ttl psFrtics *@ it{rcvcd 6 conp6!!d t't rtc sme
mDdlioi ttdn6i2..l win opeiPibiid elhod llar slDpli'd lom 'xrt l
$@ thNsn hot tld. t .t!iq@ G lstul ii . $, lnlt dif&ql h'rgi6
lll
9@ oiri6i4d Dfa.nt ioB h.v.
6o{i @rE/ io !p ro d.t ryeitc !n* 6 cltsLlognptic rnciE of SRS'R'
bl@ri lad $bnhdd bq.6ly ct!&d dE NP6.lo6/ .!d d.d. tu ltr$fr
6F.r. Bo:t& of 6is.I E f.nn 6r..i.lt a.$rric F.9qli6 l@ inp.or.d
if * MpaE th.s wiln lnw of cepcipib!.n D.ihod Ar r : 4 in ?tEipitllia
hothod mlgn tic pbp.rti6 .hd&d (dcolwd} In WOWS Sol_8.1 r > 4 lhcv
inc@d in linlc bil sm@th My. In .leth|l Drolcni6 x > 8 rFnd lolallv .heg.d
EpdBibl. for ilidding dE inpurity
!o
l's
6rid irc|@ (.lnod.xpondrid sy) *hib i!
c8
of
vovs x:4 imEitg
on rad.
lnt 6iirs @lrs Rc ot'hit*d in di.h.tlc Fopcnie Di.l6tic @!r'!n
deelcd in mD6iitu nm & r. A, (vdi.dcd iithb mF3ilion *a $@)
butin@ofWOWS$ls.l di.leiricd|n.lt [email protected] i! abnor dl @!o3itioa'
Dicl6tic lo$ tutor M d@5.{t it c.e of 6pEipitttid ocrhod thih
corslncd !taE! o.md in @ of WOWS !.hod ald dclolic los w ircF&ed'
High &s*dvity dd lw los |E lh. @tuI Fme!'m nigh tlqu'icv
dic6w.v. lpplk liN. High lN n ostul foi d4ton $'lic iit*flaing dcvi6
!!.d
wa nigh{y
Diff.€' b.hlvid
of
dd
t*o
mFdtia! o
btlP
lh' &sig'
'dgi@
io sLct
bltior. tl* &!i!!d daie
Co.ditity i5 4 inpotb.t FdnEEr in El8tdic F fqti's; it det!t!'d
6. lp!'oFiltc @oFiliod
.nd
PEdoD.d B!-h.xafrf,iE Ir is confm.d th.I Pb $rb$ndi@
B
hrd
dl
FsPoBibh
fd
disEoPv acrgv' OF*th
stldglv afretod bv l.!d $bdin'i@ ov@ll cf'cl ofbot'\ of
is Foc sirni{'61 ii tre
d€creted th. c@ivitv sd lhis
clrMgc ofho4holos/, go*rh m@tdi&i
ofrnic$rucnft
lhs p.nndc6
N
in
dd de'qg
in
'trdt
s conp&d to th' gBpkt PI Ped viih lnc
psiN
GDrdipitlti@ E rhod- lr is @ftt for diffadt r{'ttidtiG s di!c!s'd in
spks pFF
d
vith $IOWS
n
rhod
2