docm - UOI - Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων
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m - UOI - Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων
Ελεγχόμενη θερμοπυρηνική σύντηξη Τιθασεύοντας την ενέργεια των άστρων Γ. Ν. Θρουμουλόπουλος Τομέας Αστρογεωϕυσικής Τμήμα Φυσικής, Πανεπιστήμιο Ιωαννίνων Διάλεξη Υποδοχής Φοιτητών Τμήματος Φυσικής 5 Οκτωβρίου 2015 Orismìc Plsma eÐnai èna oioneÐ oudètero aèrio fortismènwn kai oudèterwn swmatidÐwn h Fusik tou opoÐou dièpe- tai apì hlektromagnhtikèc dunameic (kai ìqi apì topi- kèc mhqanikèc sugkroÔseic). OioneÐ oudeterìthta : : To plsma teÐnei hlektrik pedÐa ni ≈ ne ≡ n ni : arijmhtik puknìthta iìntwn (arijmìc swmatidÐwn ne n : : an monda ìgkou) arijmhtik puknìthta hlektronÐwn puknìthta plsmatoc 2 na jwrakÐsei Plsma sto sÔmpan • Posostì 99 % thc orat c Ôlhc tou sÔmpantoc eÐnai se katstash plsmatoc. • Plsma: H tètarth katstash thc Ôlhc Taxinìmhsh diafìrwn tÔpwn plsmatoc 3 Jermopurhnikì plsma Astrofusik SÔnthxh sumbaÐnei sthn kentrik perioq twn strwn, p.q., sÔnthxh h Ôlh eÐnai se m1 1 41 H udrogìnou morf > −→ D 'Hlioc: kèntro tou liou, ìpou pl rwc ionismènou plsmatoc: m2 + 4 2 He + Q= Enèrgeia sto m3 + 2e +2νe + Q m c2, c = 108m/sec D m = m1 − m2 − m3 4 · 109 kgr/sec =⇒ 4 × 1026 Watt Ergast rio SÔnthxh DeuterÐou ( 2 1H 2 1H ) - TritÐou ( 3 1H ) + 31H −→ 42He (3.5 Mev) + n (14.1 Mev) 1 MeV = 106 × 1.6 × 10−19 Joule 4 Sunj kh Lawson Gia na eÐnai h paragìmenh enèrgeia apì tic antidrseic sÔnthxhc megalÔterh apì thn apaitoÔmenh gia thn jèr- mansh tou plsmatoc kai thn kluyh twn apwlei¸n lìgw aktinobolÐac kai metaforc: n τE kT ≥ 1021 m−3 sec KeV, τE : qrìnoc periorismoÔ thc (rujmìc metaforc enèrgeiac a. Magnhtikìc periorismìc kT ≈ 10 KeV enèrgeiac ∝ (3/2)nkT /τE (confinement) ) : n ≈ 1021 m−3, τE ≈ 0.1 sec b. Adraneiakìc periorismìc (SÔnthxh me n ≈ 1030 m−3, τE ≈ 10−10 sec 5 Laser ) : Magnhtikìc periorismìc se toroeid gewmetrÐa Proôpojèseic • Mèroc getai eÐnai tou apì magnhtikoÔ reÔmata dunatì magnhtik to pedÐa apì reÔmata pou • Gia ton pedÐou ja exwterik¸n plsma pou na prèpei phnÐwn, na par- dhl. autosugkrateÐtai dhmiourgoÔntai den apì apokleistik diarrèoun to Ðdio. periorismì tou plsmatoc se toroeid ge- wmetrÐa eÐnai aparaÐthth h elÐkwsh tou magnhtikoÔ pedÐou B , dhl. sunist¸seic: prèpei to B Bt thn toroeid 6 na èqei aparithta dÔo kai thn poloeid Bp . Tokamak Se èna • tokamak : h toroeid c sunist¸sa Bt pargetai apì exwterik reÔmata poloeid¸n phnÐwn, en¸ • h poloeid c sunist¸sa pì meglo toroeidèc Bp pargetai epagwgik a- rèuma pou diarrèei to Ðdio to plsma. Prìsjetec stajeropoihtikèc dunmeic exaskoÔntai me th bo jeia enìc katakìrufou pedÐou 7 Bv . To Eurwpaðkì Prìgramma SÔnthxhc 8 'Enwsh EURATOM-Ellhnik c DhmokratÐac 9 Tokamak Joint European Torus To Koinì Eurwpaðkì ( ) (a) Digramma tom c tou JET, 1982 (me ènan njrwpo sto ktw arister mèroc tou sq matoc gia sÔgkrish tou megèjouc thc mhqan c) Gewmetrik kai R0 = 2.96 m Bt = 3 − 5 T , , leitourgik qarakthristik a = 1.25 m Bp ≈ 10−1Bt 10 , , b = 2.10 m It = 4 − 6 M A To Koinì Eurwpaðkì To Tokamak (b) JET kat th dirkeia thc fshc kataskeu c tou to 1985 11 To Koinì Eurwpaðkì Tokamak(g) Trabhgmènh to 1996, aut h eureÐac gwnÐac fwtografÐa deÐqei èna teqnikì na ekteleÐ ergasÐec prostasÐac sto eswterikì toÐqwma thc mhqan c. 12 To Koinì Eurwpaðkì Tokamak (d) Qwristèc ìyeic tou eswterikoÔ thc mhqan c sth mÐa apì tic opoÐec faÐnetai to plsma kat th dirkeia miac ekfìrtishc. Apotelèsmata: Sunj kh nτE kT ≈ 1021 m−3 sec Kev Lawson: nτE kT ≥ 1021 m−3 sec Kev 13 To epìmeno b ma: ITER International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor 1. EtaÐroi: Eurwpaðk IapwnÐa, RwsÐa, 2. Skopìc: 'Enwsh (me ElbetÐa), KÐna, HPA, EpÐdeixh efiktoÔ IndÐa, Nìtia Korèa thc paragwg enèrgeiac 3. Tìpoc: Cadarache , GallÐa 4. Proôpologismìc: 5. IsqÔc sÔnthxhc: 5 × 109 500 MW IsqÔc eisìdou 6. =10 IsqÔc exìdou 14 Eur¸ sÔnthxhc gia thn AnakefalaÐwsh/1 • H elegqìmenh jermopurhnik sÔnthxh eÐnai mia po- lÔ elkustik phg enèrgeiac h opoÐa mporeÐ na ka- lÔyei, an epiteuqjeÐ, plan th mac • magnhtikì xhc, mèroc na tou Se èna magnhtikoÔ elÐkwsh tokamak pargetai apì apì h angkec tou aperiìristo qrìno. periorismì pargetai shc, apaiteÐtai • energeiakèc gia praktik Sto prèpei thc tou plsmatoc pedÐou sÔnth- periorismoÔ exwterik reÔmata. ja EpÐ- tou magnhtikìu pedÐou. elikwsh tou magnhtikoÔ pedÐou èna epagwgikì toroeidèc reÔma pou diarrèei to plsma. • Mèqri shmera èqei epiteuqjeÐ oriak autrkhc pa- ragwg enèrgeiac. • To epìmeno b ma stoqeÔei, sunergasÐac prìgramma ket perissìterhc mèsw ITER enèrgeiac tou pagkìsmiac , sthn pargwg ar- apo thn apaitoÔmenh gia thn kluyh twn energeiak¸n apwlei¸n tou pl- smatoc, gegonìc to opoÐo mporeÐ na anoÐxei to drì- mo gia thn kataskeu enìc purhnikoÔ antidrast ra sÔnthxhc. 15 AnakefalaÐwsh/2 • H kì elègqìmenh prìgramma sÔnthxh pou eÐnai ekteleÐtai xeqwristì apì tic En¸seic krat¸n mel¸n kai suntonÐzetai apì th • Stic ereunhtikèc omdec Eurwpai- twn EURATOM . pou summetèqoun sto E- jnikì Prìgramma Elegqìmenhc Jermopurhnik c SÔn- thxhc met thn sumfwnÐa 'Enwshc thc me th q¸ra mac sumperilambnetai EURATOM kai Fusik c tou PanepisthmÐou IwannÐnwn. 16 to Tm ma
