docsaxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (45), 2010 ART SCIENCE
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saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (45), 2010 ART SCIENCE
saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani #4 (45), 2010 ART SCIENCE STUDIES #4 (45), 2010 gamomcemloba `kentavri~ Tbilisi _ 2010 1 UDC(u ak) 7( 051. 2) s-364 Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti saxelovnebo mecnierebaTa Ziebani sa r e d a q c io sa b W o maia goSaZe ira demetraZe eliso erisTavi literaturuli redaqtori mariam iaSvili g a r e k a n is d iz a i n i levan dadiani d akab ad oneb a ekaterine oqropiriZe gamomcemlobis xel mZRvaneli maka vasaZe 2 #4 (45), 2010 krebulisaTvis mowodebuli masala uzrunvelyofili unda iyos Sesabamisi samecniero aparatiT. Tan unda axldes monacemebi avtoris samecniero kvalifikaciis Sesaxeb qarTul da inglisur enebze, agreTve naSromis inglisurenovani reziume. krebulis stamburi gamocema egzavneba sxvadasxva saerTaSoriso kvleviT centrs. naSromebi mogvawodeT da cnobebisaTvis mogvmarTeT: 0102, Tbilisi, daviT aRmaSeneblis gamziri #40, saqarTvelos SoTa rusTavelis Teatrisa da kinos saxelmwifo universiteti, II korpusi. tel/faqsi: +995 (32) 936 408 mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (77) 288 750 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.tafu.edu.ge Art Science Studies #4 (45), 2010 Editorial Group MAIA GOSHADZE IRA DEMETRADZE ELISO ERISTAVI Literary Editor MARIAM IASHVILI Cover Design LEVAN DADIANI Book Binding EKATERINE OKROPIRIDZE Head of Publishing House MAKA VASADZE Materials supplied for the volume should be provided with corresponding scientific appliance. Paperwork concerning author’s academic qualification and summary of work should be attached in Georgian and English languages. Printed version of the volume is sent out to various international research centers. Works should be supplied under the following contact: 0102, Tbilisi, Davit Agmashenebeli Avenue #40 Georgian Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film State University Second Block Tel/Fax: +995 (32) 936 408 Mob: +995 (95) 305 060 +995 (55) 288 750 E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.tafu.edu.ge 3 Sinaarsi k u l t u r is m e ne j m e n t i nino sanadiraZe kulturis sferos marTvis procesebis Taviseburebebi .............................7 CONTENTS C ULT UR E M AN A G E M E N T NINO SANADIRADZE Understanding of Art sector management .............................................................91 u n i v e r s i t e t i s s a d o q t o r o p r o g r a m a U N I V E R S I T Y ’ d r a m i s a d a T e a t r i s T e o r i a maka vasaZe saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ ................................................................................................16 Tamar cagareli saTeatro azri saqarTveloSi (aRorZinebis epoqis magaliTze) .....................................................................26 D R A M A A N D T H E AT R E H I S T O RY MAKA VASADZE One is supposed to say something original about a man, and in temrs of form and structure, it already implies creating something new….............................92 TAMAR TSAGARELI Theatre opinion in Georgia (According to the Renaissance epoch) .................................................................93 d r a m i s r e J i s u r a maia Sengelia amosavali movlena da siuJetis scenuri dekodirebis problema (literaturuli siuJeti. pirveli plani. scenuri (qmediTi) siuJeti. meore plani. moqmedebis motivacia.) ................................................................42 nino li partiani Teatraluri xelovneba, rogorc socio-komunikaciuri saSualeba postmodernistul epoqaSi .............................................................53 D RA M A DI R E C T IO N MAYA SENGELIA Initial event and story scenic decoding problem ................................................95 NINO LIPARTIANI Theatrical Art as a Social-communicative mean in the Post-modernist Epoch ..........................................................................96 u n i v e r s i t e t i s s a m a g i s t r o p r o g r a m a FIL M- T E L E -DRAM ATURG Y MARIAM KUKULAVA “Faces viewed in shadows” ..................................................................................97 ALEKSANDRE LORTKIPANIDZE Andrei Tarkovski - Childhood Sacrifice .................................................................98 GOGA KOBALIA Moral Anxiety of Kshishtof Kislevsky ..................................................................99 k i n o - t e l e d r a m a t u r g i a (Teoriisa da praqtikis analizi) mariam kukulava saxeebi danaxuli CrdilebSi (cota ram kasavetesis Sesaxeb)........................................................................64 aleqsandre lorTqifaniZe andrei tarkovski – bavSvobis msxverplSewirva .................................................75 goga qobalia kSiStof kislevskis moraluri mousvenroba .............................................83 U N I V E R S I T Y ’ P h . D M A P R O G R A M P R O G R A M avtorTa Sesaxeb ..................................................................................................90 4 5 kulturis menejmenti nino sanadiraZe kulturis sferos marTvis procesebis Taviseburebebi kacobriobis istoriis manZilze kultura ganviTarebis sxvadasxva etaps gadioda stiqiuridan kanonzomierebamde, axasiaTebda Cavardnebi da aRmasvla, Serwyma da gavrceleba, cvlileba da transformacia, asimilacia da konservacia, sabolood ki yovelTvis axerxebda gavlenis moxdenas sazogadoebebze. kulturis cnebaSi am SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba ara calkeuli SemoqmedebiTi aqti, aramed Semoqmedeba da SemoqmedebiTi procesi, rogorc adamianis universaluri damokidebuleba samyarosadmi, romlis meSveobiTac igi qmnis `axal samyaros~ da sakuTar Tavs. TiToeuli kultura ganumeorebeli samyaroa, romelic Tavis TavSi moicavs rogorc adamians, ise adamianTa damokidebulebas garemomcveli sinamdvilisa da sakuTari Tavisadmi. arsebobs kulturis, rogorc cnebis meore, gansxvavebuli ufro `viwro~ gansazRvreba, romelic mniSvnelovania Tanamderove kulturaze saubrisas: pirveli, _ zogadi gansazRvrebiT, kultura, _ es aris adamianis, rogorc socialuri arsebis ganmsazRvreli, aragenetikuri memkvidreobiT miRebuli socialuri gamocdilebis sistema, romelic im materialur da sulier garemos warmoqmnis da xels uwyobs adamianis Camoyalibebasa da zneobrivad amaRlebas. meore _ viwro, `dargobrivi~ gagebiT, kultura, _ es aris sazogadoebrivi cxovrebis konkretul sfero (kulturis sfero), romelic moicavs: kulturul-istoriuli memkvidreobis (samuzeumo, biblioTekuri da saarqivo masalebi, erovnuli da adgilobrivi tradiciebi, dResaswaulebi da sxv.) dacvas da gamoyenebas, mxatvrul ganaTlebasa da sabavSvo Semoqmedebas, sakoncerto moRvaweobas, dasvenebisa da garTobis organizebas, eTnografiul xelovnebas, xalxur rewvasa Tu xelosnobas, agreTve, yovelive zemoT CamoTvlilis uzrunvelmyof saqmianobis organizebasa da marTvas. dargobrivi gagebiT kulturis viwro gansazRvreba gulisxmobs kulturas, rogorc kulturis ekonomikis, 6 7 nino sanadiraZe samarTlis, dafinansebisa da fandraizingis, marTvis, informirebis, profesiuli kadrebis momzadeba-gadamzadebis, materialurteqnikuri bazis ganviTarebisa da sxvaTa erTobliobas. kulturis sferoSi moRvawe organizaciebi erTmaneTisagan gansxvavebuli uwyebrivi daqvemdebarebiT da organizaciulsamarTlebrivi formebiT gamoirCeva. magaliTad, amgvar subieqtebad SeiZleba mogvevlinos saxelmwifo, munici paluri, sazogadoebrivi organizaciebi, agreTve kerZo pirebic (SemdgomSi – kompaniebi, studiebi da sxvadasxva iuridiuli erTeulebi). kulturis sferos menejmentze saubrisas gasaTvaliswineblia Semdegi garemoebebi: kulturis sferos marTvis procesebi damokidebulia ara marto socialurkulturul konteqstze da socialur-kulturul garemoze, aramed Tavadac iZens socialur-kulturul niSan-Tvisebebs. ufro metic – yoveli iuridiuli Tu kerZo kompania droTa ganmavlobaSi sul ufro mkafiod gvevlineba kulturis sferos saqmianobis ganmsazRvreladac. kulturis sferoSi moRvawe organizaciebis saqmianoba TanamSromlobisa da urTierTgacvlis gareSe SeuZlebelia, ris gamoc xdeba partnioroba sxvadasxva biznes struqturebTan da gansxvavebuli tipis organizaciebTan, _ iqneba es sponsorobis institutis ganviTareba, qvelmoqmedeba, sazogadoebasTan urTierToba (PR) Tu sxva. amdenad, cxadi xdeba Semdegi _ kulturis sferos marTvis sakiTxebis gaanalizeba gansakuTrebul interess warmoadgens Semdeg mizezTa gamo: uwinares yovlisa, kulturis sferos marTvis arsSi zogadad menejmentis sruli speqtri moiazreba. meore, _ amgvari ganxilvis perspeqtivebi mniSvnelovania kulturis s feros a da s a q mia ni a qti v ob is s xv a s fer oeb i s urTierTTanamSromlobis SesaZleblobisa da aucileblobis garkvevisaTvis. kulturis sferos marTvis mTavari Tavisebureba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom miTiTebul sferoSi Semosavlebis miReba xdeba ara sargeblis miRebis mizniT, aramed dainteresebuli donorebis mozidvis xarjze: sponsoroba, patronaJi, qvelmoqmedeba da sxva. kulturis sferos menejmentis specifikas, rogorc wesi, `sulieri warmoebis~ Taviseburebebs ukavSireben. amgvari 8 kulturis sferos marTvis procesebis Taviseburebebi saqmianobis `produqtebi~ ara imdenad sagnobrivi xasiaTisaa, ramdenadac azrovnebis fenomenebs (aRqmas, gagebas, gancdas da sxv.) ukavSirdeba da uSualo daTvlasa da Sejamebas ar eqvemdebareba. xSirad, maTi warmoeba maT gamoyenebas emTxveva (speqtaklis, kinofilmis Cveneba, koncertze daswreba, wignis kiTxva). ufro metic, materialuri warmoebis produqtebisgan gansxvavebiT, romlebic gamoyenebis procesSi cvdeba, kulturuli faseulobebi gamoyenebisas sul ufro met Rirebulebas iZens (mag.: rac ufro metma adamianma waikiTxa esa Tu is wigni, uyura speqtakls, films, mousmina koncerts, miT ufro maRalia maTi socialuri mniSvneloba). kulturis sferos arakomerciuli xasiaTi sulac ar niSnavs, rom igi biznesisTvis mimzidveli ar aris. dReisaTvis mTel msoflioSi arakomerciuli (nonprofitable) seqtori ekonomikis erT-erTi yvelaze swrafad mzardi seqtoria. arakomerciuli sferos, sajaroobidan da socialuri mniSvnelobidan gamomdinare, mkveTrad gamoxatuli sareklamo potenciali gaaCnia, rac, Tavis mxriv, donorebs mimzidveli imijis, reputaciis, socialuri statusis formirebis da ganvrcobis saSualebas aZlves. biznesisa da kulturis urTierTTanamSromlobas sazogadoebis ganviTarebisa da gardaqmnisaTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba gaaCnia da samoqalaqo sazogadoebisTvis realizebis saSualebas warmoadgens, romlis gaTvaliswinebiTac SesaZlebelia gamovyoT kulturisa da xelovnebis zegavlenis ramdenime aspeqti Tanamedrove sazogadoebis ganviTarebaze: a) kulturis sferos uSualo gavlena ekonomikaze: _ kulturis da xelovnebis sfero qmnis konkretul samuSao adgilebs, aqvs sakuTari avtonomiuri gasaRebis bazari, gaaCnia sainvesticio potenciali, uSualo wvlili Seaqvs konkretuli regionis ekonomikis ganviTarebaSi; _ kultura da xelovneba ganaTlebis, masmediis, turizmis, garTobis industriis ganviTarebis ZiriTad wyaros warmoadgens. b) uSualo socialuri zegavlena: _ kultura da xelovneba uzrunvelyofs socialurad mniSvnelovani moRvaweobis sxvadasxva saxes, dasvenebis organizebas, pozitiurad zemoqmedebs 9 nino sanadiraZe adamianTa cnobierebaze, xels uwyobs pirovnebisa da sazogadoebis sulier ganviTarebas da SemoqmedebiTi potencialis gamovlenas; g) iribi ekonomikuri zegavlena: - kultura da xelovneba socialurad momgebiani sferoa, imdenad, ramdenadac axdenen sazogadoebis faseulobaTa, cnebaTa akumulirebasa da translirebas, romlebic komerciuli da arakomerciuli saqmianobis drosac gamoiyeneba. biznesisa da menejmentis iseTi Tanamedrove teqnologiebis arseboba, rogoricaa, reklama, sazogadoebasTan urTierToba _ PR, personalTan muSaoba, korporaciuli kulturisa da safirmo stilis Camoyalibeba, warmoudgenelia socialur-kulturuli moRvaweobis tradiciuli formebis gamoyenebis, kulturis sferos seqtorTan TanamSromlobis gareSe; d) iribi socialuri zegavlena: - kultura da xelovneba amdidrebs socialur garemos, ris Sedegadac izrdeba kulturisa da xelovnebis roli socialur komunikaciaSi, maT Soris, Tanamedrove teqnologiebis gamoyenebiT. aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, winamdebare statiis mizans warmoadgens kulturis sferos ganviTarebis dagegmvis TaviseburebaTa gamovlena. cnebaSi `kulturis sfero~ igulisxmeba sawarmoTa, dawesebulebaTa da arakomerciul organizaciaTa erToblioba, romlebic, oficialuri klasifikaciis Tanaxmad, ganekuTvneba kulturisa da xelovnebis qmnilebebis, aramaterialuri momsaxurebis mwarmoebel, saxalxo meurneobis sxvadasxva seqtors. kulturis sferos ganviTarebis dagegmva unda warmoadgendes miznobrivi orientaciisa da aucilebeli Sedegebis miRwevis, kulturis sferoSi moRvawe sxvadasxva subieqtis saqmianobis efeqturobis amaRlebis, sazogadoebisTvis kulturis sferos momsaxurebis miwodebis uzrunvelyofis mizniT gansaxorcielebel RonisZiebaTa erTobliobas. kulturis sferos menejeri zedmiwevniT unda flobdes komerciuli da arakomerciuli saqmianobis marketings, erkveodes ekonomikasa da samarTalSi da flobdes menejerisaTvis aucilebel sxva unar-Cvevebs, romleTa gamoyenebiTac unda xdebodes strategiuli dagegmareba. 10 kulturis sferos marTvis procesebis Taviseburebebi strategiuli dagegmarebis SemTxvevaSi misi zemoqmedeba gare cvlilebebze orsaxovania: grZelvadiani zemoqmedeba gulisxmobs strategiul gegmebs, moqmedeba xdeba gegmiuri ciklis gareT, realuri drois reJimSiDda ganxorcieleba aucilebelia eqvemdebarebodes erTian misias, romlis miRweva SesaZlebeli xdeba taqtikuri amocanebis gansazRvris dros. kulturis sferos strategiuli dagegmareba unda xorcieldebodes kulturis yvela qvedargisTvis da sasurvelia gamoyenebuli iqnes Semdegi kriteriumebi: kulturis sferos saerTo-ekonomikuri ganviTareba, rac ganapirobebs ekonomikuri pirobebis formirebas, romlebic, Tavis mxriv, SeZlebs uzrunvelyos kulturis sferoSi moRvawe subieqtTa momsaxurebis bazris konkurentunarianoba da maRali safinanso-ekonomikuri Sedgebi; kulturis sferos dawesebulebebisa da sawarmoebis teqnikuri aRWurvisaken mimarTuli inovaciuri ganviTareba da yvela im samecniero miRwevaTa danergva da gamoyeneba, romelic xels uwyobs efeqturobasa da momsaxurebis xarisxis amaRlebas; kulturis sferos Semadgeneli instituciebis xelSewyoba Tanamderove bazarTan da moTxovnebTan mimarTebaSi, maTi ZiriTadi ekonomikuri parametrebis Semcirebis mniSvnelovani tendenciebis gansazRvra (msgavsi instituciebia: biblioTekebi, samecniero Tu sxva kulturul-dasasvenebeli dawesebulebebi, kulturuli memkvidreobis Zeglebi da sxva). kulturis sferos dafinansebis, mxardaWerisa da ganviTarebis msoflio gamocdilebam gviCvena, rom dafinansebis meqanizmis mixedviT, arsebobs kulturis ekonomikis sami ZiriTadi ti pi: `romanuli~ ti pi (mag.: italiaSi, espaneTSi, safrangeTSi), rodesac kultura finansdeba centralizebulad, saxelmwifo saxsrebis xarjze. italiaSi kulturuli aqciebisa da xelovnebis dafinansebis ganxorcielebis ufleba aqvT mxolod samTavrobo organizaciebs an saxelmwifos ndobiT aRWurvil kerZo pirebs. 11 nino sanadiraZe `germanuli~ ti pi, rac damaxasiaTebelia germaniis federaciuli respublikisa da skandinaviis qveynebisaTvis. am SemTxvevaSi centraluri xelisuflebis mier xorcieldeba mxolod paternaluri mxardaWera, xolo saxelmwifo dafinanseba, umeteswilad, adgilobrivi biujetebidan da damoukidebeli struqturebidan Tu fondebidan warmoebs. `anglo-amerikuli~ tipi, _ saxelmwifo gvevlineba garkveuli mimarTulebebis mxardamWerad, dafinanseba ki xorcieldeba kerZo kapitalis mozidvis, maT Soris, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis xarjze. kulturis sferos marTvis Taviseburebebze saubrisas aucilebelia aRiniSnos kulturis sferos marketingis Taviseburebebic; zemoT aRniSnuli sakiTxebi ganapirobebs kulturis sferos, rogorc arakomerciuli saqmianobis, marketingis Taviseburebebs da komerciuli sferoebis tradiciuli marketingisagan gansxvavebiT sxvadasxva Srisgan Sedgeba. xSirad, arakomerciul sferoSi, gadaxdisunarianobis mqone subieqti da uSualo momxmarebeli erTi da imave pirs ar warmoadgens. magaliTad, kulturis sferos ti pur momxmareblebs ganekuTvneba sazogadoebis sxvadasxva segmenturi jgufi: bavSvebi, mozardebi, socialurad daucveli pirebi, unarSezRuduli da mzrunvelobas moklebuli sazogadoeba, veteranebi da sxv. maTTan muSaoba, ukamaToa, rom aucilebelia, magram vin anazRaurebs maTTvis gaweuli momsaxurebis safasurs? miRebuli produqtis (iqneba es speqtakli, warmodgena, gamofena, koncerti Tu sxva) safasuris nawils xSir SemTxvevaSi ixdis an mzrunveli/mSobeli, mxolod erTeul SemTxvevebSi finansdeba sabiujeto organizaciebisagan, xSir SemTxvevaSi ki msgavsi tipis RonisZiebebis gamarTva saqvelmoqmedo fondebis, donorebisa Tu sxvadasxva organizaciis patronaJiT xorciledeba. yvela zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare ki, kulturis sferos bazris Taviseburebebis Sesaxeb, SegviZlia davaskvnaT Semdegi: Tanamedrove sazogadoebaSi kulturis sferoSi, ori sxvadasxva ti pis bazari moqmedebs: momxmarebelTa bazari da donorTa bazari. sakmaod Znelia imis gansazRvra, Tu romelia maTgan 12 kulturis sferos marTvis procesebis Taviseburebebi pirveladi: jer ganisazRvreba momxmarebelTa moTxovnebi da Semdgom xdeba donorebis moZieba, Tu piriqiT – momxmareblis `SeZena~ warmoebs im donorTa interesebis uzrunvelsayofad, romlebic mzad arian gaiRon Tanxa am jgufebTan garkveuli saqmianobis Catarebis sanacvlod. • James Heilbrun - The Economics of Art and culture. 2007. • Iain Robertson - understanding international art markets and management 2005. • Derrick Chong - Art management 2006. • Armstrong Gary – marketing and art management 2007. • Phillip Kotler – marketing – introduction. 2007. • Тульчинский Г. Л. Менеджмент в сфере культуры: Издательство «Лань» 2009. • Данилец А.В. Управление культурой?// Петербургский репортер №6 2002 . 13 universitetis sadoqtoro programa dramisa da Teatris Teoria naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelis rekomendaciiT statiis stili daculia programis xelmZRvaneli _ prof. mixeil kalandariSvili 14 15 maka vasaZe doqtoranturis I kursi saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ (robert sturuas saTeatro enis formirebis sakiTxisaTvis) `adamianze raRac unda Tqva axali, da es, ukve iwvevs formis TvalsazrisiTac axlis Seqmnas...~ robert sturua _ reJisori, rusTavelis Teatris samxatvro xelmZRvaneli; maka vasaZe _ Teatrmcodne, doqtoranturis I kursi m. v. _ zemoqmedebs Tu ara Tqvenze saxelovnebo Teoriuli kvlevebi, Teoriuli naSromebi? r. s. _ albaT, raRacnairad moqmedebs, qvecnobierad raRacas maZlevs. ver vityvi, rom me Teoretikosi var, magram, jer erTi, Tu Cemzea laparaki, mainteresebs, ras xedaven garedan Cems speqtaklebSi, ras fiqroben Cems Sesaxeb, Cemi Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb da daskvnebi mec gamomaqvs. es kargia. SeiZleba zogi ram me ar Camifiqrebia ase, ar vfiqrobdi ase, davuSvaT, rogorc amas Teatrmcodne, Teoretikosi, kritikosi xedavs da mec, cota gakvirvebuli, zogjer Cafiqrebuli, raRacas viReb iqidan. es ufro filosofiur mxares exeba... axla, bolos da bolos speqtaklebis dadgma yvelam iswavla. sxvis speqtaklebze rom mivdivar, imas ki ar vuyureb mxolod, rogor aris dadgmuli, aramed mainteresebs garkveuli ideebi, Sexeduleba samyaroze, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom azrovnebis mxare ufro mainteresebs: ra unda mas (reJisors) me miTxras, ra aRmoaCina axali, ra samyaro Seqmna, romelic ase Tu ise asaxavs ZiriTad problemebs, romlebic Cven yvelas gvaRelvebs. ase vTqvaT, filosofiuri mimarTulebiT ufro mainteresebs. rasakvirvelia, es yvelaferi, gamomsaxvelobiTi da ideurSinaarsobrivi datvirTva erTmaneTTan aris dakavSirebuli... maxsovs, farajanovma Tqva, rom ara aqvs mniSvneloba ras dgam, silamaze Tu aris, is ukve TavisTavad idea ariso. me mainc 16 vTvli, rom adamianze raRac unda Tqva axali, da es, ukve iwvevs formis TvalsazrisiTac axlis Seqmnas... me mgoni, Tu SevZeli am asakSi raRac axali Sevqmna, mxolod amis wyalobiT, ai aseTi SegrZnebis wyalobiT. ase, rom es kargia rom weren, da es, me maZlevs obieqtur suraTs yvelaferze. m. v. _ me Teatrmcodneebi da kritikosebi ar migulisxmia, vgulisxmobdi sxvadasxva TeoretikosTa, filosofosTa, xelovnebaTmcodneTa, enaTmecnierTa da sxvaTa Teoriul naSromebs, romlebic ganixilaven sxvadasxva mimarTulebebs xelovnebaSi, qmnian axal Teoriebs... r. s. _ es CemTvis ufro mniSvnelovania, vidre kritikuli werilebi... m. v. _ arsebobs aseTi termini - `kinoena~, `Teatraluri, an saTeatro ena~, ram an vin moaxdina gavlena Tqveni saTeatro enis formirebis procesze? erT-erT interviuSi ambobT, rom 30 wlis asakSi naxeT germaneli reJisoris beno besonis mier dadgmuli speqtakli da am dadgmam iqonia didi gavlena Tqvens Semdgom Semoqmedebaze, aseve mixeil baxtinis Sromam fransua rableze, mogviyeviT ufro vrclad amis Sesaxeb. r. s. _ roca Sen ginda raRac aRmoaCino, ufro swored, aRmoaCino ki ara, raRac idea gaqvs... da gawuxebs, magram ar ici, rogor Seasxa mas xorci, Sen uyureb speqtaklebs, romelic xSirad ar hgavs Sens speqtaklebs, magram xedav im SesaZleblobebs, romlebic axalgazrda kacisTvis TiTqos jerjerobiT warmoudgenelia rom scenaze ganaxorcielos. ai, uyureb raRac speqtakls, magaliTad, me pirvelad besonis `mSvidoba~ vnaxe aristofanes mixedviT da iq, mivxvdi, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, ra Tavisufali palitra maqvs, ramxela SesaZleblobebi aqvs Teatrs, ramdeni ramis gakeTeba SeiZleba Turme. unda SeZlo da daamsxvrio raRaceebi, ai, rasac gvaswavlidnen, SeZlo im CarCoebidan gamosvla, romelSic Sen swavlis dros Cagayenes. amas me vgrZnobdi, magram ar mqonda amisTvis ostatoba. SemdgomSi vnaxe misi `drakoni~, isic araCveulebrivi speqtakli iyo, sxva bevri speqtaklic vnaxe iq. 10 wlis Semdeg, diuseldorfSi aRmovCndiT, erTsa da imave TeatrSi, besonma dadga iq Cexovi, magram me ar vicodi, rom misi speqtakli iyo, vuyurebdi da saSinlad ar momwonda. 17 maka vasaZe mere direqtorma miTxra, unda gagacno beno besoni, aq ra unda-Tqo _ SevekiTxe, man mi pasuxa, aq `Tolia~ dadgao. mivedi, velaparake, SevTavaze kidec, rom Camosuliyo, daedga speqtakli TbilisSi, rusTavelis TeatrSi. amas imitom vambob, rom is ukve TiTqos veRar ganviTarda. aq, bevri ar icnobs mis Semoqmedebas. ician mxolod, rom brextis mowafe iyo. m.v. besonma hainer miulerTan erTad daiwyo moRvaweoba TeatrSi, dgamda mis piesebsac. r.s. diax, erTad daiwyes da mere Caqra besonis saxeli. magram maSin, rodesac vnaxe, es iyo CemTvis didi aRmoCena, TiTqos raRac sxva sivrceSi gadamagdo am kacma Tavisi speqtaklebiT. mere ki veRar dgamda karg speqtaklebs. aman, sxvaTaSoris, Zalian damafiqra. mivxvdi kanonzomierebas, rom reJisori TeatrSi ar SeiZleba iyos didxans. bolos da bolos Seni SesaZleblobebi iwureba. SeuZlebelia, yvelafers Sens TavSi ver naxav. amitom, albaT, aris raRac garkveuli princi pebi, romlebic ar unda daiviwyo. magaliTad, vTvli, rom upirveles yovlisa, Zalian saRad unda Sexedo sakuTar SesaZleblobebs, sakuTar speqtaklebs da arasodes unda mogewonos Seni dadgmuli. Tu kargia, Sen is mTlianad unda daiviwyo. meore, _ mudmivad iyo raRac trenaJSi. vici, rom esec ar Svelis da mainc ar etyoba speqtakls, mainc raRac gadamRerebebia, raRac Stampebi. magram, Tu Cven davuSvaT, mivdivarT muzeumSi da Zalian gvixaria, Tu vcnobT visia naxati, magaliTad matisi, an rembrandti, da sul ar gvawuxebs is, rom misi xelwera erTi da igivea. anda, roca musikas usmenT da ambobT, rom es, vicani, beThovenia, mocartia an stravinski... TeatrSi ase ar amboben, TeatrSi amboben ase, _ nu, isev es aris?! iq uaryofiTad giTvlian Sens xelweras, rogorc daStampuls, amitom vfiqrob rom... Teatri TviTon Seicavs gardasaxvas. msaxiobs rodesac vuyurebT, vxedavT, rom isic adamiania, rom isic sxeulia, romelsac Cven vicnobT, magram Tu vnaxeT axali, axali ramis Seqmna, Cven gvixaria. sxva xelovnebis dargSi es ar aris aucilebeli. e. i. Cven, Teatris xalxi, cota ufro rTul mdgomareobaSi varT, vidre, davuSvaT, sxva xelovnebis dargis 18 saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ moRvaweni. magaliTad: Teatrze aravin ar ityvis, ar mesmiso. musikaze Zalian mSvidad amboben, _ kargia, vgrZnob rom kargia, genialuria, magram me ar momwons, ar mesmis. Teatrze, speqtaklze amboben ase: ar varga... ar momwons... ar ityvian ar mesmis, imitom rom TavisTavad Teatri sarkea da cxovrebaa, _ viRaca viRacas uyvars, iseTi siuJetebia, rom Sen ggonia, rom gesmis. Seecado Teatris WeSmarit (namdvil) axsnas, esec Zalian rTuli saqmea. TiTebze SeiZleba CamovTvaloT adamianebi, visac marTla SeuZlia mixvdes speqtaklis Canafiqrs, imas Tu ra aris Teatri. asevea kinoc. Tumca kinoSi aris iseTi ram, rom SegiZlia Tqva, rogorc musikalur xelovnebaze, rom cota Zneli gasagebia, ar mitacebs da a. S.. m. v _ xelwera Teatrsa da kinoSi mainc arsebobs, magaliTad o. ioselianis filmebi rom aviRoT, ramdenime kadris naxvis Semdeg, xvdebi, rom es ioselianis filmia. r. s. _ mixvdebi, rogor ar mixvdebi, ara marto imiT, Tu rogor ayenebs kadrs, aramed Seicnob azrovnebiT. m. v. _ Tqven Seqspiris 37 piesidan 17 ganaxorcieleT. 1979 wels `riCard mesame~ rusTavelis TeatrSi, `hamleti~ londonis `riversaid studiaSi~ (1986 w.) alan rikmaniT hamletis rolSi (Seqspiris sazogadoebam es dadgma, bolo 50 wlis manZilze Seqmnil 10 saukeTeso speqtakls Soris daasaxela), `mefe liri~ rusTavelis TeatrSi (1987 w.), `makbeti~ (1995 w.), 1998 wels moskovSi Teatr `satirikonSi~ _ `venecieli vaWari~, 2002 da 2006 wels orjer ganaxorcieleT `hamletis~ dadgma rusTavelis TeatrSi, 2002 wels `rogorc geneboT, anu Sobis meTormete Rame~ rusTavelSi, 2010 wels moskovSi, Teatr `Et Cetera~-Si Sedga `qariSxlis~premiera. r. s. _ modi daviTvaloT: daviwyoT qronologiurad, _ `SecdomaTa komedia~ fineTSi, nacionalur TeatrSi davdgi, erT-erTi saukeTeso Cemi speqtaklia. mere SvedeTSi `sawyauli, sawyaulis wil~; mere `hamleti~ xuTjer davdgi, orjer aq TbilisSi, erTxel moskovSi, erTxel britaneTSi, erTxel TurqeTSi, `riCard III~, `mefe liri~, `meTormete Rame, anu rogorc geneboT~, `venecieli vaWari~, `romeo da julieta~, `makbeti~, `As you laike it~ _ germaniaSi, `qariSxali~, `venecieli~ 19 maka vasaZe orjer – erTxel moskovSi, erTxel argentinaSi, `mefe liri~ aq da israelSi, `koreolani~... m. v. _ piter bruki Tavis werilSi `Seqspiri Cvens droSi~ wers: `Cven vxedavT, rom TeatrSi msaxiobebi, mxatvrebi da reJisorebi Tavs imtvreven, Zalisxmevas ar iSureben, scenebis aranJirebis problemis gadawyvetaze, maTTvis damTavrebuli formis, erTiani Tanmimdevruli stilis misacemad da ver acnobiereben, rom es problema SeiZleba sinamdvileSi arc arsebobdes. rogorc aRmosavleli brZeni, galiidan Citis amoyvanisas, taSs Semokravs da wamoiZaxebs `ai isic!~, Cvenc ukuvagdebT ra aseul tomebs, romlebSic Seqspiris mkvlevrebi daoben Seqspiris piesebis amoxsnaze, SegviZlia SemovkraT taSi da wamoviZaxoT `ai, rogori unda iyos!~1 rogoria Tqveni damokidebuleba Seqspirisadmi da Tqveni midgoma Seqspiris piesebis interpretaciisas, Tqveneuli koncefciis misadagebisas? ratom ubrundebiT xolme erTsa da imave piesas? r. s. _ zogjer vubrundebi imitom, rom daukmayofileblobis grZnoba maqvs, zogjer vimeoreb, magram zustad gameoreba mainc ar gamodis. ai, `meTormete Rame~ yvelaze metad gavimeore bulgareTSi, dekoraciac igive iyo... magram iq ufro Sevamcire scenebi, bulgarelebi iyvnen Camosulebi, naxes rusTavelSi dadgmuli `meTormete Rame~ da miTxres Cveni jobiao. vimeoreb sxvadasxva mizeziT. zogjer geZaxian da geubnebian: ai, es dadgio. magaliTad israelSi mTxoves damedga `mefe liri~. Zalian cnobili msaxiobia ioseb polaki da misTvis davdgi, magram msaxiobi ver Cajda im speqtaklSi, verc erTma msaxiobma ver SeZlo im stilis gageba. gamovida msaxioburad Zalian susti. droc ar mqonda. m. v. _ Tqven ramdenjerme ganaxorcieleT `hamletis~, Seqspiris yvelaze filosofiuri piesis, dadgma. ratom? risi Tqma gsurdaT kidev? raSi mdgomareobda axali interpretacia? axali midgoma? r. s. _ maxsovs, `hamlets~ roca vdgamdi britaneTSi, klavdiuss da mamis aCrdils TamaSobda erTi da igive msaxiobi, _ Zalian kargi, cnobili Sotlandieli msaxiobi. davamTavreT speqtakli, premiera viTamaSeT, movida CemTan da meubneba: robiko 20 saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ ai, axla, unda dagvewyo Tavidan repeticiebio, axla me mivxvdi, ra mimarTulebiT da rogor unda viTamaSo Sens speqtaklebSio... xSirad Teatrebi, sadac me manamde ar mimuSavia, Tanac Seqspirze, ver aswreben swored gaaanalizon is, rasac me maT vTavazob. rac Seexeba Tqvens mier moyvanil brukis citatas, me princi pSi ase vdgam. rasakvirvelia vkiTxulob Teatrmcodneebis interpretaciebs Seqspiris Sesaxeb... zogierTi raRacas mkarnaxobs. erTi ingliseli avtoris citata mohyavda aniqsts, rom `riCard III~, es aris, yvelaze mxiaruli tragedia. aman momca raRac garkveuli ufleba, damedga, rogorc Savi komedia; samwuxarod, albaT Zalian logikurad, aq ar icinodnen, imitom rom, is ambebi, romelic xdeba, yvelas Tavis istorias axsenebda, 1937 weli da a. S., amitom ar icinodnen. londonSi, edinburgSi rom viTamaSeT, siciliT iwyeboda speqtakli da siciliT mTavrdeboda. ramazma (ramaz CxikvaZe m. v.) miTxra antraqtSi, _ biWo Cven mgoni komedia davdgiTo. me vuTxari _ xo, mxolod Savi. Zalian kargad miiRes es Janri. jer erTi, ingliselebi iumorTan Zalian axlos arian, meorec, maTi istoria aranakleb sisxliania, vidre Cveni, magram Soreuli istoriaa. XIX_XX saukuneebSi maTi qveyana ukve demokratiisken miiswrafoda da aRar xdeboda is saSinelebebi, rac CvenTan, gasul saukuneSi. daaxloebiT ase viqcevi. me ar maxsovda es citata, Zalian sworad wers es kaci, yvelam Tavisi Citi unda amoiyvanos galiidan. m. v. _ 2010 wlis seqtemberSi, moskovis TeatrSi `Et Cetera~ Tqven dadgiT Seqspiris `qariSxali~. ruseTSi erTerTi JurnalistisTvis micemul interviuSi ambobT, rom prospero, es aris hamleti wlebis Semdeg, maSin rom ar momkvdariyo, prosperosaviT uars ityoda SurisZiebaze. me maxsendeba nekroSusis koncefcia am sakiTxTan dakavSirebiT, mis `hamletSi~, bolo scenaSi, mama gaacnobierebs ra Tavis danaSauls - misma mowodebam SurisZiebisaken Svili daRupa, `dahbRavis~ (am sityvis sruli mniSvnelobiT) Tavis Svils... es epizodi sulisSemZvrelia da arasdros gaqreba Cemi mexsierebidan. 21 maka vasaZe r. s. _ me Sevitane erTi patara, SeiZleba, didi koreqtura. me viwyeb speqtakls ase, _ prospero qariSxals moawyobs, am dros Semodis misi qaliSvili TojiniT xelSi, is piesis mixedviT daaxloebiT 13 wlisaa. gagiJdeba, igi xedavs, rom mamamisi aris magi, man ar icoda amis Sesaxeb. iwyeba dialogi maT Soris. gogona eubneba, _ mama Tqven Tu es gaakeTeT, Zalian gTxovT xalxi gadaarCineT. prospero upasuxebs: Sen nu geSinia, isini yvelani gadarCnen.Bbunebrivia,Amas ar sjera. es qariSxali Zalian kargad movifiqre, Zalian kargad aris dadgmuli... fardis gaxsnisas prospero zis savarZelSi da ver gaigeb, Tvlems Tu ara. didi TeTri oTaxia, daaxloebiT didi saxelosnos zomis. prospero cota Sors zis da kargad ar Cans, sZinavs Tu ara. gamodis arieli pirdapir paltodan, iq prosperos palto hkidia. jadosnur mosasxams rom uwodebs, ai, im mosasxamidan gamodis. win dgas boTlebi, rogorc qimiur laboratoriaSia xolme kolbebi, magram kolbebi ar davdgiT, sul erTi ori kolba, danarCeni Zalian lamazi, Txeli SuSis boTlia. am boTlebze ukravs, diriJorobs, mere midis prosperosTan, iqiT gaixedavs, dainaxavs, kalibanic fexebTan uwevs, rogorc ZaRli. prosperos xelSi raRac qaRaldi aqvs. iRebs am qaRalds frTxilad, piriT, ise, rom ar gamoaRviZos. arieli kiTxulobs. es, TiTqos, siaa imisa, Tu ra unda gaakeTos. Sexedavs kars, xels gaiSvers da kari gaiReba. iq, TiTqos SuSabandia, kari iReba da arieli wava. mere dgeba prospero, acmeven jadosnur mosasxams, es SeiZleba labadaa, garegnulad didi araferi. Cafiqrdeba da wevs xelebs maRla, zemodan Camodis patara ialqniani gemi. prospero aTvalierebs gems, Camoxsnis, uceb uSvebs xels da mTeli oTaxi gadaiqceva zRvad. prospero dgas da xels gahkravs xolme roca gemi Cerdeba. swored am dros Semodis gogona, romelic SokSia. mamamisi ki eubneba, rom xalxi ar daiRupeba. magram gogona xedavs, rom isini yvirian da iRupebian. gogona gabrazebuli da acremlebuli tovebs mamas. mama is ar aRmoCnda, vinc mas egona. raRac momentSi Semobrundeba, Cven vxedavT sisxlis laqas kabaze. stresis gamo igi pirvelad gadaiqca qalad. mama ibneva, mayurebeli xvdeba, ra rTuli iyo am gogonas 22 saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ gazrda mamisTvis. prospero mouxmobs ariels, daawvenen gogonas da prosperoc iwyebs moyolas Tu ra moxda sinamdvileSi. man unda Suri iZios da amitom moiyvana es xalxi aq. Suris SegrZneba mas uZlierdeba. m. v. _ im momentSi? r. s. _ sul, TiTqmis mTeli speqtaklis ganmavlobaSi. aris aseTi scena, _ SemoaqvT patara Tojinebi, romlebsac Camokidebs. ariels uxaria, hgonia rom raRac saTamaSoa (is qalia) da mere es Crdilebad gadadis ukan (Zalian kargi ganaTebaa!). arieli xvdeba ras apirebs prospero. misTvis es warmoudgenelia, magram konfliqts ver iwyebs, imitom rom prospero misi patronia da maszea damokidebuli, gauSvebs Tu ara, gaaTavisuflebs Tu ara tyveobidan. Cven ukve gvgonia, rom is Surs iZiebs. Camokideben am adamianebs, sam kacs: mis Zmas, neapolis mefes da vinc apirebda mefis mokvlas. eseni ise dganan, TiTqos gveli rom uyurebs msxverpls. m. v. _ dahi pnozirebulebi? r. s. _ dahi pnozirebulebi, TiTqos beds mindobilebi. TiTqos winaaRmdegobis gaweva aRar SeuZliaTo. prosperom ukve niSani unda misces, rom gaixsnas qveviT ormoebi (liukebi). am dros raRac saocari Suqi ecema zemodan; prospero brmavdeba da ecema. rodesac mosulierdeba ar icis ra mouvida. ai ise, guli rom wagiva da gons moxval, da ar ici ra mogivida. gons rom mova, gaixedavs ukan, dainaxavs maT da ambobs _ `me vpatiob, yvelas vpatiob~. me aq aviRe pavles da savles istoria. prospero bolomde midioda, SurisZiebamde. raRac saswauli moxda, marto religiur saswauls ki ar vgulisxmob, raRac saswauli moxda masSi. m. v. _ mis cnobierebaSi? r. s. _ TviTon masSi. ucbad es boroteba motrialda. ai, aseTi gadawyveta maqvs. SeqspirTan ki Tavidanve krebs am xalxs imisTvis, rom Seurigdes, apatios. miuxedavad imisa, rom SeqspirTanac aris iseTi pasaJebi, rodesac ggonia, rom es xalxi, misi mtrebi SurisZiebis mizniT, dasasjelad moiyvana. ai, aseTi koncefcia gvqonda. m. v. _ speqtakli saaTnaxevari midis? 23 maka vasaZe r. s. _ diax saaTnaxevari, Zalian kargad SevamcireT. kritikosebs SeeSindaT. mere mividnen saxlSi, daiwyes kiTxva da naxes, rom arc erTi scena ar iyo amoRebuli garda bernardos da prosperos qaliSvilis qorwilis scenisa. miuxedavad imisa, rom vicodi, rogor unda gamekeTebina es scena, zedmetad CavTvale. m. v. _ saTeatro xelovnebis romeli mimarTuleba aris TqvenTvis ufro misaRebi? _ aristoteles poetika iyo pirveli Teoriuli, sistemuri naSromi, Semdeg stanislavskim, sakuTar gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT Seqmna garkveuli sistema samsaxiobo, sareJisoro xelovnebis dauflebisa, Semdeg brexti mTlianad cvlis ukve arsebuls da qmnis axals, grotovskis Teatri da a. S.. r. s. _ iciT ra, me ar SemiZlia, rom ar gavakeTo analizi martivad, adamianur enaze, msaxiobTan roca vlaparakob, man unda icodes es yvelaferi. mere viwyeb, ase vTqvaT, samyaros `realisturi motivaciebis~ niadagze agebas, im Teatraluri samyarosi, romelic iqmneba TeatrSi, romelic SeiZleba naxo. mere me avageb, davuSvaT, raRac formebs... is, TiTqos mowyvetilia cxo vrebas , mag ram sa fuZvl ad udevs ab solutu rad cxovrebiseuli fsiqologia da motivaciac da a. S., rac axasiaTebs am Teatrs. ai, axla, vdgam Tamaz WilaZis piesas, is tragi-komikur fantasmagorias eZaxis, da marTlac, misi saukeTeso piesaa, ai, axla, Cven vmuSaobT am piesaze. m. v. _ romel piesaze muSaobT? r. s. _ `nadirobis sezoni~ da axla im process gavdivarT, romelic, Cemi azriT, unda gaiaros yvela piesam. aviRoT, Tundac balanCinis, an romelime Tanamedrove baletis nimuSi. iq, xedav, mocekvaveebma ician is, rasac klasikur `dazgas~ uwodeben. vinaidan isini gazrdilebi arian baletis tradiciul skolaze. mere, rasac davuSvaT akeTeben genialuri qoreografebi, es ukve amdidrebs maT da Sen xedav, rom safuZvelSi devs is, rac unda iyos yvelgan. me ase vfiqrob. SeiZleba Zalian pirobiTi iyos, Zalian farsuli iyos, groteskuli iyos, magram mayurebeli rom modis, man unda amoicnos ra movlenasTan gvaqvs Cven saqme. Tu es ar amoicno, speqtaklze ityvis kargia, 24 saubrebi robert sturuas `saTeatro enaze~ moewoneba sanaxaoba, magram meti araferi, me ase mgonia. SeiZleba sxvac aris. minaxavs speqtaklebi, sadac praqtikulad... isic momwonebia, magram me... magaliTad avstraliaSi vnaxe niderlandebis Teatri, maSin modaSi iyo rasac eZaxian `Happening~-ebs. es iyo saocari, CemTvis Zalian mniSvnelovani warmodgena. siuJeti ar arsebobda, is, rasac moyvebi. mgoni, adamianis vnebebze iyo laparaki sakmaod Tamamad da iseT formebSi, romelic me arasodes ar minaxavs. me da Janri (lolaSvili m. v.) viyaviT erTad. Zalian didi STabeWdileba moaxdina, magram me mainc momxre var polistilistikuri Janris, Tu SeiZleba Janrad CaiTvalos. me meCveneba adamiani TeatrSi, miTumetes Tu is Teatri kargia, erT dReSi gadis yvela Janrs. jer Sen dilas dgebi da raRac cud xasiaTze xar, mere uceb raRac gagaxarebs, mere iwyeb raRacis keTebas da komikur situaciaSi vardebi. es ar aris marto Cemi, Cveni mogonili, Cveni aRmoCena, piriqiT. axla rasac vdgam, albaT, amiT visargebleb. cxovrebis obieqturi asaxva ufro xdeba aseT Sereul JanrebSi. 1. П. Брук, Шекспир в наше время, Жур.нал Англия, 1964б №2 (Ежеквартальрый журнал о сегодняшней жизни в Великобритании). 2. Р. Должанский, Жур. «Власть», № 38 (892) , 27.09.2010 25 Tamar cagareli doqtoranturis III kursi saTeatro azri saqarTveloSi (aRorZinebis epoqis magaliTze) istoriulad cnobili da aRiarebulia, rom italiaa pirveli qveyana, sadac daiwyo aRorZinebis epoqa (XIII saukunis 50iani wlebidan) da Semdgom mTeli evropa `dai pyro~ (XIVXVII saukuneebamde). Tumca, araerTi mecnieris azriT, XII saukunis saqarTvelos kulturul-politikuri viTarebidan gamomdinare, SesaZlebelia visaubroT qarTvelTa renesansul periodze. sakmarisia Tvali gadavavloT XI-XII saukuneebis qarTuli saxelmwifoebriv-politikuri azris moZraobas, rom masSi davinaxavT aRorZinebis sawyissa da aRmasvlis gzas. Tundac ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis (1103 w.) masalebSi Cawerilia fraza adamianis Rirsebaze, romelic renesansuli ideebis matarebelia: `da pirvelad episkoposni vinme RirsebiT Semosrulni pativsa mRvdelmTavrobisasa da uRirsni qristes pirvelisa mis mwyemsTmTavrisani ganvkueTeniT ucxo vyvyeniT mRvdelobisagan~,1 _ es gaxlavT ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebis `Zeglisweris~ pirvel paragrafSi. ruis-urbnisis saeklesio krebaze, rogorc viciT, miiRes dadgenileba, romelSiac Teziss _ adamianis Rirsebis Sesaxeb, ZiriTadi, SeiZleba iTqvas, centraluri adgili uWiravs. `renesansi ki iwyeboda yvelgan, sadac iRviZebda adamianis pirovnuli Segneba, sadac kulturis maRali done xels uwyobda axali azris damkvidrebas, sakuTari arsebis Secnobas, sakuTari pirovnebis TviTaRzrdas, TviTSeqmnas~.2 renesansis epoqis pirveli niSani ki gaxldaT antikuri periodis qveynebis msgavsi akademiebis Seqmna, iseTi, rogoric Seiqmna saqarTveloSi; `daviT aRmaSeneblis mier, rogorc cnobilia, daarsda gelaTis akademia, romelic faqtiurad pirveli qarTuli universitetia, xolo ioane petriwi pirveli reqtori _ `moZRvarT-moZRuari~, sadac xelovnebasTan erTad iswavleboda filosofia, Teologiuri Tu sqolastikuri 26 naSromebi.~3 aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom amgvari akademia florenciaSi daarsda 1459 wels, sadac TvalsaCinoT iyo platonizmisa da neoplatonizmis ideebis gavlena, romlis wa rmo madgenleb i c dil obdnen RvTism ety vel ebi sag an ganecalkevebinaT filosofia. istoria gvamcnobs, rom imdroindel saqarTveloSi didi kulturuli aRmSeneblobiTi saqmianoba mimdinareobda, romelic daiwyo ra daviT aRmaSenelblis dros, warmatebiT gagrZelda Tamaris mefobis xanaSic. aigo cixe-darbazebi, eklesia-monastrebi, saavadmyofoebi, xidebi... gahyavdaT gzebi, kldeSi ikveTeboda mTeli qalaqebi, ganviTarda kedlis mxatvroba anu xatwera. renesansis epoqis Teatri, xelovnebis sxva dargebis, literaturisa da mecnierebis msgavsad, yalibdeboda da viTardeboda antikuri xelovnebis gavleniT. gavixsenoT daviT aRmaSeneblis `galobani sinanulisani~. garda imisa, rom es nawarmoebi Sua saukuneebis qarTuli kulturis ideologiuri da esTetikuri mrwamsis gamoxatulebaa, igi eZRvneba sasuliero lirikaSi Rrmad damuSavebul (efrem asuris, ioseb da Teodore studiteebis, andria kretelis, ioane damaskelis da sxvaTa sagaloblebi) sinanulis motivs da amiT daviT IV Tavisi wvlili Seitana qarTuli himnografiis ganviTarebaSic. esaa Zegli, romelic gvawvdis XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTvelos ideologiuri brZolis, mxatvrul-kulturuli moZraobis, kerZod Teatris amsaxvel informaciasac, rac Tavis mxriv moiTxovs Seswavlas. `galobani~ _ gvauwyebs mefis aRsarebas _ `ellinTa mieri vercnoba sibrZneTa RmrTisaTa, RmrTisa da Semoqmedisagan SeqmnilTa mimarT cvaleba TayuaniscemisaÁ vsrulyav, raJams TiToeulisa vnebisa kerpsa vmsaxure~.4 am sityvebSi igrZnoba antikuris reabilitaciisa da restavraciis survili da neba, rac ara marto filosofiiT da (`sibrZniT~) SemoizRudeboda, aramed Seicavda elinuri kultebis gamococxlebas (`Tayvaniscemisai srulvyav~), SeiZleba dionises, demetres misteriebis aRdgenasac (`TiToeulisa vnebisa kerpsa vemsxure~). am mniSvnelovan mxatvrul-kulturul moZraobas TviT mefe daviT aRmaSenebeli edga saTaveSi, rogorc 27 Tamar cagareli im drois saxelganTqmuli ritori da mwignobari. warmodgena rom viqonioT, Tu raoden RirsSesaniSnavi unda yofiliyo es winarenesansuli viTareba, daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis nawarmoebs davimowmeb iq, sadac daviT aRmaSeneblis didgoris omSi saarako gamarjvebas aRwers istorikosi, iqve aRniSnavs: `ara did iyav aqilevi, aramed didsa miemTxvie maqebelsa umiross. rameTu ocdarva wel gangrZnobasa troadelTa brZolisasa verara Rirsi qebisa iqmna. xolo mefisa daviTisi esodenTa mimarT winaganwyoba samJamde iyo. da verc pirvelsa keTebasa SeuZles winadadgomad. hqonebodemsca amaT brZenTa (homerosi, aristotele da ioseb flaviosi) TxrobaTa nivTad saqmeni daviTisni, da maTmca aRweres jerovnad maTebr ritorobisa da maSinaRmca Rirsqmnil iyvnes jerovansa qebasa da eseni esoden,~5 aq, ukve Cans, Rrma codna antikuri poeturi filosofiuri da istoriuli mwerlobisa, antikuri ritorikisa, istoriuli mecnierebis meTodisa, istoriis obieqtis da istorikosis urTierTmimarTebis gagebisa da antikuri memkvidreobisadmi kritikuli midgomisa; da aq mJRavndeba, antikuri warsulis da erovnuli Tanamedroveobis SerwymiT, patriotuli suliskveTebac. aseTi ram ki SesaZlebeli iyo im viTarebaSi, rodesac `elinTa mieris~ Tayvaniscema, `elinTa mieris vnebaTa kerpTa msaxureba~ im zomamde iyo gavrcelebuli, rom mefes sinanulis galobas aTqmevinebda. `saqarTveloSi XI_XII saukuneTa mijnaze, ukve antikuris reabilitaciiT da restavraciiT Semzadebuli iyo niadagi renesansisaTvis, rac esoden xelsayrel viTarebas uqmnida erovnuli poeziis da saxiobis, mxatvrobis da xuroTmoZRvrebis oqromqandakeblobis, keramikis, qsova-qargulobis, filosofiur da istoriul sityvakazmulobis ganviTarebas~.6 ivane javaxiSvilis sityviT, daviT aRmaSenebelis imdroisaTvis gasaocari da mravalmxrivi ganaTleba sxvaTa Soris imiTac kargad mtkicdeba, rom arabi istorikosis ibn al-jauzis mowmobiT, mas sufiebisa da poetebisTvisac TavSesafari augia, xSirad qonebrivadac daxmareba gauwevia da maT sadResaswaulo mejlisebsac umarTavda. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom saqarTveloSi winarenesansuli xana ar iyo 28 saTeatro azri saqarTveloSi mxolod antikuris reabilitaciis da restavraciis xana, mis paralelurad mimdinareobda qarTuli miTologiis aRdgenac da misi mniSvnelobis Sesabamisad gamoyeneba. es ori nakadi erTmaneTs erwymoda da mTlian procesSi erTiandeboda, niadags umzadebda XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnaze mxatvrul-kulturul aRmavlobas, romlis mwvervals rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~ warmoadgens. XII-XIII saukuneTa mijnaze daviT aRmaSenebelis mier wamowyebulma saganmanaTleblo reformam xeli Seuwyo miTologiuri Sinaarsis ZvelqarTveluri misteriebis aRdgenas da gavrcelebas, ris mowmobac naTlad aris aRbeWdili da warmodgenili, daviT aRmaSeneblis sagaloblebSi. es, daviT aRmaSeneblis aRsarebaa: `gmirTa siRodaTa mavalobaÁ... ufroÁsad vamravalwile~7. `siRoda~ Zveli qarTuli `saxiobis~ (poeturi sityvis, cekvis, simReris, sakravieri musikis sinTezirebuli sanaxaobis) sinonimia. am epoqaSi `gmirTa siRodaTa mavaloba~-s meSveobiT, eTnikurmiTologiuri, erovnuli istoriuli gmirebis reabilitacia, Tanadrouli gmirebis kultis Seqmnas mxars ubamda mose xonelis `amiran-darejaniani~, iona SavTelis `abdulmesiani~, CaxruxaZis `Tamariani~, am drois istorikosTa da filosofosTa Txzulebani da am moZraobis mwvervals warmoadgens SoTa rusTavelis `vefxistyaosani~. `es procesi amis Semdegac didxans grZeldeboda, gavixsenoT, rom XIV saukuneSic ki zemosvaneTis sof. laSTxveris eklesiis garekedelze ixateboda amiranis veSapebTan Sebma da baybaydevTan omi, xolo saferxulo repertuari svaneTsa da raWaSi dRemde Tavs iwonebda amiranis ciklis simRerebiT~8. `siRoda~ dionisuri sazeimo msvlelobis aRmniSvnelic iyo. antikuris reabilitaciam, miTologiur da istoriul gmirTa kultisadmi gacxovelebulma interesma gamoiwvia mwerlobasa da saxiobaSi qarTul da berZnul RvTaebaTa simboloebsa da metaforebSi warmosaxva. aman ki, Tavis mxriv, aRZra miTologiuri codnis aucilebloba da moTxovnileba. damaxasiaTebelia, rom eqvTime aTonelis mier Sedgenili `mcire sjulis kanoni~ gverdi-gverd ixseniebs warmarTul qarTul 29 Tamar cagareli da elinur RvTaebebs: `kulad saxelisdebani igi sawarmarToTa kerpTani, romelni maT RmerTad Seeracxnes romelnime mamaTa da romelnime dedaTa _ srulad moispen: dios, anu apolos, anu artems, anu boCi da gaci da badageon da armaz (anu) romel igi wne xasa yurZnisasa bilwisa mas dionises saxels ityvian da sicilsa aRazrzenen ese yoveli saeSmako ars da moispen... egreTve ganqiqebulad rokvani dedaTani nuRaramca iqnebian da romelni igi daTuTa memRerni vlen savneblad mravalTa ese yoveli moispen.~9 winarenesansul viTarebaSi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas iqcevs interesi da miswrafeba elinuri miTologiisadmi, XI saukunis meore naxevarSi didma qarTvelma filologma, filosofosma da mTargmnelma efrem mcirem nonnes (VI s.) `elinTa zRaprobani~ Targmna, raSiac ilia abulaZis TqmiT10, man sakuTari SeniSvnebic ara mciredi CaurTo. es `elinTa zRaprobani~ warmoadgens grigol nazianzelis SromebSi naxseneb miTologemebis ganmartebas. mevenaxeobis da dramatuli xelovnebis RvTaebis dionises miTs efrem mcire gansakuTrebuli yuradRebiT moekida da gamoxata es gmir-RvTaeba `mompovneblad Rvinisa, gamomgoneblad venaxisa~ da misi dResaswauli warmoadgina, rogorc `mwyobri stvirosTa da selinozTa, TanmrokvalTa dionvisisaTa~. aqvea ganmartebuli is elinuri sxva kerpebi, romelTa msaxurebaze miuTiTebs daviT aRmaSenebeli da romlis kultis saqarTveloSi arseboba dasturdeba mcxeTis, sarkines, Zalisis, vanis, biWvinTis arqeologiuri gaTxrebiT. gasagebia, rom nonne, dionises misterias warmogvidgens damgmobi aTvaliswunebiT `falosni da iTvifalosni bilw arian saTqmelad da sasmenelad, rameTu bilwebisaebr dionisasa dResaswaulisa missa mzorvelni igi misni damoikideben kerpebsa rasme mamal-dedalTa sarcxvinebelisasa da esreT uSverad mzorveloben~11. im dros mkiTxvelni, mayurebel-msmeneli elinur miTologias ecnoboda qristianul wyevla-krulvaSi gaxveuls, magram etyoba aguna-dionises dResaswaulebi imdenad farTod iyo gavrcelebuli da wes-CveulebaSi mtkiced Camjdari, rom qristiani mefeebic ki iZulebuli iyvnen maTSi monawileoba mieRoT (aki daviT aRmaSenebeli ambobs: `elinTa mieri... TiTeulisa vnebisa kerpsa vmsaxure~12). 30 saTeatro azri saqarTveloSi erT-erT sagalobelSi daviT aRmaSenebeli acxadebs: `TiToeulsa mxecTagan Sezavebulsa mxecsa vemsgavse mravalguarsa da mravalxats da sxua Jam sxvebr xilulsa da mvsinvarsa bunebisamebr TiToeulisa~13. gavixsenoT, rom xalibebs, herodites mowmobiT, spilenZis muzaradebi exuraT, muzaradebze iyo xaris yurebi da rqebi spilenZisgan nakeTebi. adamianis saxis `Sezaveba~ pirutyvis, nadiris mimsgavsebiT e. i., tyaosnoba, uZvelesi droidan damaxasiaTebeli iyo qarTveluri saxilvel-nadirobisaTvis, qarTulma zepirsityvierebamac xom Semogvinaxa: `awyverSi daviarebi, rogorc iremi rqiani, nadirsa vwyvetam, musrs vaden, ar gadamrCeba fxaini, vefxi, focxveri, mgelkaci, pirgableSkili Riani~ 14 . mefeebic ki `tyaosnobas~ misdeven, mxecTagan mimsgavsebiT warmoidginebodnen, vaxtang gorgasalsa `Seeqmna Cabalaxi oqrosi da gamoesua winaT mgeli da ukanaT lomi~15. gavixsenoT tarielis vefxistyaosnobac da tyaosanTa saxiobis aRwerilobac: `erTs Semoses spilos tyavi da meores martorqisa... mexuTesa lomis tyavi, meeqvsesa vefxvT Tavisa... mecxres veSapis tyavi mosavs da meaTes didi Tevzis~16. yovelive amisda mixedviT daviT aRmaSeneblis sagaloblis sityvebi `TiToeulsa mxecTagan Sezavebulsa vemsgavse mraval-guarsa da mrval-xatsa~17, ise unda gavigoT, rom nadirobis, laSqrobis da saxilvelis wesisa da gangebis mixedviT, daviT aRmaSenebelic tyaosnobda. saxilvelis istoriis, Teatris istoriis TvalsazrisiT gansakuTrebiT sagulisxmoa amocnoba da amokiTxva daviT aRmaSeneblis poeturi qmnilebis erT-erTi sagaloblisa: `sakurTxad RvTismSoblad gqadagebT, uxrwnelo qalwulo, da gurwams viTarmed pativi xatisa Senisa, Sendami wiaR-momavals da RvTis-metyvelTaebr codvilTa moqcevas aniSneb, mis mier viTarca cxad hyofs Teatro igi mrCobelTa soflisaÁ _ sikeTe egvi ptisa Rirsi mariam~18. qarTul enas, uZvelesi droidan gaaCnda sakuTrad TavisTavadi termini `saxilveli~. Sua saukuneebSi berZnullaTinuri termini `Teatron~ da `Teatrum~ isev gaacocxla `Teatron~ `TeatroÁ~-s saxiT da Zvel TviTmyofad `saxilvel~Tan gverdi-gverd ixmareboda: `nuca TeatroÁ... nuca saxioba.... 31 Tamar cagareli radme saxilvelTa~; `misdeven meTeatroneobas~, romelman Teatri aRaSena qalaqsa Sina~, `romelni samoqalaqoTa SjulTa iswavlian... ra Teatronad aRiyvanobadian~; `Teatronis m o y v a ru l i ~ ; ` x i l va s a Tea tr ons a m o m R er al Ta da ganmcxromelTa~; `mzuelaobiTad, xumrobad saxeldebulTa maT saxilvelTa maTTa~ `soflioTa saxilvelTa~;19 daviT aRmaSenebels, rogorc irkveva gansakuTrebuli roli da adgili miekuTvneba misi drois sanaxaobrivi kulturis ganviTarebaSi, jer erTi is, rom man, misi istorikosis TqmiT, moaxerxa, SeZlo saeklesio reformis gatareba da eklesia daumorCila centralur samefo xelisuflebas. daviT aRmaSeneblis istorikosis TqmiT: `monasterni da saepiskoposoni da yovelni eklesiani wessa da rigsa locvisasa da yovlisa saeklesiosa gangebisasa darbazis kariT miiRebdian~20. daviT aRmaSenebeli _ ritorT mqadagebeli, im drois religiuri disputebis Tavgamodebuli monawilea. mas, rogorc mokamaTes adarebdnen RvTsimetyvel basil dids. erT-erT disputze damarcxebulma mowinaaRmdegebma am sityvebiT mimarTes daviT aRmaSenebels: `Cven meufeo, mowafe gvegone amaT moZRuarTa TquenTa, garna viTar vxedavT, Sen same xar moZRvari moZRvarTa romlis brWyalsa ver SimwuTar arian ege moZRuar sagonebelni Tqueni~.21 daviT aRmaSenebeli aris avtori galobaTa, is, garda imisa rom mefea, aris sagalobeli leqsis moqmedi (poeti), sityvis mkervali. etyoba mefeTa es SemoqmedebiTi tradicia mefequrumTagan momdinareobs da amaSiac saocari araferi unda iyos. SemTxveviTi ar aris, rom qarTveli mefeebi leqsis TqmaSi ejibrebian (an ajibrebdnen) TviT rusTavelsac ki. SoTa rusTavelma indoeTis samefo taxtis pretendenti avTandili ubadlo artistad _ momRerlad dagvisaxa, romlis Sesamkobelad movidian `indo-arab-saberZneTiT maSriyiT da maRibelni, rusni, sparsi, mofrangeni da misreTiT megvi ptelni~. daviT aRmaSenebeli ara marto sardlobs da saxelmwifo saqmeebs ganagebs, aramed qarTuli musikaluri xelovnebis axali gziT warmarTavs da mis mowesrigebas xelmZRvanelobs. man daavala arsen iyalToels mesamed eTargmna andria kritelis sagaloblebi da xelaxla ganxorcielebuliyo am sagaloblebis 32 saTeatro azri saqarTveloSi hangTa SeTxzva, xelovanTmTavari ioane qarTlis kaTalikosis mier im sababiT, rom berZnulni `ucxoni iyvnen enisa Cuenisagan Zlispirni imaTni~22. `qarTlis cxovrebis~ janaSviliseuli nusxis CanarTis cnobiT, vaxuSti batoniSvilis istoriiTac, daviT aRmaSenebeli warmodgenilia, rogorc saeklesio misteriis Semoqmedi da mTavari monawile da amiTac dasturdeba am mefis istorikosis sityvebi, rom eklesiebi wessa da rigsa `gangebisasa~ (misteriebisa) darbazis kariT miiRebdian23. rodesac daviT aRmaSenebelma qalaqi anisi Turqebisagan gaanTavisufla, berZenTa asulis, somexTa dedoflis katronites marTlmadidebelTa saydari aRadgina (`axlad monaTla~), `movida TviT mefe daviT da kaTalikozi, episkopozni da erToblivi laSqari, dedofal katronites saflavsa zeda da axlad wesi aRuges da TviT mefeman samgzis saflavs CasZaxa: `gixarodes Sen wmidao dedofalo, rameTu ixsna RmerTmn saydari Seni uSjuloTa xelTagan~. amasa zedan mkudris ZualTa saflaviT xma gamosces da RmerTsa madloba misca. ganukvirda mefesa da erTobliTa erTa~24. aq aSkarad igrZnoba daviTis roli da mniSvneloba. man es misteria ganaxorciela patriotuli da marTlmadidebluri mizanswrafviT, axlad wesi aRuges berZenTa asuls somexTa dedofals, romelic wmindanad Seracxes da misdami mimarTvas warmosTqvams ara samRvdelo piri, aramed TviT daviT mefe. da `gangeba~ isea mowesrigebuli, rom ismis pasuxi da RvTisadmi madlobis galoba da arc mWvretelni da maTi `gakvirveba~ misteriis zemoqmedeba aris daviwyebuli. qarTuli Teatris istoriisaTvis kidev bevri axali furceli gadaiSleba, Tuki Zveli qarTuli damwerlobiTi Zeglebi TeatrmcodneobiTi midgomiT iqneba wakiTxuli, amis magaliTia `galobani sinanulisani~, romelmac bevri ram axali gvamcno XI_XII ss. mijnaze Teatraluri xelovnebis viTarebis gasarkvevad. aRorZinebis periodis Teatris mTavari moqmedi gmiri gaxldaT `adamiani-pirovneba~ Tavisi sulieri samyaroTi. axali Teatraluri esTetika Semsruleblisgan moiTxovda dramatuli nawarmoebis azris wvdomas, rTuli da mravalmxrivi xasiaTebis 33 Tamar cagareli warmosaxvas. aRorZinebis epoqaSi kvlav aRsdga profesiuli TeatrisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli gamomsaxvelobiTi formebi da yuradReba gamaxvilda xelovnebis, kerZod ki Teatris Sesaxeb Seqmnil literaturaze. Tu italiaSi am epoqis monapovari iyo `komedia del’arte~ (XIV saukune), Teatrisa da dramis sinTezi, ganxorcielda espaneTSi lope de vegas dramaturgiiT, inglisSi _ Seqspiris Teatris SeqmniT, sadac praqtikosebis mier Teoriuli naSromebi Seiqmna, rac safuZvels gvaZlevs aRvniSnoT, rom msaxiobebi, reJisorebi da dramaturgebi qmnian literaturas Teatrze. saqarTveloSi XII-XIII saukuneebSi sasaxlis karis Teatri renesansuli saTeatro nimuSad SeiZleba CaiTvalos, sadac poeturi sityvebiT, musikisa da cekvis sinTezs vxvdebiT. sasaxlis karis Teatris msaxiobebs _ muSaiTebs uwodebdnen. ivane javaxiSvili `qarTveli eris istoriaSi~ axsenebs ra `dasavleT evropaSi warmoSobil renesans~, wers: `saqarTvelom es moZraoba ukve XII saukuneSi daiwyo, magram misi dasruleba monRolTa Semosevam Seaferxa.~25 qarTuli renesansis cneba ki, upirveles yovlisa, rusTavelis saxels ukavSirdeba. `rusTaveli Tvisobrivad sxva epoqas ekuTvnis, kacobriobis sulieri cxovrebis axal eras, radgan mis mier adamianTa modgmis safuZvelze gamoyvanilia axali adamiani, romelic ukavSirdeba da Seicnobs ara marto gare samyaros, aramed sakuTar Tavsac, aRmoaCens sakuTari arsebis wiaRSi pirovnebas.~26 oliver uordropma Tavis naSromSi `saqarTvelos samefo~ (“The kingdom of Georgia”) aRwera ara mxolod saqarTvelos istoria _ daviT aRmaSeneblisa da Tamar mefis xanis epoqa, aramed dawvrilebiT axsna-ganmarteba misca evropel mkiTxvels SoTa rusTavelisa da misi poemis `vefxistyaosnis~ Sesaxeb, aRaraferi rom ar vTqva mis srul inglisur enovan Targmanze. winasityvaobaSi avtori wers: `nawarmoebs Tavidan bolomde dahyveba saocrad daZabuli interesi, radgan misi dramatuli erTianoba arsad irRveva da ar neldeba, magram poemis Rirseba martooden am siuJetur qargaSi rodia, aramed ufro metad imaSia, rom aSkarad SeimCneva qristianobasTan damokidebulebis im metafizikur TeoriaTa marcvlebi, rac 34 saTeatro azri saqarTveloSi ase axasiaTebda dantes, mis zogierT evropel Tanamedrovesa da memkvidres. SoTa rusTavels bevri ram SeuTvisebia platonisagan (cnobilia, rom XI-XII saukuneebSi saqarTvelosa da saberZneTs Soris mWidro urTierToba damyarda, ramac saSualeba misca qarTvelebs gascnobodnen platonisa da aristoteles filosofiur moZRvrebebs. yovelive aman, ra Tqma unda, didi gavlena moaxdina imdroindel saqarTvelos kulturasa da socialur cxovrebaze da, Tavis mxriv, Seamzada safuZveli qarTuli renesansis dasawyisisa. T. c.). rac Seexeba poemis stils, unda iTqvas, rom igi gasaocrad gvagonebs evropuli renesansis xanis sityvis ostatebs.~ 27 samwuxarod, am periodis qarTuli saTeatro sanaxaobis Sesaxeb mwiri cnobebi mogvepoveba, Sesabamisad ar gvaqvs literatura, sadac dafiqsirebuli iqneba azri Teatris Sesaxeb, Tumca, am epoqis saTeatro cxovrebis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva istoriuli Tu literaturuli Zeglebi gvaZlevs saSualebas SevafasoT am epoqis sasceno xelovnebis `gamosaxvis formebi~. magaliTad: `vefxistyaosanSi~ mocemulia ramodenime epizodi, sadac Cven SegviZlia warmodgena viqonioT im periodis saTeatro sanaxaobebze: `ese Tqva da sixaruliT TamaSoba adiada, mgosani da moSaiTi uxmes, poves rada sada; dia gasca saboZvari, yvela darbazs Semoxada, misi msgavsi siuxviTa RmerTman sxamca ra dabada.~28 da kidev, gavixsenoT fridonis sityvebi, qajeTis cixis aRebis win gamarTul TaTbirze: `Cemsa simcrosa gamzrdelni samuSaiTod mzrdidian, maswavles maTi saqmeni, maxlacunebdian, mwvrTidian; asre gavida saabelsa, rom Tvalni ver momkidian, vica mWvretdian ymawvilni, iginica inatridian.~29 rogorc Cans, muSaiToba anu sabelzed moTamaSe CvenSi saTeatro sanaxaobas miekuTvneboda, rogorc xalxSi arsebul yvelaze Zveli da popularuli sajaro xasiaTis gasarTobsa da Sesaqcev warmodgenas (es Cans zemoT moyvanili poemis strofebidanac). radganac muSaiToba samefo karis saxilveli iyo da SesaZlebelia igi imavdroulad, `elitarul~ 35 Tamar cagareli sanaxaobasac miekuTvneboda, amitomac misi aTvisebisaTvis samefo karis warmomadgenlebs adreuli asakidanve amzadebdnen, rac rostevan mefisa da fridonis magaliTze naTlad Cans, Tumca, rogorc ukve aRvniSne, `vefxistyaosani~ ar gaxlavT erTaderTi literaturuli Zegli, romelic gvawvdis cnobas saTeatro sanaxaobis Sesaxeb. Tamar dedoflis istorikosi mogviTxrobs, rom Tamarisa da daviT soslanis daqorwinebisas `iyo zma mgosanTa da muSaiTTa saxeoba~,30 maSin, rodesac SarvanSa aRsarTani da aTabagi amir-miriani. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom iseve rogorc renesansis epoqis evropaSi, saqarTveloSic samefo karze didi popularobiT sargeblobdnen masxarebi, personaJi, romelic, rogorc wesi, ar isjeboda Tavisi siTamamisTvis, magram cnobilia isic, rom mefis masxara imavdroulad iyo gantevebis vacic da Tu msxverplSewirvaze midgeboda saqme, isev da isev masxaras imetebdnen. am inversiis logikiT `umdablesi~ arseba, romelic sayovelTao keTildReobas ewireboda _ `umaRles~ sferoSi gadainacvlebda.... romelic warmoadgenda monarqis, sasuliero pirisa da mosamarTlis `saTamaSos~, Tumca isini sakmaod did rols asrulebdnen sasamarTlo cxovrebaSi, sadac privilegirebuli adgili ekavaT. igi iyo erT-erTi arc Tu mravalricxovani jgufisa, romelsac Tavisuflad SeeZlo sakuTari azri gamoeTqva, sasamarTlo procesze, iumoriTa da manWva-grexiT, rasac Turme Zalian xSirad saboloo gadawyvetilebazec umoqmedia. aRsaniSnavia is faqti, rom masxarebi xandaxan saxelmwifo gadatrialebaSic ki Rebulobdnen Turme monawileobas. rogorc ukve aRvniSne, masxara did rols TamaSobda politikaSic. saqarTvelos istoriaSi arsebobs cnoba XII saukuniT daTariRebuli. Tamaris mefobis dros, rogorc cnobilia, misma meWurWleTuxucesma yuTlu arslanma moawyo SeTqmuleba, raTa Seecvala saqarTvelos saxelmwifos weswyobileba, SeezRuda mefis uflebebi imdenad, rom mas sakuTriv saxelmwifo saqmeebis gadawyvetis ufleba aRar hqonoda. SeTqmulTa meTaurma yuTlu arslanma moiTxova sakanonmdeblo organos daweseba, romelic parlamentis msgavsi dawesebuleba 36 saTeatro azri saqarTveloSi iqneboda da mefes am umaRles dawesebulebis _ `karavis~ gadawyvetilebaTa aRsrulebis ufleba SerCenoda mxolod. realuri Zalaufleba didgvarovan aznaurTa xelSi unda gadasuliyo da amgvarad ganxorcielebuliyo feodaluri opoziciis wadili. cxare politikuri brZolis viTarebaSi yuTlu arslans moagones, rom igi aRzevebulia `guarTa uaznoTagan~. rogorc ivane javaxiSvili askvnis31, yuTlu arslani dabali wodebidan yofila gamosuli, romelic Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda `cxovelman joris anu viris saxoans~, sadac gamoumJRavnebia sazrianoba da saocari iumori, risi wyalobiTac dawinaurebula da simdidrec ki moupovebia Turme. varaudob, rom yuTlu arslani masxara unda yofiliyo, radgan igi meWurWleTuxucesobamde, rogorc istoriuli cnobebidan irkveva, cnobili yofila `saxiobisa xmiTa tkbiliTa da sasacilo ambniTa~, `jerovnad darbis noxzeda... Tavze dgas xeliT darbisa, fexiT qmnis TamaSobasa~,32 garda amisa mefis erTguli kariskacTa dasi im mizniT, rom daemcirebinaT mowinaaRmdege yuTlu arslani, moagonebdnen Turme meamboxes mis warsuls, roca is adamianebis `saTamaSod~ da gasarTobad gardaiqmneboda da `virSida ijda~34. saTeatro sanaxaobebSi ki, xumara da viri erTmaneTisgan ganuyrel saTeatro niRbad aRiqmeboda, imavdroulad yuTlu arslani xasiaTdeba, rogorc `moTamaSe~: simReris niWiT, saxumaro ambebis TxrobiT, akrobatikiT, JestikulaciiT warmodgenis warmarTviT _ es yovelive xom masxaras damaxasiaTebeli niSnebicaa. SesaZlebelia igi, rogorc maRali fenis, aristokratiuli wris gamrTobi – masxara/muSaiTi. Tavdapirvelad ise moxvda sasaxleSi, romelmac Semdgom WkuiTa da gonebamaxvilobiT miaRwia meWurWleTuxucesobas. istoriidan cnobilia, rom yovelTvis, roca samefo karze imarTeboda wveulebani, isini am sadResaswaulo procesiis mTavar moqmed pirebad gvevlinebodnen. istorikosi gvamcnobs, rom rusudan dedofali, romelic ganagebda Tamarisa da daviTis qorwilis ceremonialur mxares, `xuarasnisa da erayis sulTanTa sZlobiTa gamacnierebuli, bunebriviTa saxiobiTa da SvenebiTa~35 moqmedebdao. am epizodidan irkveva, rom muSaiTebi ucxo qveynebidanac modiodnen CvenSi, Tanamedrove terminiT rom vTqva, sagastrolod, TavianTi saTeatro xelovnebis gasacnobad. 37 Tamar cagareli muSaiTobas sakmaod vrclad aRgviwers arCil mefe TxzulebaSi `saqarTvelos zneobaSi~, sadac ambobs: `ver xedavT fridonisasa muSaiTobas Cemulobs sabelzed gavla-xtomasa Tamamad, ar Tu mozarobs, tarielsa da avTandils qajeTs misvlazed uanbobs, vin icis, mis dros iqmnodes codnasa, nu vin mconarobs.... inatres bevrman qajebman: neta vine es maswavlao! misi sificxe simale, ise Tamamad swavlao, magma is Savi ar dadga, aravis ar aswavlao, mizezi es sTqva: mwadian sul sxva xelmwifis davlao...”35 arCilis sityvebidan naTelia, rom raindobis institutis warmomadgenlebisgan didi interesiT ikveTeboda muSaiTobis Seswavlis survili. amis mizezi ki, savaraudod, swored is iyo, rom raindebi didgvarovan warmomadgenelTa ricxvs miekuTvnebodnen da TavianTi warmomavlobiTa da gvariSvilobiT daaxloebulni iyvnen mefis karTan. amdenad, SesaZlebelia maT `kodeqsSi~ muSaiTobis xelovnebis daufleba aucileblobasac warmoadgenda, Tumca gamoricxuli ar aris, rom warmodgenaSi mxolod niWierni iRebdnen monawileobas. amgvarad, naTelia, rom XI-XII saukuneebis saqarTveloSi ikveTeba kulturuli Semoqmedebis aRmavlobis nimuSebi, romelic atarebs renesansis utyuar niSnebs. 1. gabiZaSvili e., ruis-urbnisis krebis Zegliswera, $ 1, Tb., 1978, gv. 12. 2. saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akad. `moambe~, t. II, # 8, 1941, gv. 774. 3. javaxiSvili iv., qarTveli eris istoria~, wgn. 3, Tb., 1966, gv 52. 4. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ebooks/authors/david_aghmashenebeli/ galobani%20sinanulisani.pdf. gv. 2. 5. mariam lorTqifaniZe, `saqarTvelo XI-XII saukuneebSi~, Tb., 1987, gv. 80-118. 38 saTeatro azri saqarTveloSi 6. dimitri janeliZe, `Teatris da saxiobis aRorZineba rusTavelis epoqaSi~, Jurn.: `Teatraluri moambe~; N3, Tb., 1966,Ngv. 8. 7. http://lib.ge/body_text.php?5104; `galobani sinanulisani~; daviT aRmaSenebeli; 8. dimitri janeliZe, `qarTuli Teatris dionisuri sawyisebisaTvis~ : (mevenaxeoba-meRvineobis kultis niadagze warmoSobili ritualursanaxaobrivi qmedoba da wes-Cveu l ebani saqarTvel oS i), `TeatrmcodneobiTi Ziebani~; /samecniero SromaTa krebuli /, t. VII., Tb., 1977, gv. 62. 9. http://www.orthodoxy.ge/samartali/samartali/3-3-5.htm eqvTime aToneli. `mcire sjulis kanoni~, $3. 10. ilia abulaZe. ,,Zveli qarTuli hagiografiuli literaturis Zeglebi~, tomi I, Tb., 1964, gv. 56. 11. iqve; 12. http://lib.ge/body_text.php?5104; `galobani sinanulisani~, daviT aRmaSenebeli, 13. ix.: iqve; 14 b. jorjaZe, leqsebi, piesebi, moTxrobebi, werilebi, Tb., 1986, gv. 12. 15. iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t.II; Tb., 1980, gv. 64. 16 z. gamsaxurdia, vefxistyaosnis saxismetyveleba, Tb., 1991, gv.: 84 17. http://lib.ge/body_text.php?5104; `galobani sinanulisani~, daviT aRmaSenebeli, 18. ix.: iqve; 19. ix.: i. abulaZe, Zveli qarTuli leqsikidan, Tb., 1960. 20. saqarTvelos ssr mecn. akad.M`moambe~, t. II, N8, Tb., 1941, gv. 712. 21.ix.: iqve; 22. http://www.nplg.gov.ge/ebooks/authors/david_aghmashenebeli/ galobani%20sinanulisani.pdf. gv.3. 23. qarTlis cxovreba, r. metrevelis redaqciiT, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia, Tb., 2008. gv.: 87 (`axali qarTlis cxovreba~ Cvenamde sami nusxiT aris Semonaxuli. janaSviliseuli m, WalaSviliseuli c, da maCabliseuli m. maT Soris uZvelesi aris m. janaSvilis mier aRmoCenili. `axali qarTlis cxovrebis~ es nusxa janaSviliseul xelnawerSi gvian aris Cakerebuli. qaRaldisa da xelis Seswavlis safuZvelze dgindeba, rom es nusxa 1721-1731 wlebs Soris unda iyos dawerili. am nusxaSi dafiqsirebuli vaxuSti batoniSvilis avtografuli minawerebi Tu sacnobaro xasiaTis SeniSvnebi mowmobs, rom nusxas mecnieri batoniSvilis xelSi gamouvlia). 24.iqve. gv. 78 25.iv. javaxiSvili. Txzulebani Tormet tomad. t. IV, Tb., 1982, gv. 52. 39 Tamar cagareli 26.iqve. 27.Oliver Wardrop: “The kingdom of Georgia”; published in 1888; p.: 5 28.SoTa rusTaveli, vefxistyaosani, al. WinWaraulis redaqtorobiT, Tb., 1986. 29. ix.: iqve; 30.qarTlis cxovreba, r. metrevelis redaqciiT, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia, Tb., 2008. gv.: 174 31.ivane javaxiSvili; Txzulebani XII tomad; tomi IX. 1977, gv.; 54 32.T. Jordania; qronikebi, tomi: II. tfilisi; 1897; gv.:35 33. ix.: iqve. 34. qarTlis cxovreba, r. metrevelis redaqciiT, saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademia, Tb., 2008. gv.: 109. 35. cxovreba saqarTveloisa (parizis qronika) Sesavali, SeniSvnebi da saZiebeli daurTo g. alasaniam. Tbilisi, 1990. gv.74 arCil mefe; `saqarTvelos zneoba~. dramis reJisura naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT statiis stili daculia programis xelmZRvanelebi _ prof. vasil kiknaZe Dprof. giorgi margvelaSvili 40 41 Mmaia Sengelia Ddoqtoranturis II kursi P amosavali movlena da siuJetis scenuri dekodirebis problema (literaturuli siuJeti. pirveli plani. scenuri (qmediTi) siuJeti. meore plani. moqmedebis motivacia.) Tanamedrove Teatralur sivrceSi arsebuli mdgomareobis analizisas, uneblied gaxsendeba eJi grotovskis sityvebi: `saqme imaSia, rom qreba Teatris warsulSi gasagebi funqcia. dRes ufro moqmedebs kulturuli avtomatizmi, vidre WeSmariti moTxovnileba. kulturulma adamianebma ician, rom TeatrSi unda iaron da ufro metad iq dadian ara Teatris, aramed kulturuli movaleobis gamo. yvelgan gamefebulia wuxili rogori gzebiTa da saSualebebiT movizidoT mayurebeli, rogor SemovityuoT, rogor CaviTrioT igi warmatebulad. sadRac abonimentTa sistemiT, sadRac pornografiiT, oRond nebismir fasad uzrunvelvyoT CvenTvis savse darbazi. hoda, mec vfiqrob, rom gonivrulia vilaparakoT Teatrze, rogorc dangreul, mitovebul, TiTqmis dacarielebul saxlze.~1 SemoqmedebiTi krizisi periodulad sxvadasxva saxiTa da formiT mJRavndeba da is erTjerad, an erTi qveynisaTvis damaxasiaTebel movlenas ar warmoadgens: mas sxvadasxva dros, sxvadasxva mizezi ganapirobebs. dResdReobiT Seqmnili SemoqmedebiTi krizisis mizezad mravali faqti saxeldeba, maT Soris aucileblad gasaTvaliswinebelia globaluri xasiaTis iseTi mizezebi, rogoricaa: Tanamedrove filosofiuri da sazogadoebriv-politikuri azris stagnacia (roca gauazrebelia adamianis raobis mimarTeba makro da mikro kosmosTan, roca upasuxodaa darCenili kiTxva: _ `ra aris adamiani?~ _ samyaros gvirgvini, Tu misi Semadgeneli nawili?! roca kacis kvla politikuri mizeziT gamarTlebulia terorizmis ideologiiTa Tu erayis omiT.); cxovrebis ritmis arnaxuli zrda; pirovnebis komiqsuri azrovnebis damkvidreba realur cxovrebaSi (roca adamiani aRiqvams movlenas da ara process, ramac es movlena gamoiwvia. es sakiTxi pirdapir 42 kavSirSia cxovrebis ritmis sakiTxTan). ukanaskneli mizezi erT-erTi mTavari mizezia, ramac gamoiwvia akademiuri Teatris darbazebis dacarieleba da e. w. sanaxaobiTi (ufro zusti iqneboda komiqsuri, anu zerele) Teatrebis esTetikis popularizacia. mayurebeli, cxovrebis ritmidan gamomdinare, mouTmeneli gaxda. mas TiTqos ar scalia CauRrmavdes movlenis gamomwvev mizezebs; ambis gageba rac SeiZleba swrafad surs, yovelgvari peri petiebis Cvenebis gareSe. arada, Teatraluri xelovnebis arsi sworedac rom procesis cocxlad CvenebaSia da ara raime faqtis dafiqsirebaSi. Teatri xom fotografia, an sainformacio gamoSveba ar aris?! avadsaxsenebeli drois termini rom vixmaroT, Teatraluri xelovneba `formalisturi~ gaxda. Tanamedrove reJisorebi publikis yuradRebis misaqcevad igoneben aTasgvar formebs, rasac araferi aqvs saerTo literaturul TavwyaroSi gadmocemul ambavTan. cxadia, Teatri ver gaeqceva teqnikis uaxles miRwevebs. piriqiT, igi mowodebulia gamoiyenos yovelgvari teqnikuri siaxle. arc is azria gamarTlebuli, rom formiseuli Ziebani mavne movlenaa da TiTqos formaze ar unda ifiqros reJisorma; magram SeuZlebelia uyurebde speqtakls da ar gesmodes, Tu ra ambavi gaTamaSda scenaze. TviT usiuJeto Tanamedrove prozac ki ver uvlis gverds ambis gadmocemis aucileblobas, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi am ti pis nawarmoebebi sruli abdaubda iqneboda. ambis, anu siuJetis ararseboba scenaze dakavSirebulia imasTan, rom reJisorma xSir SemTxvevaSi ar icis ras dgams. imisaTvis, rom gaverkveT siuJetis scenuri dekodirebis problemaSi, aucilebelia gavixseniT, rom dramaturgia, es aris qmediTi teqsti, anu sityva piesaSi uSualod ukavSirdeba moqmedebas. arcerTi sityva ar iTqmeba umizezod. mizezi warmoSobs sityvas, romelic, Tavis mxriv, aris moqmedeba an iwvevs mas. xazs vusvamT, _ `moqmedeba~ da ara `qceva~. am or cnebas Soris didi gansxvavebaa. magaliTad: `varlami: -ga-a-amarjobaT, Tqveni!... cxik!!..~ ra moxda? reJisorma yoveli nakveTis Semdeg unda dasvas es SekiTxva. 43 maia Sengelia zogi ityvis, rom varlamma daacemina; sxva ambobs, rom varlami mogvesalma. romelia swori? man xom daacemina kidec da mogvesalma kidec? saqme imaSia, rom dacemineba aris qceva, anu igi dakavSirebulia iseT ramesTan, rasac reJisorebi `rogors~ veZaxiT. xolo misalmeba aris moqmedeba, anu is, rasac Cven _ `ra qnas~ vuwodebT. e. i., moxda Semdegi: varlami cxviris daceminebiT (rogor?) mogvesalma (ra qna?). kargi dramaturgi piesaSi gadmocemul ambavs TiTqos gvimalavs (deteqtivis msgavsad). amitom ambavi, romelic scenaze unda daidgas, reJisorma unda gamoiZios, amoxsnas, moaxdinos misi literaturuli dekodireba da gadmoitanos Teatralur enaze. sxvagvarad rom vTqvaT (uxeSi dayofiT, ra Tqma unda) literaturuli siuJeti ñ, anu ambavi rac piesaSi xdeba, es aris is, rasac avtori sityvieri garsiT ñ gvawvdis da rasac Cven pirvel plans (pirvel sibrtyes) vuwodebT. magram ambavi, romelic unda daidgas scenaze, rogorc wesi (kargi dramaturgiis pirobebSi), meore planSi2 Zevs, anu, es aris ara is, rasac personaJebi laparakoben, aramed is, rasac isini akeTeben; e. i., piesis qmediTi garsi.ñ magaliTad, ibseni: `moCvenebani~.3 (simartivisaTvis siuJetis magivrad, Semoklebul fabulas gamoviyenebT). literaturuli ambavi, anu, pirveli plani: osvaldi mamis saxelobis TavSesafris gaxsnaze dasaswrebad Camodis. cdiliobs colad SeirTos moaxle gogo, romelic misi naxevarda aRmoCndeba. scenuri ambavi, anu, meore plani: sasikvdilod daavadebuli osvaldi brundeba mSobliur saxlSi. cdilobs reginas an dedis saxiT i povos mokavSire, romelic gauadvilebs aRsasrulis ukanasknel Jams. cxadia, reJisorma swored meore planSi gadmocemuli ambavi unda dadgas, raTa ojaxuri drama socialur fonze ganviTarebul pirad tragizmamde ayvanil ambad iqces. ra Tqma unda, piesas SeiZleba oris garda mravali plani hqondes, magram, rogorc wesi, Semdgomi planebi warmoadgenen im subieqtur ambebs (fabulebs)4, rac ician mTavari ambis Sesaxeb konkretulma personaJebma. 44 amosavali movlena da siuJetis scenuri dekodirebis problema isev da isev uxeSi paralelis gamoyenebis Sedegad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom literaturuli siuJeti, anu, pirveli plani gamoxatavs nawarmoebis Temas; e. i., imas, razec aris dawerili es nawarmoebi. xolo scenuri siuJeti, anu, meore plani gamoxatavs nawarmoebis ideas; maSasadame, imas, risi Tqmac surs avtors. sagangebod aRvniSnav, rom rogorc literaturuli, ise qmediTi (scenuri) siuJeti nawarmoebSi Zevs da misi gamogoneba araviTar saWiroebas ar warmoadgens. ubralod, qmediTi siuJetis amoxsnaa saWiro da misi scenur enaze gadmotana (mizanscenebis, musikis, ganaTebis, mxatvrobis, qoreografiis, sxva saSualebebis daxmarebiT ambis vizualuri Txroba ñ ). literaturuli siuJetis danaxva araviTar sirTules ar warmoadgens, radgan mas personaJebi sityvieri masaliT gadmoscemen. magram rogor amovxsnaT qmediTi siuJeti? Cven xom vizualuri TxrobiT scenaze swored qmediTi siuJeti unda davdgaT? upirvelesi gasaRebi, riTac qmediTi siuJeti unda gaiSifros, amosavali movlenis 5 sworad gansazRvraa. magram ra aris amosavali movlena da rogor davadginoT igi? upirvelesad S e g a x s en eb T i m a s , Tu r a a r i s Tv i T ` m o v l e n a ~ 6 piesaSi.Kklasikuri ganmartebiT, _ movlena, _ es aris faqti, romelic zegavlenas axdens yvela personaJze da cvlis maTi moqmedebis xazs. piesaSi yvela saxis movlena (didi, mcire (epizodisaTvis, nakveTisaTvis), mTavari, amosavali)) emorCileba am saerTo kanons, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSiFfaqti m ov lena d v er Ca iTvl eba .M ma g ra m ga r da a R ni Snul i aucileblobisa, amosavali movlena erT pirobas unda akmayofilebdes: igi aris movlena, romlis gareSec piesaSi aRwerili ambavi ar moxdeboda. anu, Cven unda vi povoT, ra faqti moxda piesaSi aRwerili ambis dawyebamde personaJebis urTierTobaSi iseTi, romelmac zemoqmedeba iqonia yvela maTganze (ufro zustad ki im personaJebze, vinc pirvel did movlenamde Canan piesaSi), Secvala maTi moqmedebis xazi da gamoiwvia nawarmoebSi moTxrobili ambavi. amosavali movlena (mcire movlenebisagan gansxvavebiT da mTavari da didi movlenebis 45 maia Sengelia msgavsad) saerToa yvela personaJisaTvis, romlebic Canan pirvel did movlenamde da piesis dasawyisisaTvis maTi moqmedebebis ZiriTad motivacias ñ warmoadgens. erTi da imave piesis sxvadasxva siuJetis interpretacia scenaze, ZiriTadad, Sedegia xolme swored amosavali movlenis sxvadasxvanairad gansazRvrisa, rac, Tavis mxriv, iwvevs personaJTa qmedebis motivaciis cvlas da amdenad, sxvadasxva ambis Txrobasac. Tumca aqve avRniSnav, rom rogorc wesi, avtors yovelTvis zustad aqvs mocemuli amosavali movlenis arsi.7 amitomac, misi gamogoneba da `SeTiTxna~ saWiro ar aris. mxolod piesis sworad wakiTxva mogveTxoveba. magaliTad, d. kldiaSvili: `darispanis gasaWiri~.8 ratom xdeba piesaSi is, rac xdeba? ratom iyrian marTas saxlSi Tavs is adamianebi, romelTac saxlSi sam-sami da meti gasaTxovari qaliSvili hyavs (pelagia, darispani, onisime)? ratom cdilobs marTa gaaTxovos maincdamainc Nnatalia da ara romelime misi da? imitom, rom misi naTlulia? ratom cdilobs onisime nataliasTvis moyvanil saqmros karoJna miaTxovos? ratom kravs mudmivad xels marTa natalias da ratom cdilobs ase gafacicebiT rom osikos moawonos? ratom iwyeba piesa marTas SekivlebiT (`marTa: _ axlave aq momiyvane Cemi naTluli, Ppelagia Cemo!..~)? ram Seyara amdeni gauTxovari qalis patroni marTasas? saqme imaSia, rom marTas hyavs qaliSvili, romelic bednierad daubinavebia (`darispani: _ (marTas)... Sen gaSora RmerTma es dRe, Cven rom gvadgia... erTi gyavs da qe moaxerxe imisi gaTxoveba...~) da aseve hyavs saqorwilo vaJi. marTasa da onisimes Soris pirdapiri vaWroba imarTeba. onisime cdilobs daadginos umziTvo qals (anu mis romelime qaliSvils) Tu SeuSvebs rZlad marTa saxlSi. umziTvobis garda, naTlimironobis gamoc xom SeiZleba iwunebdes marTa natalias? piesaSi es scena sityvasityviT asea gadmocemuli: `onisime: _ Tqven nu momikvdebiT, Tqvenma Svilma rom umziTvo mogayenoT karzed... marTa: _ SemobrZandi-Tqva, vetyvi da pirvel adgilze davsvam, Tuki misTana qali damanaxva, Tvalsac eama da gulsac... 46 amosavali movlena da siuJetis scenuri dekodirebis problema ise me vicocxlo, ase vqna!... ki, batono onisime!... mara marto es musaifi rom ar gveyofa, es RmerTmac icis da kacmac!...”9 am dialogidan cxadad Cans, rom marTas saqorwilo vaJi hyavs. swored amis gamoa SemoCveuli naTluli naTliasTan da safiqrebelia, rom arc marTas vaJia imis mimarT gulgrili (savaraudo garemoeba).10 reJisorma aseve unda gaiTvaliswinos im sazogadoebisa da epoqis adaT-wesebi da Cveulebani, romelic asaxulia nawarmoebSi. naTli-mironoba marTlmadideblurqristianul sinamdvileSi SeubRalavi movlenaa da sisxliT naTesaobas niSnavs. miT umetes ufro meti sababi aqvs marTas ar surdes rZlad natalia. swored amitom unda mas ase sulmwared umziTvo naTlulis mocileba Tavidan (swored misi da ara misi debis). saqorwino vaJi eguleba am saxlSi da am mizeziT aucda fexi darispans da marTasTan Semoiara qaliSviliTurT. marTasa da onisimes swored am aRwerili `vaWrobis~ dros xdeba moulodneloba, – gamoCndeba axali konkurenti karoJna.EaRniSnuli dialogi rom marTas vaJs exeba, Cans karoJnas gamoCenamde, osikos interesebis dacvisas, onisimes sityvebidan: ` – (marTas) Cems rZals rom mziTevi ar mohyoloda, swored ar SemovuSvebdi Svils saxlSi... ymawvilma Tavi unda deifasos!~ swored marTas vaJis (SesaZlo sasiZos) gamo unda onisimes sakuTari qaliSvilebis konkurenti natalia miaTxovos osikos da marTas vaJma Tavi unda daifasos, _ umziTvikonkurenti natalia axlos ar unda gaikaros (onisime marTasac kargad icnobs da pelagiasac, amitom saqmis namdvili viTareba misTvis cnobili unda iyos). is ormag TamaSs eweva: erTi mxriv, unda osikisTvis mziTviani qali iSovos, meore mxriv ki, _ sakuTariQqaliSvilebiUumziTvod gaaTxovos. magram marTasagan uars Rebulobs sakuTari Svilebis misamarTiT (marTam gasagebad uTxra: _ marto laparakiT ver icxovrebs axalgazrda ojaxi, es RmerTmac icis da kacmac!). jer kidev ar apirebs onisime far-xmlis dayras, magram, radgan, swored am maWanklobis dros gamoCnda karoJna da radgan, natalia onisimesaTvis safrTxes ar warmoadgens (winaswar icis, rom marTas ar moswons), ukve karoJnas, rogorc SesaZlo konkurentis, Tavidan mocilebas 47 maia Sengelia cdilobs; Tumca, rogorc ki darwmundeba, rom marTa arc mas wyalobs, sakuTari saxlikacis (osikos) bediT interesdeba da umziTvo qalebis Txovas ar urCevs. swored imitom, rom osiko onisimes naTesavia, Tavad mas sasiZod ar gamoadgeba. xolo darispani ki sisxliT naTesavi ar unda iyos marTasi, radgan marTam karoJnas saxelic ki ar icis. is faqti, rom marTas vaJi hyavs, misive sityvebidanac Cans: ` – (osikos) ase awvalebT axlandeli ymawvilebi moxucebul dedebs droze Semfaravis mouyvanlobiT!.. kaia, rom kidev amisTana marjve naTluli myavs!..~ 1 (anu, marTalia Cemma Svilma rZali ar maRirsa, magram naTluli myavs marjveo.) davuSvaT, rom amosavali movlena marTas vaJis saqorwino asakis miRweva ki ar aris (maSin es mocemuli garemoeba iqneboda12), aramed marTasTvis moulodnelad Setyobinebis miReba SesaZlo sasiZos stumrobis Sesaxeb. aSkaraa, rom marTa da onisime winaswar arian SeTanxmebulni, radgan osiko specialurad aris Camosuli soflidan. sakiTxi rom marTas vaJs ar exebodes, aseT SemTxvevaSi, gana marTa aseTi mowadinebuli iqneboda gaeTxovebina natalia? gana amdeni gasaTxovari qalis patroni ase mZafrad daupirispirdeboda erTmaneTs? riT avxsnaT onisimes cvalebadi qceva? xSiria SemTxveva, roca mocemuli garemoeba SeiZleba amosaval movlenaSi agverios. 13 mocemuli garemoeba ukve arsebuli mocemulobaa. am SemTxvevaSi marTas hyavs vaJi; xolo movlena ki momxdari faqtia, romelic personaJebis qmedebis motivacias warmoadgens.Aam SemTxvevaSi marTas vaJs saqorwilo asaki Seusrulda (faqti: Seusrulda, anu `ra moxda?~). rogor ganvsazRvroT aris Tu ara marTas Svilis saqorwino asaks miRweva amosavali movlena am konkretuli ambisaTvis? moviyvan martiv magaliTs qarTuli xalxuri zRapridan `muxaglejia sidedrisa da simamrisa~:14 `iyo erTi glexkaci. hyavda erTi vaJiSvili. roca es vaJi moizarda, mamam moindoma misi daqorwineba, moRala maWanklebi, Semoiara qveyana, magram tyuilad, ar iqna, misi bedi ar gaixsna. adga, bolos, es biWi da wavida mkiTxavTan. mkiTxavma uTxra: 48 amosavali movlena da siuJetis scenuri dekodirebis problema _ wadi, am da am adgilas....~ da a. S. zRapari imiT aris kargi, rom mocemuli garemoebani da amosavali movlena yovelTvis Tavidanve gamotanilia saaSkaraoze. kerZod, am SemTxvevaSi mocemuli garemoebaa is, rom iyo erTi glexkaci da hyavda vaJi. Aamosavali movlena ki isaa, rom es vaJi saqorwino asakisa Seiqna (ki ar mokvda, an dainvalidda, aramed saqorwino gaxda). es rom ar momxdariyo, mama mis daqorwinebas ar moindomebda da arc Semdgomi movlenebi moxdeboda. zustad igive mdgomareoba gvaqvs „darispanis gasaWirSic”. marTas vaJi mcire wlovani rom yofiliyo, arc aravin movidoda marTasas da arc marTa moindomebda arasasurveli sarZlos mogeriebas. amrigad, movlena: „marTas vaJi saqorwino asakis gaxda”, aris amosavali movlena, rogorc mocemuloba.15 sxva sakiTxia, rom piesas eqspozicia ar gaaCnia da igi pirdapir iwyeba movleniT: „cnoba sasiZos mosvlis Sesaxeb”16. magram es sakiTxi mxolod literaturuli siuJetisTvisaa mniSvnelovani; qmediTi siuJetisaTvis ki gadamwyveti mniSvneloba amosaval movlenas aqvs, radgan man unda gansazRvros personaJTa qmedebis motivacia. Tu dadgenil amosaval movlenas da savaraudo garemoebas gavaerTianebT, maSin marTas qmedebaTa motivacia Semdegia: marTas vaJi saqorwino asakis gaxda da dedam SeamCnia, rom igi gulgrili ar aris misive umziTvo naTlulisadmi. swored es, Cven mier mignebuli amosavali movlena, ganapirobebs piesis yoveli p er s ona J i s q m edeb a s ( c xa di a o s i ko c da eW v deb o da dasaqorwinebeli vaJis patrons ratom ar unda, rom TviTon iyolios rZlad `aseTi da iseTi kargi gogo~, magram is faqti, rom natalia marTas naTlulia, sakmarisia, raTa mas zedmeti eWvis sababi ar hqondes.). swored am movlenidan gamomdinare, siyvaruliT ki ar epyroba marTa natalias, aramed piriqiT, _ erTi suli aqvs moacilos Tavis saxls. nataliac sixaruliT ki ar datrialebs sasiZos cxvirwin, aramed aiZuleben, rom ase moiqces. darispanic amitom ar apirebs marTas saxlidan misi vaJis unaxavad wasvlas da natalias SesaZlo konkurentobis gamo, dasasveneblad sxva oTaxSi gasuli, karoJnas mosvenebis 49 maia Sengelia saSualebas ki ar aZlevs, aramed marTas naTlulis sameTvalyureod uSvebs. literaturuli Tavwyaros gadamontaJebis saSualebiT, saidanac ar unda daviwyoT ambis Txroba, ver avcdebiT e. w., didi da mTavari movlenebis Sinaarsis identur gadmocemas. magaliTad, im faqts, rom otelom daaxrCo dezdemona. winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi saqme Janris cvlilebasTan gveqneba da tragediis nacvlad SesaZloa komedia miviRoT. interpretaciis SemTxvevaSi SesaZloa SevcvaloT movlenaTa rigi, magram ver SevcvliT TviT ambavs, anu siuJets, aseTi ram mxolod amosavali movlenis cvlilebiTaa SesaZlebeli; magram ramdenad gamarTlebulia es da ewinaaRmdegeba Tu ara nawarmoebis ideas, anu qmediT siuJets?!A ukve aRvniSne, rom amosavali movlenis sxvadasxvagvarad gansazRvra, sceniuri ambis sxvadasxvagvar gadmocemas ganapirobebs, rasac xSir SemTxvevaSi saerTo araferi aqvs avtoriseul ambavTan. ganvixiloT magaliTi imisa, Tu rogor icvleba scenuri ambavi, amosaval movlenasTan mimarTebaSi. magaliTad, u. Seqspiri: `qariSxali~.17 ra movlena ganapirobebs piesaSi gadmocemuli ambis ganviTarebas? a) davuSvaT, rom es aris qariSxali; magram prospero Tavad iwvevs magiuri codniT am qariSxals da amdenad, igi misTvis movlenas ar warmoadgens. b) mefis qaliSvilis klaribelis qorwili. prosperom dainaxa, rom samefo xomaldma Cauara mis kunZuls, daeloda gemis ukan dabrunebas da qariSxali daatexa Tavs SurisZiebis mizniT; magram wlebis manZilze, gana ar eqneboda saSualeba romelime gemi gamoeriya napirze, dabrunebuliyo neapolSi da iq eZia samarTali? es mas arc ufiqria, radgan mecnieria da ganmartoebaSi Tavs kargad grZnobs. g) mirandas momwifeba da misi fizikuri ltolva kalibanisadmi. swored es faqti aiZulebs prosperos ifiqros qaliSvilis momavalze, mouZebnos Sesaferisi saqmro da daabrunos adamianTa sazogadoebaSi. avalebs kidec ariels, rom xomaldi da misi mgzavrebi uvnebelni unda gadarCnen, xolo mefis Ze ferdinandi calke unda gamoiriyos kunZulze. 50 amosavali movlena da siuJetis scenuri dekodirebis problema swored mirandasa da ferdinandis Sexvedras eswrafvis gulTmisani mama. prosperos rom SurisZieba ar surs, es iqidanac Cans, rom yvelani uvnebelni brundebian neapolSi. samive dasaxelebul SemTxvevaSi reJisori sxvadasxva ambavs dadgams. pirvel SemTxvevaSi es iqneba raRac absurduli zRapari, sadac gaugebari iqneba ra motivacia aqvs mTavari gmiris qmedebas. meore SemTxvevaSi es iqneba gaborotebuli jadoqris istoria, romelic ufals utolebs Tavs. mxolod mesame SemTxveva mogvcems qmediTi siuJetis dadgmis saSualebas da gasagebs gaxdis personaJTa moqmedebis motivacias. amdenad, siuJetis scenuri dekodirebis, anu qmediTi siuJetis gaxsnis problemis gadawyveta umWidroesad ukavSirdeba amosavali movlenis sworad gansazRvris sakiTxs da misi amoxsnis unari reJisoris profesiis qvakuTxeds warmoadgens. igulisxmeba sabWoTa reJimi. SemoTavazebuli terminebi ekuTvnis avtors 1. Е. Гротовский. «От бедного театра к искусству-проводнику». М. «АРТ». 2003. бвРв.:«Ответ Станиславскому». gv. 173; 2. ix.: М. О. Кнебелъ. « Школа режиссуры Немировича-Данченко. М., 1966; М. О. Кнебелъ. « О деийственном анализе пъесы и роли». М., 1959; b. nemiroviC-danCenko `warulidan~ Tb., 1973; Г. Крыжицкий. «НемировичДанченко о работе над спектаклем». М., 1958; 3. ix.: h. ibseni `dramebi~ t. I,1994; 4. М. О. Кнебелъ. «Поэзия педагогики». М. 1976; 5. ix.: А. М. Поламишев. «Деиственный анализ пъеси». М. 1982; А. М. Поламишев. «Событие-основа спектакля». М. 1977; 6. М. О. Кнебелъ. «Поэзия педагогики». М. 1976; 7. ix.: М.О.Кнебелъ.«Одейственном анализе пъесы и роли». М. 1959 ; М. О. Кнебелъ. «О том, что мне кажется особенно важным». М., 1971; А. М. Поламишев. « Событие-основа спектакля». М., 1977. 51 maia Sengelia 8. ix.: „qarTuli saymawvilo literaturis biblioTeka~. t. 15. Tb., 1988; 9. iqve. Ggv. 365; 10. ix.: М. О. Кнебель. «Поэзия педагогикий». М., 1971; А. М. Поламишев. «Деиственный анализ пъесы». М., 1982; 11. ix.: „qarTuli saymawvilo literaturis biblioTeka~. t. 15. Tb., 1988. gv. 369; 12. А. М. Поламишев. «Деиственный анализ пъесы». М., 1982; 13. А. М. Поламишев. «Событие-основа спектакля». М., 1977; 14. „qarTuli zRaprebi~. Semd.: al. Rlonti. Tb., 1975. gv.77; 15. А. М. Поламишев. «Событие-основа сректакля». М. 1977; 16. ix.: m. TumaniSvili. „sanam repeticia daiwyeba~. Tb., 1977; 17. ix.: u. Seqspiri. `Txzulebani~. t. 1. Tb. (gaCeCilaZis Targmani). 52 nino li partiani doqtoranturis II kursi Teatraluri xelovneba, rogorc socio-komunikaciuri saSualeba postmodernistul epoqaSi kacobrioba mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze cdilobs samyaros arsis gagebas, gaazrebas da masSi Tavisi arsis gansazRvras.Ggarkveuli pasuxi yovelTvis arsebobda, magram sabolood veravin daadgina WeSmaritebis arsi. rac ufro meti iyo codna, gamocdileba da asaki, miT meti iyo daeWveba da skepticizmi; faqtobrivad aman dabada modernizmis epoqa, rac gamoixata nicSes cnobili fraziT `RmerTi mokvda~. es niSnavda ara marto religiuri cnobierebis sikvdils, aramed saerTo progresis eWvqveS dayenebas. `ar arsebobs progresi, aramed arsebobs wre, romlidanac gamosavali ar aris. samyaro Seucnobadi qaosia.~ aman gamoiwvia modernizmis epoqaSi avtoriseuli protesti. warsuli memkvidreobis uaryofa da survili samyaros gadakeTebisa, miswrafeba imisken, rom aRweros da gamoxatos absoluturi kulturuli WeSmariteba. jer kidev XX saukunis dasawyisSi xelovnebam dakarga sivrce, romelSic komfortulad grZnobda Tavs. sxvadasxva mimdinareobis Sejaxebam gamoiwvia qaosi. gaCnda idea, rom adamiani martoa samyaroSi da TviTon aris pasuxismgebeli sakuTar Tavze. swored am azrma hpova gamoZaxili axal mimdinareobaSi da ra Tqma unda xelovnebaSic. modernizms arasdros hqonda pretenzia daufleboda farTo auditorias. is, Tavisi bunebiT, yvelasTvis ar iyo misawvdomi.Mmodernizmi, Tavisi arsebobis manZilze, Semoifargla laboratoriuli muSaobiT. Tavis droze modernizmma uari Tqva klasikur akademiur xelovnebaze da axali formebi moxaza. postmodernistuli epoqa, romelic modernizms Caenacvla, kraxgancdili kacobriobis epoqaa, romelic utopiebs aRar agebs da ar cdilobs samyaros gadakeTebas; piriqiT, is cdilobs miiRos samyaro iseTi, rogoric aris, Seeguos mas da moiwyos 53 nino lipartiani masSi maqsimaluri komforti. postmodernizmma uari Tqva eqstremizmze, nihilizmze da garkveulwilad tradiciebs daubrunda. daesesxa sxavadasxava epoqas da Seqmna axali groteskiT, parodiiT da xumrobiT, xSir SemTxvevaSi ironiiT gajerebuli. farTod gamoiyena citaturi, kolaJuri da gameorebiTi xerxebi. man TamaSis xerxSi SeZlo daerRvia sazRvrebi masasa da elitas Soris. postmodernizmis, postmodernis gansazRvra, rogorc Teoretikosebis da mkvlevrebis umetesoba amtkicebs, SeiZleba mxolod `modernizmTan~ socialur-istoriul konteqstSi moxdes. `postmodernizmi~ aRiqmeba rogorc ambivalenturi termini, romelic niSnavs modernizmis rogorc gagrZelebas, aseve gadalaxvas.Aam TvalsazrisiT, ganasxvaveben terminebs: `postmoderni~, _ rogorc modernizmis, filosofiuri safuZvlebis revizia da `postmodernizmi~, – rogorc modernizmis xelovnebis gadaxedva. postmodernis fenomeni, rogorc specifikuri reaqcia, wina periodis kulturis damkvidrebul formebze, evropisa da amerikis mowinave qveynebSi aRmocenda. amerikeli Teoritikosis f. jeimisonis azriT, postmodernis gamoCena SeiZleba omis Semdgomi periodiT daTariRdes, kerZod, amerikis SeerTebul StatebSi 1940-1950 wlebiT. safrangeTSi postmodernis formireba mexuTe respublikis damyarebas (1958 w.) daemTxva.1 miuxedavad amisa, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `postmodernizms samSoblo ar gaaCnia~, – ase amtkicebs amerikeli Teoretikosi d. silver mani. dRes postmodernistuli situacia kulturaSi mTels msoflioSi SeiniSneba, xolo yvelaze `postmodernistul~ qveynad J. derida iaponias asaxelebs. 1934 wels espaneli literaturaTmcodne federiko de onisa saubrobs postmodernizmze, romelic literaturis istoriaSi ganixileba rogorc gardamavali faza (19051914 ww.) `modernizmsa~ da e. w. `ultramodernizms~ Soris. 2 yvela SemTxvevaSi saubaria sxvadasxva saxis movlenaze. ufro gamokveTili azri postmodernizmis Sesaxeb mxolod mogvianebiT Camoyalibda. am fenomenis mkvlevrebis umetesoba 54 socio-komunikaciuri Teatraluri xelovneba, rogorc saSualeba postmodernistul epoqaSi ixreba iqiT, rom postmoderni aRmocenda mxatvruli kulturis farglebSi da ukve mogvianebiT gamoixata sxva sferoebSi – filosofiaSi, politikaSi, religiasa, Tu sxva mecnierebaSi.3 liotari statiaSi `pasuxi kiTxvaze: ra aris postmoderni?~ (1982 w.) Tvlis, rom TavsarTi `post~ Zalian xSirad iwvevs gaugebrobas, is gvTavazobs ganvixiloT TavsarTi `post~ ara rogorc gagrZeleba, aramed rogorc dabruneba, anamnezi, kulturis ganviTarebis winamdebare periodis gadaxedva. 4 modernizmisagan gansxvavebiT, romlisTvisac damaxasiaTebelia individualuroba, postmodernizmSi aRar arsebobs individi, aRar arsebobs sufTa furceli, rasac aRmoaCen da amis gamo xdeba ukve Seqmnilis gameoreba axleburi gaazrebiT. individualoba ukve aRar aris msoflmxedvelobiTi kategoria, igi mxolod stiluri ZiebiT aris dakavebuli.AauTvisebeli masalis ZiebaSi postmodernizmi saocrad afarToebs esTetikur sferos. is swored axlis ZiebaSi moicavs ara marto mSveniers, aramed yovelive maxinjs, umsgavsos, vulgaruls. misTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia Zvelis, warsulis gameoreba, magram mis mimarT damokidebuleba ironiuli xdeba.Mmayurebeli mzad aris miiRos nebismieri TamaSis wesi, magram, rogorc ki Cndeba TamaSis realobad gasaRebis mcdeloba, is kraxs ganicdis. swored amisTvis gaxda ironiis aucilebloba, rogorc Tavdacva da TamaSis xerxi, rogorc erT-erTi saSualeba mayurebelTan urTierTobisa. Cven ganwirulni varT gadaviTamaSoT yvela scenari, rac ki odesme Seqmnila. vcxovrobT gauTavebeli idealebis reproduqciaSi, fantaziebsa da ocnebebSi, romelTa originalebi warsulSi darCa. `gaqra progresis idea, magram progresi grZeldeba~, 5 – wers bodriari. rogorc cnobilia, yvela Teza badebs antiTezas da mxolod amis Semdeg ibadeba dasrulebuli procesi. ukve aRvniSneT, rom kacobrioba mTeli Tavisi arsebobis manZilze dakavebuli iyo WeSmaritebis ZiebiT. iqmneboda milionobiT Teza da antiTeza da miuxedavad imisa, rom es procesi yovelTvis xels uwyobda progress, yoveli epoqis dasasruls SeimCneoda Cixi, krizisi, romlidanac gamosavali didxans ar Canda. es badebda nihilizms, 55 nino lipartiani uimedobas. Tu modernizmis epoqa sakuTar TavSi Caiketa da marto darCa, postmodernizmi _ ufro elastikuri gamodga. man gaiazra markiz de sadis mosazreba: `Cven verasodes mivagnebT WeSmaritebas, sakuTari TvaliT danaxuli da gancdili cvalebadi WeSmaritebis garda~. mas sxva gza ar darCenia, unda aRiaros damarcxeba, gamovides uimedobis da protestis mdgomareobidan da moZebnos saSualeba, romelic Seamsubuqebs mis arsebobas, yofas. is iwyebs Seguebas garemosTanAda eZebs xelsayrel pozicias. misTvis miuRebelia aSkara ideologia, Rrma fsiqologizmi, siRrmeebi, `maRali~ da `dabali~ xelovneba. xdeba am ori sociumis daaxloveba da sazRvrebis moSla. postmodernizmi ibadeba dakarguli idealebis namsxvrevebze. is Tavis mexsierebaSi agebs sxvadasxva monapovars, mis bazaze qmnis sruliad axals, SeiZleba iTqvas, antiinteleqtualurs Tavi si arsi T. xdeb a Janr ebis aR reva, s ruli Tavisufleba.Ppostmodernizmi cdilobs siciliT gamoeTxovos warsuls. erTi sityviT, es ar aris vinmes boroti Canafiqri, es aris patiosani reaqcia Tanamedrove istoriis cinizmze.Ees ar aris moduri gataceba, es aris epoqa, romelic sazogadoebasTan urTierTobis axal stils qmnis. ama Tu im kulturuli movlenis gansazRvra uSualod dakavSirebulia gare sociumis TanaarsebobasTan. skotleSi Tavis fundamentalur gamokvlevebSi amtkicebs, rom kulturuli sivrce, romelSic Cven vimyofebiT, vqmniT, vSromobT da vibrZviT, mTlianad aris moculi postmodernizmiT da es Tu asea, ugunureba iqneboda misi ignorireba mogvexdina. Teatraluri xelovneba rTuli movlenaa, romelic sxavadasxva, damoukidebel sferos aerTianebs da saboloo jamSi erT mTlian sinTezur xelovnebad warmogvidgeba. amasTan erTad is mxolod mayurebelTan Tanaarsebobis SemTxvevaSi iRebs Tavis saboloo saxes, amitom misi arseboba sazogadoebasTan ganyenebulad warmoudgenelia. Teatri gamoxatavs kacobriobis arsebobis da yofierebis arss; aris modeli samyarosi anu, _ `samyaro miniaturaSi~, rogorc galaqtioni ambobda. Teatraluri xelovneba yovelTvis iyo da iqneba sarke da anarekli cxovrebisa, amitomac masSi mimdinare 56 socio-komunikaciuri Teatraluri xelovneba, rogorc saSualeba postmodernistul epoqaSi cvlilebebi pirdapir aris damokidebuli im gare movlenebTan, rac bunebaSi xdeba. cxovrebisgan gadaRlili sazogadoeba Tavisi Zalebis koncentraciasa da mobilizebas mTlianad profesiul saqmianobaSi axdens da Sromisgan daRlili cdilobs cxovrebis darCenili periodi dasvenebisTvis da garTobisTvis gamoiyenos; amitom is, ZiriTad, gasarTob saSualebad garegnul, xedviT siamovnebas uTmobs. mayurebeli xdeba damkveTi da imisaTvis, rom harmoniaSi viyoT mayurebelTan, e. w., momxmarebelTan, erTi mxriv, unda davakmayofiloT misi moTxovna, survili. amisTvis ki unda vicodeT, Tu ra surs mas;Mmeore mxriv, es produqcia unda vaqcioT xelovnebis nimuSad, rameTu xelovneba sazogadoebasTan urTierTobaSi warmoadgens erT saerTos, mTlians da misi ugulebelyofa xelovnebis daRupvas niSnavs. yovelTvis idga sakiTxi, _ unda uwevdes Tu ara Semoqmedi angariSs sazogadoebas, Tu mxolod xelovnebisTvis qmnides. es sakiTxi yvela epoqaSi aqtualuri iyo da mxolod modernis epoqam gaakeTa arCevani da airCia xelovneba xelovnebisTvis. aman ki xelovnebis sazogadoebisgan gaTiSva gamoiwvia da faqtobrivad, aseTi xelovneba ganwiruli aRmoCnda. postmoderni, meore ukiduresobaSi Cavarda.Mman saerTod moSala sazRvrebi, yvelaferi erT saerTo qvabSi moaqcia, _ Zvelic da axalic, sxvadasxva nacionaluri movlena, pop-kultura.Aamas aqvs Tavisi dadebiTic da uaryofoTic: erTi mxriv, gaizarda arCevani, meore mxriv, aman gamoiwvia orientiris dakargva. r o g o r c u kv e a R v ni S neT , p o s tm o der ni z m i s Tv i s damaxasiaTebelia ironia, ekleqtizmi, kaleidoskopuroba, TamaSis elementis gaZliereba, distanciuroba rogorc avtorsa da qmnilebas Soris, ise nawarmoebsa da mayurebels Soris. misTvis ucxoa kanonzomierebis princi pi, sistematizacia da klasifikacia. Teatralurma xelovnebam seriozuli transformacia ganicada da arc reJisoris saqmianoba darCa gamonaklisi. reJisorma, rogorc speqtaklis damdgmelma da xelmZRvanelma, XX saukunis dasawyisSi SeiZina qarizmatuli mxareebi da aRiarebul iqna Teatris liderad. XX saukuenSi iwyeba 57 nino lipartiani reJisuris, rogorc damoukidebeli Semoqmedebis, xana, sadac reJisori, Teatris mTavari generatori xdeba, xolo msaxiobi, _ mxolod erT-erTi, magram mTavari elementi mTlianobisa. reJisori aerTianebs speqtaklSi sxvadasxva elements da erT mTlian organizmad aqcevs mas da mainc, miuxedavad imisa, rom msaxiobs waerTva lideris funqcia, igi scenuri Semoqmedebis mainc mniSvnelovani, damoukidebeli da wamyvani elementia.Mmisi daniSnuleba scenaze iseTive filosifiuri da SeiZleba iTqvas mistikuria, rogoric adamianis roli samyaroSi. is yovelTvis gvevlineba rogorc gamtari, mediumi, romelic TamaSis saSualebiT axerxebs saTqmelis mitanas mayureblamde. reJisori valdebulia msaxiobs misces baza, romelze dayrdnobiTac msaxiobi SeZlebs Tavisi ostatobis srulyofilad gamomJRavnebas. swored reJisoris daxmarebiT axerxebs msaxiobi Seqmnas esa Tu is scenuri saxe.Aaseve reJisorzea damokidebuli speqtaklis mTlianoba da gadamdebi Zala. reJisorma unda gaxsnas da mogviTxros saintereso istoriebi adamianis cxovrebidan. amisTvis ki ar aris sakmarisi mxolod sareJisoro teqnikis codna, _ is pirvel rigSi, unda iyos `cxovrebaTmcodne~ da hqondes Tavisi saTqmeli, Tavisi damokidebuleba cxovrebaze. reJisorisadmi moTxovna yovelTvis maqsimalisturi iyo:Mmas gaazrebuli unda hqonoda pasuxismgebloba.Mamdenad, speqtakli ar unda iyos mxolod sanaxaobrivi. reJisori Teatris winamZRvaria, demiurgi, romelic samyaros Tavisebur models gvTavazobs. Cvens epoqaSi, e. w., postmodernizmis epoqaSi, igi ukana planze gadadis da, xSir SemTxvevaSi, e. w., saavtoro reJisura sul iSleba: aRar aris fsiqologiur siRmeebSi wvdomis aucilebloba, aSkara ideologia. erTi sityviT, reJisori aRar gvevlineba demiurgad, mesiad, romelic mxolod misTvis nacnob WeSmaritebas RaRadebs da Tavis samyaros models gvTavazobs, aramed is aris pro fesi onal i, r omel ic s ainteres od m ogvi Txro bs ambavs.Aadgili eTmoba siuJetebs da personaJebs, xdeba mani pulireba mayureblis emociebze aTasgvari peri petiebiTa da triukebiT. esEyvelaferi ki saSualebas aZlevs mayurebels ar Caufiqrdes gmiris sulier siRrmes.Aam SemTxvevaSi mTavari 58 socio-komunikaciuri Teatraluri xelovneba, rogorc saSualeba postmodernistul epoqaSi mizani is aris, rom ar gadaRalos mayurebeli, romelic dasasveneblad movida. reJisorebi gamodian maRali xelovnebis tyveobidan da cxovrebis qaosSi iZirebian. unda iTqvas, rom TamaSis wesebic gansxvavebulia, mayurebelsa da personaJebs Soris distancia icvleba.Ddidi cvlilebebia JanrTan mimarTebaSic:Ggaizarda sazRvrebi sxva Janrebis SemotaniT rogorc TeatrSi, ise kinoSi.Mmag.: sasiyvarulo drama, erotikuli Trileri, fantastikuri komedia, komediuri deteqtivi, _ erTi ganmsazRvrelia, meore ki damateba.Ees ki uadvilebs mayurebels orientirebis. xandaxan Janris SigniTac xdeba afeTqeba, dRemde miuRebeli elementebis CarviT. erTmaneTs zed edeba urTierTgamomricxavi Janruli pirobiTobebi: lirizmi _ parodia, tragizmi _ farsi,Mmelodramatizmi – sarkazmi. Sedegad miiReba ekleqtizmi, rac ase damaxasiaTebelia postmodernizmisTvis. aseve polifoniuroba, xSirad paradoqsuli JReradoba. Janris gansazRvra, sul ufro rTuli xdeba. rogorc reJisoruli xelovnebis, aseve zogadad Teatraluri xelovnebis, aseTma transformaciam gaaCina zerelobis tendencia, gaaCina mcdari azri imis Sesaxeb, rom aseTi produqciis Seqmna Zalian advilia da es yvelas SeuZlia. aman masiurad Seqmna diletantebis, SeiZleba iTqvas Sarlatanebis, mTeli kaskadi, rogorc msaxiobebis, ise reJisisorebis saxiT. erTi mxriv, damkveTi, anu momxmarebeli da meore mxriv, mimwodebeli, am SemTxvevaSi Sarlatani, qmnian mojadoebul wres, romlis garRvevac SeuZlebeli xdeba. meore problema, romelic am movlenas axlavs is aris, rom xelovneba imdenad gaiJRinTa komerciuli maskulturiT, rom saxezea `kulturuli krizisi~, rac niSnavs: SemoqmedebiTi procesi morRveulia da sadavo xdeba sakiTxi: saerTod SesaZlebelia, Tu ara am procesis aRdgena.Ees damokidebulia masze, vinc qmnis produqcias, Tu publikaze, vinc iTxovs da iRebs am produqcias. SesaZlebelia, Tu ara amis aRdgena sazogadoebaze Zaladobis gareSe, nebayoflobiT? CvenTan postmodernis periodi sabWoTa kavSiris rRvevis periods daemTxva. postsabWoTa sivrceSi reJisorebs saSualeba miecaT gaefarToebinaT TavianTi Semoqmedeba akrZaluli 59 nino lipartiani TematikiT. winaaRmdegobis mospobam orientaciis dakargva da bunebrivad qaosi gamoiwvia. arc Cven aRmovCndiT gamonaklis mdgomareobaSi. miuxedavad yvelafris mimarT ironiuli damokidebulebisa, mainc dgeba eWvqveS, aris Tu ara es postmodernizmi, im gagebiT, rasac dasavleTSi uwodeben.Yyvelafris gardaqmniT cdunebuli Taoba cud dReSi Cavarda, radgan is samudamod iqna `ganwiruli~ maradiuli faseulobebis SeqmnisaTvis. gaxleCil totalitarul mentalitets gauWirda damtkbariyo TamaSiT. is mainc orientirs, sayrdens eZebda. Znelia warmoidgino modernizmis gagrZeleba, roca Tavad modernma ver moikida CvenTan fexi. postmodernis wamyvani Teoretikosi J. f. liotari Tavis naSromSi: `pasuxi SekiTxvaze: ra aris postmodernizmi~, 6 ganmartavs, rom modernis proeqti ki ar dasrulda, aramed daimsxvra, ganadgurda da likvidirebul iqna. CvenTan ki misi reabilitacia dRemde grZeldeba. am TaobisTvis postmoderni ufro modur saTamaSod, keklucobis sagnad iqca. albaT Znelia ramdenime weliwadSi xazi gadausva warsuls, sakuTar mentalitets da sxva TvaliT Sexedo samyaros; magram ai, ukve axali TaobisTvis es aTvlis wertiladac iqca. axal faseulobebze dabadebuli da aRzrdili Taoba pirdapir am enaze alaparakda. is bunebrivad Cajda cxovrebis am ritmSi da yvela kanons daemorCila. ramdenime wlis win aleqsandre brenerma, rogorc Tanamedrove xelovnebis warmomadgenelma da radikalma, SimSiloba gamoacxada. misi erT-erTi mniSvnelovani moTxovna iyo postmodernis gauqmeba. puritanma ki SvebiT amoisunTqa da ganacxada, rom: `mogilocavT, dasrulda postmodernis epoqa da daiwyo mSvidi cxovrebis epoqa, romelic yvelafers Tavis adgilze daayenebso~.Aaqa-iq, SigadaSig gaismis mtkiceba imis Sesaxeb, rom marTlac didi xana dasrulda da Cven vcxovrobT axal kulturul epoqaSi, magram formulireba imisa, Tu ras moicavs axali epoqa da ras gvimzadebs is, albaT, cota naadreviaDda mainc, ra iqneba Semdeg?Ees SekiTxva logikuria. ra Tqma unda ukan dasabrunebeli gza moWrilia, arc postmodernizmis daxurva da damTavrebaa advili, rogorc 60 socio-komunikaciuri Teatraluri xelovneba, rogorc saSualeba postmodernistul epoqaSi produqtisa, romelmac ar gaamarTla. misi damTavreba, albaT, erTi mxriv, niSnavs im darRveuli qronologiisa da strategiis aRdgenas da dalagebas, romelic manamde xelovnebaSi logikurad viTardeboda. Cven vimyofebiT qaosis epoqaSi da qaosi yovelTvis dalagebas moiTxovs.Aasea Tu ise konfliqti gardauvalia.Ddasrulda XX saukune. yovelgvari eqsperimenti Catarebulia. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom moxda kulturuli afeTqeba, romelic iyo logikuri dasasruli yvelafrisa. axla, ki aRaraferi dagvrCenia, garda imisa, rom davelodoT ra iqneba Semdeg. 1. Джеймисон Ф. Постмодернизм и потребительское общество // Вопросы искусствознания. XI (2/97).ст.54-61. 2 Вельш В. «Постмодерн». Генеалогия и значение одного спорного понятия // Путь. 1992. № 1. 3. Гидденс Э. Последствия модернити // Новая постиндустриальная волна на Западе. Антология. М., Academia. 1999. 4. См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Заметки о смыслах «пост» // Иностранная литература. 1994. № 1. 5. Бодрийар Ж. Злой демон образов // Искусство кино. 1992. № 10 6. См.: Лиотар Ж.-Ф. Ответ на вопрос: что такое постмодерн? 61 universitetis samagistro programa kino-tele dramaturgia (Teoriisa da praqtikis analizi) naSromebi ibeWdeba programis xelmZRvanelebis rekomendaciiT statiis stili daculia programis xelmZRvanelebi _ kote jandieri, nino mxeiZe 62 63 mariam kukulava magistraturis II kursi saxeebi danaxuli CrdilebSi (cota ram kasavetesis Sesaxeb) 1957 wels jon Separdis radio SouSi `Ramis stumrebi~ (“Night people”), msaxiobma jon kasavetesma, romelic gadacemaSi miwveuli iyo raTa martin ritis axal filmSi `qalaqis gareubani~ Sesrulebul rolze esaubra, ganacxada, rom filmi ar varga, rom mas ukeTesis gadaReba SeuZlia da Tu mayurebels surs ixilos filmi `namdvil adamianebsa~ da `namdvil cxovrebaze~, maSin maT unda gamoagzavnon fuli, Tundac erTi dolari, radiomauwyeblobis misamarTze. momdevno ramodenime dRis ganmavlobaSi radiomsmenelebis mier gamogzavnili fuliT daaxloebiT ori aTasi dolari Segrovda. rasakvirvelia es ar iyo sakmarisi Tanxa filmis gadasaRebad, magram kinos istoriaSi es faqti erTaderTi SemTxvevaa, rodesac xalxis mier gamogzavnili TanxiT daiwyo filmis gadaReba. am eqsperimentis ukan 28 wlis msaxiobi jon kasavetesi idga. mas warmodgena ar hqonda rogor unda gadaeRo kino, magram man Seqmna filmi, romelic amerikuli damoukidebeli kinos manifesti gaxda da veneciis kinofestivalze Jiuris specialuri prizi moipova. swored aqedan iwyeba miTi kasavetesze, amerikuli damoukidebeli kinos yvelaze mniSvnelovan reJisorze. im periodSi, roca safrangeTSi `axalma talRam~ ifeTqa, kasavetesma Tavisi filmebiT axali sunTqva da Tavisuflebis gancda moutana amerikul kinos, aCvena cxovreba `aq~ da `axla~, gadaRebuli iseTi meinstrimuli filmebis xarjze, rogoricaa roman polanskis `rozmaris Cvili~, robert oldriCis `binZuri Tormeti~ da braian de palmas `risxva~, kasavetesisTvis xom yoveli axali holivuduri roli sakuTari filmebis biujetisaTvis Sesagrovebeli Tanxebis nawili iyo. kasavetess Tanamedrove kino formis gamomgonebels uwodeben. filmis dokumenturi Txrobis manera, mxolod naturaze da realurad arsebul interierebSi gadaReba (filmebis 64 umravlesoba beverli hilzis mopirdapire mxares mdebare misi da misi meuRlis, jina roulendsis saxlSia gadaRebuli, romelic aaSenes, rogorc holivudTan mudmivi winaaRmdegobis simbolo; cnobilia kasavetesis mZafri dapirispirebebi holivudur sistemasa da holivudel prodiuserebTan, mag., gaxmaurebuli skandali stenli kramerTan filmze `bavSvi icdis~, ris gamoc kasavetesma datova kidec gadasaRebi moedani da filmi mis magivrad kramerma daasrula da daamontaJa. kasavetesi am films sakuTar filmad ar Tvlida da ar uyvarda), gaxsnili dasawyisi (eqspoziciis gareSe dawyebuli istoria) da aseve gaxsnili finali, ganwyoba imisa, rom ekranze asaxuli gmirebis cxovrebaSi garkveuli droiT CaverTeT da isini filmis dasrulebis merec ganagrZoben cxovrebas, msaxiobebis usazRvrod mgrZnobiare TamaSis manera, mTeli cxovreba maT saxeebze da maTi saxeebi msxvili xediT - es yvelaferi warmoudgeneli iyo maSindeli amerikuli kinosTvis. kasavetess sulier mamad araerTi cnobili reJisori moixseniebs. misi Tanamedrove Jan - liuk godari mas filmebs uZRvnis (`deteqtivi~ da `kinos kino istoria~, meore nawili), martin skorseze Tavis pirvel films, mas umadlis. swored kasavetesma urCia axaldamwyeb reJisors `binZuri quCebi~ mis garSemo arsebul sastik sinamdvileze, niu-iorkis kvartalebSi gaTamaSebul istoriaze gadaeRo. TavinTi filmebiT kasavetess siyvaruls uxsnian Jak riveti, abel ferara, jim jarmuSi, jonaTan demme, nani moreti, pedro almodovari, ues andersoni das sxv. niu-iorkeli berZeni emigrantebis ojaxSi dabadebuli jon kasavetesi 7 wlamde saberZneTSi izrdeboda da niu-iorkSi Casvlisas inglisuric ki ar icoda. amerikuli dramaturgiuli xelovnebis akadmiis damTavrebis Semdeg is pedagogiur saqmianobas eweva. paralelurad misi samsaxiobo kariera warmatebiT viTardeba, _ mas meore hamfri bogartsac ki uwodeben. swored am periodSi gaicnobs igi Tavis momaval meuRles, msaxiob jina roulends, romelic misi filmebis ucvleli gmiri, reJisoris ekranuli alter-ego gaxdeba da romelTanac 35 weli icxovrebs. 65 mariam kukulava pirvelad filmis gadaRebis idea kasavetess manhetenze Teatris msaxiobebisaTvis samsaxiobo ostatobaSi Ria seminaris Catarebisas daebada, (am seminarze, sxvaTa Soris, jon kasavetesi aqtiur propagandas uwevda Tavisufal improvizacias). filmis finalur titrebSi iwereba kidec: `rac Tqven axla ekranze ixileT, _ interpretaciaa~. amiT, TiTqos erTgvari gansazRvrebac moxda kasavetesis Zalzed specifikuri da individualuri stilisa, romelsac xSirad jazur improvizaciebs adareben. Tumca, miuxedavad improvizaciebis da eqsperimentebisa, isic cnobilia, rom reJisori dawvrilebiT amuSavebda TiToeul epizods da Zalian didxans gadioda repeticiebs msaxiobebTan, raTa mTeli sizustiT mieRo is, rac surda exile ekranze. TamaSis dros msaxiobebi ise Sediodnen rolSi, rom mayurebelze ubralod gadaRebis dros gaTamaSebuli improvizaciis STabeWdilebas tovebdnen. ase rom sinamdvileSi yvelaferi detalurad dadgmuli da gaTvlili iyo. cnobili amerikeli kinokritikosi rojer eberti `saxeebis~ Sesaxeb werda: `saxeebi~ – es iyo jer srulyofilad dawerili scenari da Semdeg, gadaRebisas, es srulyofili scenari Tavidan bolomde improvizirebuli~. 1 rogorc cnobilia epizodebs, romelTa gadaRebis drosac kamerebi manmade iyo CarTuli sanam firi ar mTavrdeboada, ramodenime operatori iRebda erTdroulad. aqedan gamomdinare msaxiobebi rolidan saerTod ar gamodiodnen. kasavetesma, rogorc godarma, uari Tqva tradiciul rvianze, ris gamoc msaxiobs ar eZleoda saSualeba modunebuliyo, sanam misi partnioris scenis gadaReba mimdinareobda. kasavetesis improvizaciebisTvis asparezi ara marto gadasaRebi moedani, scenari an msaxiobebTan muSaoba iyo, aramed samontaJo magidac. aq is namdvil alqimiur cdebs awarmoebda. xSirad gadaRebul filmebs Tavidan amontaJebda. ase daemarTad `Crdilebs~, romelic orjer daamontaJa, `saxeebs~, romlis 125 saaTian masalas 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi amontaJebda sanam saboloo saxe misca. kasavetesis individualuri muSaobis manera iseTive miTologizirebis sakiTxia, rogorc misi pirovneba da sakmaod bevri istora arsebobs filmebis gadaRebebTan dakavSirebiT. 66 saxeebi danaxuli CrdilebSi ben gazara, kasavetesis uaxloesi megobari da `ojaxis~ wevri (Tavis msaxiobebs da maT, vinc masTan erTad filmebze muSaobdnen, is `ojaxs~ eZaxda), piter falkTan erTad kidev erTi misi msaxiobi - fetiSi, erT aseT epizods ixsenebs `Cineli bukmekeris mkvlelobis~ gadaRebebidan: im dRes, roca finaluri, mkvlelobis scena unda gadaeRoT, ben gazara da kasavetesi erTad sadilobdnen. kasavetes etyoboda, rom raRac awuxebda da bolos ukiTxavs kidec: `ben, rogor fiqrob, unda movklaT Tu ara es Cveni bukmekeri?~, `ise, me mag ti pis sawinaRmdego araferi maqvs, kargi biWia, - upasuxa ben gazaram, - magram Sen gadawyvite. ise ratom unda movklaT?~. `marTlac ratom unda movklaT, - Cafiqrda kasavetesi, – Tanac mezizReba mkvlelobebi~. sami saaTis Semdeg prodiuseri movida da reJisors uTxra, mTeli gadamRebi jgufi Tqven gelodebaT da ra vqnaTo. `ra vqnaT, ra vqnaT?~ – imeorebda kasavetesi. bolos sigarets moukida, ben gazaras miubrunda da daiyvira: `kargi, wavediT, movklaT!~ meore msgavsi istoria `Crdilebs~ ukavSirdeba. roca Carlz mingusi Tavis bendTan erTad xmisCamwer studiaSi mivida, raTa `CrdilebisTvis~ momzadebuli kompoziciebis Cawera daewyoT, repeticia kasavetesis yvirilma SeaCera: `ras SvrebiT, Tqven xom improvizaciis mefeebi xarT...~ musikosebis winaaRmdegobis miuxedavad, kasavetesma Tavisi gaitana. im saRamos studiaSi jazis brwyinvale improvizaciis koncerti gaimarTa. `CrdilebSi~ man Tavisi studiis msaxiobebi daakava: hiu hiurdomi, toni reiemi da araCveulebrivi lelia goldoni. radgan kasavetess im periodisTvis warmodgena ar hqonda Tu rogor keTdeboda kino da arc saxsrebi hqonda imisTvis, rom saWiro xalxi daeqiravebina, gadasaReb moedanze yvelaferi sakuTar intuiciasa da mis mier gamogonil eqsperimentebze aago, Tumca amis gamo did problemebsac waawyda. films, romlis gadaRebas erT TveSi gegmavda, sami weliwadi moandoma. gamoucdelobis gamo gadasaReb moedanze msaxiobebTan interpretaciebis dros dialogebs ar iwerdnen, amis gamo `Crdilebis~ yvela dublSi sxvadasxva teqstebs laparakobdnen, ramac didi siZneleebi Seqmna montaJisas. mouwiaT Tarjimnebis 67 mariam kukulava daqiraveba, romlebic piriT kiTxulobdnen. gaxmovanebaze erTi weli daikarga. SemdegSi kasavetesi ironiiT ixsenebda im daSvebul Secdomebs (miuxedavad amisa `Crdilebi~ mainc mis sayvarel filmad darCa, rogorc pirveli filmi): `kinoSi rogorc msaxiobi ise vmuSaobdi da amitom bundovani warmodgena mqonda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor keTdeboda kino. erTaderTi rac `Crdilebis~ gadaRebisas sworad gavakeTe, iyo is, rom Sevkribe axalgazrda enTuziastebis jgufi, romlebsac surdaT SeeqmnaT raime axali~, – ambobs kasavetesi rei karneisTan saubarSi (kasavetesis biografi, romelsac ramodenime wigni aqvs dawerili mis Semoqmedebaze, maT Soris masTan saubrebisa da interviuebisgan Semdgari krebuli `kasavetesi kasavetesis Sesaxeb~). filmis pirveli versia 1958 wels iyo mzad da niu-iorkis andergraundul wreebSi did movlenad aRiqves. TviT ionas meqasmac ki, romelic amerikuli kinoavangardis mama da mTavari ideologi iyo, kasavetesi axalgazrda geniosad gamoacxada. `Crdilebi~, _ es niu-iorkuli neorealizmia bluzis stilSi~, - ityvian filmze; `sinema verite~ manhetenze~, gadaRebuli 16 mm firiT. magram kasavetesi ar iyo kmayofili. roca filmi dasrulda, misTvis mxolod erTi ram iyo naTeli, man ver SesZlo ganexorcielebina Tavisi idea-fiqsi, _ gadaeRo filmi namdvil, cocxal adamianebze. es misTvis katastrofis tolfasi iyo. gadawyvitavs, rom yvelaferi Tavidan gadaamontaJos: `Cven gamogvivida inteleqtualuri da afsoliturad `araadamianuri kino~. filmis riTmi lamazi iyo, magram aranairi kavSiri ar hqonda admianebTan. erTaderTi ram maxarebda mxolod, veraferma ver SesZlo moekla samsaxiobo TamaSi~ (“kasavetesi kasavetesis Sesaxeb”). gadamontaJebisTvis mas fuli aRar hqonda da sesxulobda yvelasgan visganac SeeZlo: sakuTari mSoblebisgan, colis mSoblebisgan, TviTon jina roulendsisgan (misi meuRle da muza `CrdilebSi~ mxolod erTxel gaielvebs, 7 Tvis fexmZime iyo im periodSi). kasavetesi dRe da Ram muSaobs, saxlSi mxolod gamTeniisas midis, Sxaps iRebs da gadasaReb moedanze an samontaJoSi brundeba. am giJur tempSi man filmis sami 68 saxeebi danaxuli CrdilebSi meoTxedi Tavidan gadaiRo: `filmis meore versia ise gansxvavdeboda pirvelwyarosgan, rogorc ca da dedamiwa. bevri musika da `poezia~ daikarga, magram darCa adamianuri urTierTobebi, individualuri emociebi~. 1959 wels gadamontaJebuli filmi mzad iyo da veneciis kinofestivalze Jiuris gansakuTrebuli priziT dajildovda. Cadebuli fuli TiTqmis amoiRes kidec kinogaqiravebidan. amerikaSi alaparakdnen amerikuli damoukidebeli kinos dabadebaze, Tumca am faqts yvela erTnaerad ar Sexvda. igive ionas meqasma da misma momxreebma zurgi Seaqcies da axlad gadamontaJebuli filmi kidev erT rigiT holivudur filmad monaTles. 1961 wels manifestSi axali amerikuli kinos Sesaxeb kasavetesis saxelic ki ar figurirebda (xels awerdnen: Sirli klarki, laionela rogozina, roberta frenka, alfreda lesli, ionas da adolfas meqasi,Eemilia de antonio da sxv.), Tumca es gasakviri arc aris. kasavetesi arasodes ar miekuTvneboda arc erT mimdinareobas. kasavetesma debiutidanve gadauxvia im gzas, romliTac viTardeboda misi kariera im periodisaTvis da sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT daiwyo curva. holivudis SesaZlo axalma seqs simbolom gadawyvita Tavad Seeqmna sakuTari ekranuli realoba, sadac amerikuli kinosTvis ucxo gmirebi aCvena ekranze (SeyvarebulTan erTad quCaSi seirnobisas `Crdilebis~ momxiblavi gmiri lelia goldoni aRwers Tavis grZnobebs: `... me ar var ubeduri, magram TiTqos tyveobaSi var, ... – ambobs is, - ... zogjer meSinia, rom cxovreba gverdiT Camivlis...~. 20 wlis gogos mier naTqvami es sityvebi 60-iani wlebis zRvarze mniSvnelovnad JRerda) da ucnauri gzebi dausaxa am gmirebs gadasalaxad. im gzas, rasac kasavetesis `Crdilebi~ mxolod ganwyobebis doneze grZnoben, ramodenime wlis Semdeg Tavisi gmirebiT ukve gaazrebulad denis hoperi daadgeba `TavzexelaRebul mgzavrebSi~. es Tema SemdegSi Zalzed mniSvnelovani da Zvirfasi gaxdeba mTeli rigi amerikeli damoukidebeli reJisorebisaTvis da ara marto maTTvis. amerikuli kinos da saerTod amerikuli kulturis es usayvarlesi Tema – gza, rogorc metafora da erTaderTi 69 mariam kukulava saSualeba cxovrebis Secnobisa, marTlac mTavari siuJetia kasavetesTan yvela filmSi, miuxedavad imisa, rom is arasodes axl osac ar gakar ebi a road movie-s Janrs. gza da gzis Tema zustad im gagebiT rogorc es gvxvdeba road movie-Si: roca mizani ar aris mniSvnelovani da iluzorulia, roca mTavari TviTon gzaze yofnaa, radgan gzaSi ar aris da verc iqneba is, rac gvaSinebs yvelaze metad _ kanonzomierebebi (aseT mogzaurobaSi midian kasavetesis sami gmiri filmSi `qmrebi~. maTi gza, _ es aris mogzauroba droSi, mcdeloba warsulSi dabrunebis, raTa iq daimalo, Tavi Seafaro da amis Semdeg nabaxusevi dabruneba awmyoSi). magram es ukve sul sxva filmebi da sxva gmirebia, romlebic odnav mogvianebiT movlen, manmade ki `CrdilebSi~ kasavetesma axalgazrda admianebis cxovrebaze TvalTvaliT SeZlo daefiqsirebina ganwyobebi qalaqisa `revoluciis win~. `CrdilebSi~ qalaqi TviTon xdeba siuJeti, Tema, forma. aq jer kidev vxedavT personaJebs, romlebic did qalaqSi marTlac Crdilebs gvanan da qalaqis erTiani organizmis nawili arian. sul raRac aTiode wlis Semdeg wina planze mxolod maTi `saxeebi~ gamovlen, romlebzec aRbeWdili SfoTi da emociebi sxva danarCens ukan moitoveben. Semdeg filmebSi es `Crdilebi~ `saxeebad~ iqcevian: `films Tavisuflad SeiZleboda rqmeoda `saxeebi~ - wers rojer eberti erT-erT statiaSi. `saxeebi~ SeiZleba saerTod kasavetesis kinematografis simbolod aviRoT. es aris is, razec dgas mTlianad kasavetesis Semoqmedeba. grZnobebi, gadmocemuli adamianTa saxeebze~. `Crdilebis~ gmirebi eZeben idenTifikacias, sakuTar adgils cxovrebaSi. maimunoben, uyvardebaT, literaturul `tusovkebze~ dadian, sartris azrebs ganixilaven gabuRul kafeebSi, undaT warmateba, viskis svaven Cabnelebul barebSi da ubralod undaT iyvnen romantikulebi. Carlz mingusis da Safi hadis jazuri interpretaciebis qveS kasavetesi 50-iani wlebis amerikeli axalgazrdebis “SOUND OF YOUTH”-s qmnis da biTnikebis manhetens gvixatavs. Tumca is ar gviCvenebs berouzs, alen ginzbergs an keruaks, raTa im epoqis romantika gadmogvces. mas sxva ram ainteresebs. mas realuri adamianebi surs aCvenos 70 saxeebi danaxuli CrdilebSi ekranze, romlebsac reJisori sakuTar saxelebsac ki unarCunebs filmSi (mTavari gmiri lelia goldoni, realuradac lelia goldonia da a. S.). filmi zustad gadmoscems 50-iani wlebis niu-iorkis ganwyobas, roca haerSi jazi da poezia iyo gaJRenTili, roca ukve TiTqos igrZnoboda, rom niadagi mzaddeba im didi qariSxlisTvis rac 60-inebSi datrialdeba. manmade ki im Ramis niu-iorkSi, romelic `CrdilebSia~ asaxuli, gamoCndebian axali gmirebi. maT Soris axalgazrda Savkaniani musikosebic, romelTaTvisac jazi TviTgadarCnis, maTi kulturisa da genis SemanarCunebeli saSualeba da erTgvari brZolis iaraRic iyo. Ramis niu-iorki am hangebis qveS izidavda da aerTianebda aramarto Savkanianebs, aramed nonkonformistulad ganwyobil TeTrkanian axalgazrdebsac, mdidari ojaxebis Svilebs, romlebic Rameebs klubebSi, cekvaSi atarebdnen jazis fonze da axali ideebiTa da axali cxovrebis surviliT imuxtebodnen. `CrdilebTan~ dakavSirebiT rasakvirvelia rasizmis problemaze msjeloben xolme, radgan filmis `love story” swored am Temis garSemo trialebs da eizenhaueris periodis amerikisTvis kvlav tabuirebul Temas exeba. Tumca kasavetesi Sorsaa `liberaluri paTososgan~, is ar ayenebs sakiTxs, vTqvaT aseTi formiT: `Savkanianebic adamianebi arian!~, rac Tavad feradkanianebSic ki gaRizianebis gamomwvevi iqneboda. mulati leliasa da misi TeTrkaniani Seyvarebulis istoriaSi zogadad qalis da mamakacis urTierTobebis problemebia dasmuli da rasobrivi problema mxolod amZafres am xazs. kasavetesisTvis mTavari Tema, filmidan filmSi, swored qalis da mamakacis urTierTobebis kvlevaa. amaze trialebs mTeli samyaro, mTeli cxovrebis azri, amas gviyveba is filmidan filmSi mTeli Tavisi cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis ganmavlobaSi: `me arasodes gadaviReb filmebs sxva Temaze qalis da mamakacis urTierTobebis garda~. martin skorsezes dokumentur filmSi `mogzauroba amerikul kinoSi martin skorsezesTan erTad~ kasavetesi ambobs: `me mxolod erTi ram mainteresebs... da es, _ siyvarulia~. magram kasavetesis pirveli filmi, misi sxva filmebisgan gansxvavebiT, pirvel rigSi axalgazrdobazea. am Temas is 71 mariam kukulava aRarasodes aRar miubrundeba. mas sxva urTierTobebis moyola moundeba filmebiT. albaT amitomac xSirad imeorebda, rom `Crdilebi~ mas mxolod axalgazrdobaSi SeeZlo gadaeRo. misi arcerT filmi aRar iqneba aseTi Tbili, lirikuli da poeturi: `Crdilebi~ aris realisturi drama, romelSic aris imedi. es aris filmi adamianebze, romlebic amerikuli sazogadoebis dabal fenebs warmoadgenen. filmi imaze, Tu rogor cxovroben, rogor umklavdebian realobas es adamianebi da rogor ar kargaven imeds, ar kargaven rwmenas. me mjera adamianebis!~. Tumca ukanasknel SedevrSi `siyvarulis dineba~ is `Crdilebidan~ erT Temas gaixsenebs. es da-Zmis urTierTobaa. da-Zmisa, romlebic didi xania aRar arian axalgazrdebi da lelia goldonis axalgazrduli sixalase maTTvis Soreuli warsulia. rojer eberti werda: `kasavetesis gmirebs undaT, eZeben da sWirdebaT siyvaruli yvelaze metad amqveynad. Tavad isini Zalzed Znelad gascemen am grZnobas da aseve Znelad iReben mas. magram RmerTo Cemo, rogor cdiloben...~. 2 da marTlac, `siyvarulis dineba~ es aris filmi ubedur adamianebze, romlebsac isev sWirdebaT siyvaruli. filmSi saras, jina roulendsis gmirs, saxlSi mohyavs ori cxeni, Txa, batebi, qaTmebi, ZaRli, TuTiyuSi da es ar aris komedia. taqsidan gadmosuli adamiani, romelsac mTeli zooparki mosdevs ukan sasowarkveTilebaSi Cavardnili qalia, romlis qmedebac misi ubedurebis gancdis araadeqvaturi gamomxatvelia. cxovrebis rTul etaps sara Tavis ZmasTan erTad gadalaxavs, romlis cxovrebaSic analogiuri periodi dgas. roberti fleiboi mwerlia, mTel Rameebs sigaretis kvamliT gabuRul barebSi rom atarebs viskis WiqiT xelSi da qalebis garemocvaSi, romlebsac gauTaveblad uyveba rogor uyvars isini. `siyvarulis dinebis~ yvelaze saintereso intriga is aris, rom naxevari filmis ganmavlobaSi verc vxvdebiT ra kavSirSi arian es ori adamiani erTmaneTTan. `siyvarulis dinebis~ finalSi kasavetesis personaJi emSvidobeba jina roulendsis gmirs. filmis gadaRebebis dasawyisSi kasavetesi ukve avad iyo da es finaluri 72 saxeebi danaxuli CrdilebSi damSvidobeba simbolurad iqca. is emSvidobeba jinas, mayurebels, kinos... Tu laparakia realizmze kinoSi, msgavsi utyuaroba da miaxloeba realobasTan ar gvxvdeba, albaT, arc `sinema veriteSi~ da arc `axal talRaSi~. Tumca, es realizmi reJisors ar uSlis xels siuJetSi Semoitanos iseTi xazebi rogoricaa: halucinaciebi, sizmrebi das xv. (mag. `siyvarulis dineba~, `premiera~). es aris dramebi adamianTa cxovrebidan, e. w., `saqorwino trilogia~, iqneba es: `mini da moskovici~, `saxeebi~, `qali zegavlenis qveS~ Tu GholivudSi gakeTebuuli `gloria~, romlebSic kasavetesis gmirebi icinian, svaven, isterikebi aqvT, giJdebian kidec, ganuwyvetliv arCeven urTierTobebs da Cxuboben erTmaneTan, ibrZvian TavisuflebisTvis, SfoTaven, TavianT socialur rolebTan modian winaaRmdegobaSi, isterikis zRvarze arian da maTi xarxarSi gadasuli sicili ufro saSiSia, vidre cremlebi. marTalia `Crdilebis~ gmirebisgan gaansxvavebiT, romlebsac jer kidev didi imedebi unTiaT TvalebSi, maT saxeebSi msgavs ganwyobebs veRar amovikiTxavT, magram isini mainc siyvarulisTvis ibrZoleben, radgan mxolod siyvaruls eZeben da mxolod siyvarulisTvis ibrZvian sxvadasxva formebiT da siyvaruli maTTvis is gzaa, romelSic aris sicocxlis azri... rodesac rei karneis ekiTxebian kasavetesze, rogorc siyvarulis udides poetze kinematografSi, is aambobs, rom mamakacsa da qals Soris urTierTobebi es, _ mxolod formaa kasavetesisTvis im yvelafris gamosaxatavad, rasac Tu mxolod siyvaruls vuwodebT, misi Semoqmedebis zerele gaazrebad CagveTvleba: `es filmebi bevr ramezea, - ambobs kritikosi, cvlilebebsa da procesebze, Tavisuflebaze, sazogadoebis mier dakanonebuli normebisa da wesebisgan Tavis daRwevaze, SesaZleblobebze da sakuTari Tavis definiciebis Ria formebze; siZneleebze gamoxato Seni ocnebebi da survilebi da aucileblobaze, rom SesZlo es radac ar unda dagijdes; kidev mzadyofnis saWiroebaze axali gamocdilebebisaTvis; imaze, Tu rogor gaxde emociurad amtani da gauZlo roca gatkenen; imaze, rom zogjer saWiroa gawyvito kavSiri warsulTan 73 mariam kukulava da icxovro awmyoze orientirebuli ganwyobiT; emociurad gatexilobaze da qcevis normebze; imaze, Tu rogoria cxovreba im mdgomareobaSi, roca mxolod arafris codna ganTavisuflebs; imaze, rom zogjer unda CaiZiro iseT raRaceebSi, roca arc ici es sadamde migiyvans; kidev martoobis sxvadasxva formebze: martosulobaze, arakomunikabelobaze, gadamdeb TviTgaucxoebebsa da tkivilebze... da bolos, me minda vTqva, rom es yvelaferi TviTon kasaveteszea ... “ aleqsandre lorTqifaniZe magistraturis II kursi andrei tarkovski – bavSvobis msxverplSewirva `da mefeTa queyanisaTa da mTavarTa da aTasisTavTa da mdidarTa da ZlierTa da yovelman monaman da aznaurman damalnes Tavni maTni quabTa Sina da kldeTa Sina mTaTasa. da etyodes mTaTa da kldeTa: dameceniT Cuen zeda da dagufareniT Cuen pirisagan saydarTa zeda mjdomarisa da risxvisagan kravisa. rameTu movida dRe igi didi risxvisa misisa da vin SemZlebel ars dadgomad?~ „ioanes gamocxadeba~, T. me-6, m. 15-17 1. ix.: Roger Ebert . “Husbands”. “Chicago suntimes “/ January 1, 1970. 2. ix.: Roger Ebert. “Love Streams”. “ Chicago suntimes “/ January 7, 1998 • Ray Carney - “Cassavetes on Cassavetes”, 2001; http://people.bu.edu/ rcarney/cassavetes/ • Roger Ebert - Reviws on Cassavetes films : A Woman Under the Influence “ Chicago suntimes “ Roger Ebert / January 14, 1998; “Love Streams” - Roger Ebert “ Chicago suntimes “/ January 7, 1998; “Opening Night” - Roger Ebert “ Chicago suntimes “/ January 1, 1977; “Husbands “ - Roger Ebert “ Chicago suntimes “/ January 1, 1970 ; “Minnie and Moskowitz” - Roger Ebert “ Chicago suntimes “/ February 14, 1972 ;“Faces” - Roger Ebert “ Chicago suntimes “/ December 19, 1968. • Журнал «ИСКУССТВО КИНО»: Михаил Трофименков, “Джон Кассаветес: американец, заблудившийся в Америке” №4 , 1998 • Журнал «ИСКУССТВО КИНО» : Ольга Артемьева, “Двоеточия”, №10, 2008 . 74 “Предчувствиям не верю и примет Я не боюсь. Ни клеветы, ни яда Я не бегу. На свете смерти нет. Бессмертны все. Бессмертно все. Не надо Бояться смерти ни в семнадцать лет, Ни в семьдесят. Есть только явь и свет, Ни тьмы, ни смерти нет на этом свете. Мы все уже на берегу морском, И я из тех, кто выбирает сети, Когда идет бессмертье косяком.” arsen tarkovski, „cxovreba, cxovreba~ sakuTar Semoqmedebaze saubars kinomoyvarulebTan Sexvedrisas, rusuli kinematografis erT-erTi yvelaze mkafio figura, andrei arsenis Ze tarkovski Semdegi sityvebiT iwyebs: „CemTvis, kino saukeTeso iaraRia, raTa mivaRwio WeSmaritebas imdenad, ramdenadac es SemiZlia~. albaT Sors wagviyvans andrei tarkovskis filmografiis miRwevebze saubari da imis gansja, moaxerxa Tu ara didma reJisorma Cawvdomoda WeSmaritebas, 75 aleqsandre lorTqifaniZe magram erTi ram aSkaraa, tarkovski Tavad iqca ara mxolod lokalurad rusuli kinematografis, aramed msoflio kinos WeSmarit mwvervalad, xolo moazrovneebisa da kinomanebisaTvis ki – kinos filosofiis stalkerad. dRemde ar wydeba kamaTi tarkovskis msoflmxedvelobis garSemo. magaliTad, cnobili rusi operatori giorgi rerbergi, romelmac andrei tarkovskisTan erTad kinoSedevri „sarke~ gadaiRo, erT-erT interviuSi ambobs, rom „igi iyo genia, romelmac msoflio kinematografs Tavisi SemoqmedebiT axali biblia Seuqmna~, _ aseTi damokidebuleba tarkovskis mimarT araerT adamians aqvs, Tumca, am pozicias xSirad upirispirdeba meore mxare, romelic Tvlis, rom tarkovski poziori Semoqmedia, romelmac kinoSi zedmeti da gaugebari elementebis SemotaniT scada mayureblis CaTreva da motyueba. rac ar unda negatiurad viyoT tarkovskisadmi ganwyobilni, albaT mainc gagviWirdeba daveTanxmoT meore mxares, radgan argumentebi, rac andrei tarkovskis filmografiaSi vlindeba, mxolod imaze metyvelebs, rom man kidev erTi axali gza gaiyvana kinos usier tyeSi da sruliad axali, idumalebiT moculi esTetikiT, Tavisi epoqac Seqmna. andrei tarkovski 1932 wlis 4 aprils daibada ruseTSi, literatorTa ojaxSi. mama, arsen tarkovski, imxanad ukve cnobili rusi poeti iyo, deda ki, maria viSniakova, aseve warmatebuli literaturaTmcodne. andrei sul raRac sami wlis iyo, roca mamam ojaxi miatova. amis Semdeg, 1943 wels, andrei dedasTan erTad moskovSi gadadis sacxovreblad da iqaur skolaSi ganagrZobs swavlas, sadac gaicnobs kidec gamoCenil rus poetsa da prozaikoss andrei voznesenskis. miuxedavad imisa, rom umcrosi tarkovski swavla-ganaTlebas moskovSi iRebs da bavSvobisa da axalgazrdobis did nawilsac ruseTis dedaqalaqSi atarebs, mis mogonebebSi mainc wina planzea sofeli zavraJie da bebiis ZvelisZveli saxli, sadac daibada da izrdeboda 11 wlamde. SemdgomSi ukve, am SegrZnebebisa da gonebaSi aRbeWdili suraTebis STagonebiT, tarkovski gadaiRebs `sarkes~ da araerT bavSvobisdroindel mogonebas CaSifravs filmSi. aRsaniSnavia, rom andrei Tavidanve 76 andrei tarkovski - bavSvobis msxverplSewirva ar irCevs reJisorobas, skolis damTavrebis Semdeg moskovis aRmosavleTmcodneobis institutSi abarebs da arabistikas eufleba, Tumca fizikuri travmis gamo Tavs anebebs swavlas. „araerTxel mifiqria aRmosavleTmcodneobis swavlisas, rom naCqarevi arCevani gavakeTe, radgan cxovrebisa jer araferi gamegeboda~, – wers tarkovski Tavis avtobiografiaSi, romelsac Semdeg «ВГИК»-Si waradgens da daiwyeba kidevac didi reJisoris namdvili cxovrebiseuli gza. tarkovskis biografiis moyola Sors wagviyvans, miTumetes rom Tavad reJisors ar uyvarda am Temebze saubari, Tu ar CavTvliT adreuli bavSvobis wlebs. amitom umjobesi iqneba misi bavSvobis mokle mimoxilvis Semdeg, pirdapir Semoqmedebze gadavideT da is naperwkali veZeboT, romelmac did reJisors Tavisi filmebis gadaReba „aiZula~. xSirad aseT Ziebas, diskusia mosdevs, aris Tu ara tarkovskis kino Tavad reJisoris mier aRqmuli ise, rogoradac mas kinomcodneebi aRiqvamen. hqonda ki tarkovskis gaazrebuli is simboloebi, romlebic mis filmebSi kinomkvlevrebma aRmoaCines? msaxiobi erland iusefseni ixsenebs, rom roca tarkovski „nostalgias~ iRebda, iusefsema gabeda da hkiTxa, Tu ras aRniSnavda filmSi sanTeli, razec tarkovskim gabrazebiT upasuxa: „sanTeli? risTvis iyeneben sanTels? raTa gaanaTon! jer dafiqrdiT da Semdeg mkiTxeT, erland~.1 ucnauria reJisoris aseTi pozicia riTi SeiZleba iyos ganpirobebuli. SeiZleba vivaraudoT, rom tarkovskis ar surda sakuTari Canafiqri, is poeturi kino, rasac ase ostaturad niRbavda simboloebsa, Tu saxeebSi, erTi xelis mosmiT gaeubraloebina da ase pirdapir aexsna mayureblisaTvis, Tumca am mosazrebasac gamouCndebian mowinaaRmdegeebi, romlebic ityvian, rom es yvelaferi farsia da realurad Tavad tarkovskisac ar hqonda Cafiqrebuli araferi saocari da rom yovelive, iqneba es Savi ZaRli „stalkerSi~, sanTeli „nostalgiaSi~, cecxlmokidebuli buCqi „sarkeSi~, Tu gamxmari xe „msxverplSewirvaSi~, sinamdvileSi ubralo axirebaa reJisorisa, romelic Tavisi xasiaTiTa da niriT namdvilad amyarebs am Sexedulebas. Tumca aseT SemTxvevaSi mTavari amocana sxvagvarad unda davsaxoT: Tu davuSvebT, rom andrei tarkovskim simboloebisa da saxeebis 77 aleqsandre lorTqifaniZe awyobili sistema, erTgvari kinokri ptograma Seqmna, maSin risi Tqma surda amiT reJisors? ratom daSifra man Tavisi saTqmeli ase, an Tavadve ratom uaryofs pirad saubrebSi aseTi simboloebis arsebobas? am kiTxvebze andrei tarkovski martiv pasuxs iZleva 1967 wels daweril statiaSi: „poeturi kino, rogorc wesi, Sobs simboloebs, alegoriebs da am ti pis sxva warmonaqmnebs, rasac sworedac rom aranairi kavSiri ar gaaCnia im xatovanebasTan, rac aucilebelia kinosaTvis~.2 meore mxriv, ki SeiZleba iTqvas, rom paradoqsTan gvaqvs saqme, Tumca, Tu ufro ukeT davukvirdebiT tarkovskis damokidebulebas simboloebisadmi da Semdeg mis mierve Seqmnili simboloebis damokidebulebas misi filmebis pirobiTobebisadmi, yvelaferi naTeli gaxdeba. tarkovski uaryofs simboloebs, rogorc aseTs, magram Tavadve qmnis saxeebs, simbolur saxeebs, romlebic romeliRac konkretul mocemulobasa da situaciaSi iqcevian simboloebad. namdvilad gasaocari meqanizmia. Tan, Tu imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom aseTi ti pis simboloebi tarkovskisTan gaormagebul emociur muxts gadmogvcemen, aSkaraa, rom maTi SeqmniT reJisorma erTgvari antisqolio Seqmna Tavisi filmebisaTvis. magaliTad, Savi ZaRli „stalkerSi~, filmis bolosken Cndeba, roca dramaturgiuli kvanZi iwyebs gaxsnas da TiTqos yvelanair fantasmagorias Suqi unda moefinos: ZaRli icavs kars, romelic periodulad iReba da romlis zRurblTanac ori adamianis, qalisa da mamakacis, ConCxebi wvanan. SeiZleba rom es ZaRli, miTiuri cerberis alegoriad miviCnioT? maSin udavoa stalkeriseuli zonis msgavseba gansawmendelTan. asevea msxverplSewirvaSic, xdeba gamxmari xis sakralizeba, romelsac bavSvi yoveldRiurad usxams wyals. leonid nexaroSevi, Tavis naSromSi, _ „wylis wveTSi – saxeTa simbolika andrei tarkovskis filmebSi~, _ wers, rom aseTi saxeebis SemotniT tarkovski pirdapir kavSirs amyarebs bibliur, xSirad ki ucnobi religiuri legendebis gzasTan da swored aseTi gza, Serwymuli kinematografTan, iwvevs andreis miRwevebs RmerTis ZiebaSi; es ki udavoa, rom reJisoris mTavar miznad mTeli misi filmografiis manZilze, RmerTis, WeSmaritebis da rac mTavaria, cxovrebiseul realobaSi asaxuli WeSmaritebis povna iqca. 78 andrei tarkovski - bavSvobis msxverplSewirva SeuZlebelia tarkovskis Semoqmedeba da misi figura msoflio kinoSi romelime kinomans SeumCneveli darCes. ramdenadac miuwvdomelia xSir SemTxvevaSi tarkovskis kino ubralo, gauTviTcnobierebeli mayureblisaTvis, imdenad amouwuravi da amouxsnelia es sakiTxi yvela im adamianisaTvis, visac kinosTan raime kavSiri mainc aqvs. Tavi rom davaneboT yovelgvar simbolikas, saxeebsa da teqnikur sakiTxebs, misi filmebidan yovelTvis modis is idumali emocia, romlis axsnac guls SeuZlia, gonebas ki – ara. ai ra komentari gaakeTa ingmar bergmanma tarkovskis Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb: „tarkovskis pirveli filmebis aRmoCena CemTvis saswaulis tolfasi iyo, me uecrad aRmovCndi oTaxis im karTan, romlis gasaRebic arasodes mqonia, romelSi SeRwevazec mxolod vocnebobdi, is ki iq, im oTaxSi Tavisuflad moZraobda. me vigrZeni mxardaWera, erTgvari nugeSi: viRacam ukve SeZlo gamoexata is, ris Sesaxebac me yovelTvis vocnebobdi mesaubra, oRond ar vicodi rogor. tarkovski CemTvis yvelaze diadia, rameTu man kinoSi Semoitana axali, gansakuTrebuli ena, romelic saSualebas aZlevs mas cxovreba asaxos, rogorc raRac xiluli da raRac sizmriseuli~,3 _ albaT, erT-erTi idealuri gansazRvrebaa tarkovskis filmografiisa, rac ki odesme Tqmula mis Sesaxeb. marTlac, es fantasmagoria, rac tarkovskis filmebs laitmotivad miyveba, ar aqvs mniSvneloba, ra xerxiT iqneba gadmocemuli, mdinaresaviT moZravi balaxis Senelebuli kadrebiT, Tu wylis WuWyiani morevis xangrZlivi axlo xediT, mTavaria rom axerxebs mayurebels Seuqmnas is ganwyoba, romelsac nebismieri aRmsareblobis moZRvari isurvebda mrevlSi qadagebisas. tyuilad ar gavavle aseTi paraleli, tarkovskis filmebSi xSirad wavawydebiT qadagebis elementebs, magaliTad „stalkerSi~, roca filmSi moulodnelad ismis nawyveti „apokalifsidan~, an Tundac „msxverplSewirva~, roca mama uyveba patara biWs qristiani moRvawis, ioane kolovis istorias, rac Semdeg alegoriulad gardaisaxeba filmis siuJetSi. magaliTebis moyvana mravlad SeiZleba, xSirad reJisori arapirdapi kadrebiTa da mdgomareobebis SeqmniT mianiSnebs ama Tu im religiur wiaRsvlaze. bulgareli kinomcodne 79 aleqsandre lorTqifaniZe nedelCo milevi Tavis esseSi „sityva andreiseul vnebebze~ tarkovskis filmografias sam nawilad yofs: sarkemde, sarke da sarkis Semdeg. albaT logikuri ganawilebaa, radgan „sarke~ marTlac iqca erTgvar zRurblad, Tu gardamtex berketad mis SemoqmedebaSi, Tumca vfiqrob, aseTi dayofa qronologiuri Tanmimdevrobis daurRvevlobis gamoisobiTaa. Tu cota ufro Tavisuflad mivudgebiT am sakiTxs da imasac davuSvebT, rom xSirad xelovanis SemoqmedebaSi brundeba is etapi, romelic man ukve gaiara, SeiZleba sxvanairad davaxarisxoT tarkovskis kino. Cemi azriT, Tu mainc raRac niSniT gvsurs misi filmebis dajgufeba, es Semdegnairad unda movaxdinoT: 1. „ivanes bavSvoba~, „andrei rublovi~; 2. „stalkeri”, „solarisi~; 3. „sarke~, „nostalgia~; 4. „msxverplSewirva~. es aramc da aramc ar gulisxmobs imas, rom romelime jgufi nakleb mniSvnelovani iyos, an sxvebze dabla idges, magram ganwyobisa da saTqmelis mixedviT, xSirad rCeba STabeWdileba, rom es swored is safexurebia, romelic tarkovskim gaiara. vfiqrob „nostalgia~ usvams mis Semoqmedebas logikur wertils da ara „ ms x ver pl S ew i rv a ~. am Sem Tx v ev a Si qr o no l og i ur i Tanmimdrveobisadmi yuradRebis miqceva uadgiloa, radgan „msxverplSewirva~ erTgvarad, gandegili adamianis warmosaxvis asaxvas ufro hgavs, TiTqos avtorma raRac etapi daasrula da Semdeg, rogorc beri, romelmac uari Tqva amqveyniur cxovrebaze da Tavidan daibada adamianad, reJisoric cdilobs agoniaSi myofi adamianis anderZis datovebas; bolos ki yvelaferi iwveba, yvelaferi is, rasac ase dawvrilebiT da detalurad gvaCvevda filmis ganmavlobaSi. mTlianad filmis apokali pturi ganwyoba bolos gvirgvindeba lokaluri apokalifsiT da Tavisufali sulis xsniT, rac manamde miuRwevelia tarkovskis SemoqmedebaSi. Tu gavixsenebT „stalkers~, filmis boloSi mTavari gmiri cols mimarTavs: „rom icode rogor daviRale, mxolod RmerTma uwyis! isini ki inteligentebs uwodeben sakuTar Tavs, es mwerlebi da mecnierebi! maT xom arafris ar swamT, an sulac gauqraT is organo, romliTac unda swamdeT! Sen xom naxe isini, rogori Tvalebi aqvT – carieli~! da a. S. SeiZleba Tu ara mTavari 80 andrei tarkovski - bavSvobis msxverplSewirva gmiris es sityva reJisoris wuxilad da saTqmeladac miviCnioT? vfiqrob, rom udavoa, tarkovskis TanagrZnoba stalkerisadmi, rogorc salosisadmi, romelic uSedegod cdilobs raRacis miRwevas, raRacis, rac adamianebisaTvis ukve aRaraa mniSvnelovani. diax, stalkeri salosia da saerTodac, tarkovskis filmebSi xSirad gvxvdebian personaJebi, romlebmac sakuTari sicocxle da survilebi gverdze gadades, Tavi ki, erT WeSmarit mizans miuZRvnes. andrei tarkovski ar erideba sakuTar filmebSi religiuri dogmebis poetur-filosofiur WrilSi gadmocemas. cdilobs ra axsna mouZebnos erTi SexedviT ubralo movlenebs, Tavadve eqceva am movlenebis tyveobaSi da Semdeg cdilobs gamoZvres am marwuxebidan, rac iqceva kidec amave movlenebis axsnad. ai ras ambobs tarkovski apokalifsis Sesaxeb: „apokalifsi, saerTo jamSi, bedisweris ambavia. vinaidan adamiani Tavadve irCevs sakuTar gzas, Tavisufali nebis gamo, mas ar SeuZlia ixsnas yvela, aramed mxolod sakuTari Tavi, TumcaRa, es xsna iqceva kidec sxvebis gadarCenis saSualebad. apokalifsi sazarelia TiToeuli CvenganisTvis, magram erTad, mTlianobaSi Cven yovelTvis vxedavT masSi imeds~.4 imedi gadarCenis, imedi gzis gakvlevis arasodes tovebs andrei tarkovskis Semoqmedebas da yovelTvis elavs, rac ar unda tragikuli iyos misi filmi. yovelTvis Cndeba mtredisa („sarke~), Tu TeTri navis saxiT („ivanes bavSoba~). sabolood ki, SeiZleba didxans vidavoT imaze, emTxveva Tu ara Cven mier aRmoCenili WeSmaritebis naperwkali, Tavad reJisoris mier Cafiqrebuls, magram erTi udavoa, rom es naperwkali arsebobs. dramaturgi tonino guera ixsenebs, rom roca tarkovskis hkiTxa, raze ocnebobda, an ra surda imxanad, tarkovskim samSoblos nostalgiasTan erTad gamoyo bavSvobaSi dabrunebis survili. „ra Tqma unda me mesmis, rom es SeuZlebelia, magram gana arsebobs rame, rasac kino ver moimoqmedebs~?5 tarkovski dabrunda bavSvobaSi da Cvenc, yovelTvis roca mis filmebs vuyurebT, misive bavSvobiseuli iluziebis monawileni vxdebiT. filmSi „sarke~, aris momenti, roca moxuci deda SvilebTan erTad Cans kadrSi, oRond Svilebi isev iseTi patarebi arian, rogoric dedis 81 aleqsandre lorTqifaniZe axalgazrdobis dros iyvnen. es andrei tarkovskis bavSvobis msxverplSewirvaa, misive warsulis realobisa da irealobis areva, rasac sabolood mivyavarT im martiv WeSmaritebamde, rasac andrei tarkovskis kino hqvia. swored aseTi bavSvobis droindeli SegrZnebebis gamo, rac tarkovskis mTeli Semoqmedebis manZilze gahyva, misi filmebi ufro metad iwveven Cveni fantaziis mobilizebas da TiTqos, stalkeri ara calkeuli personaJi, aramed TiToeuli Cvengania. es iluzia, romelsac tarkovskis kino qmnis, sabolood iqceva sanTlis alad „nostalgiaSi~, xolo miRweuli WeSmaritebis xalxisaTvis gadacemis dauokebel survils ki „msxverplSewirvaSi~ yvelaferi Seqmnilis, yvelaferi arsebulis gadawviT axerxebs mTavari gmiri. diax, es Tavisuflebaa... golgoTisaken mavali adamianis Tavisufleba... swored esaa tarkovskiseuli WeSmariteba. dabolos, Tavad andrei tarkovskis sityvebi gavixsenoT, romelic man andrei voznesenskisTan saubarSi warmoTqva: „WeSmariteba mxolod erTia andrei, is, rom igi ar arsebobs~.6 1. ix.: a.l. nexaroSevi, m.a. rostockaia, v.a. utilovi. „a. a. tarkovski – msoflio kinematografis konteqstSi”. m., «ВГИК»-is gamomcemloba, 2003. 2. ix.: n.f. boldirevi. „stalkeri, an tarkovskis dReebi da Sroma” . Tb, 2003 3. ix.: a.l. nexaroSevi, m.a. rostockaia, v.a. utilovi. „a. a. tarkovski – msoflio kinematografis konteqstSi”. m., «ВГИК»-is gamomcemloba, 2003. 4. ix.: p. d. volkova.. „andrei tarkovski: arqivebi, dokumentebi, mogonebebi” m., 2002 5. ix.: a.l. nexaroSevi, m.a. rostockaia, v.a. utilovi. „a. a. tarkovski – msoflio kinematografis konteqstSi”. m., «ВГИК»-is gamomcemloba, 2003. 6 „andrei tarkovskis filmebi da rusuli suliereba” – s. silvestroni. Изд-во ББИ, 2007 http://tarkovsky.su/ http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0001789/ http://orthodisc.su/texty/Tarkovskiy/istina.html http://community.livejournal.com/ru_tarkovsky/ http://www.ufa-sretenie.ru/plugins/forum/forum_viewtopic.php?2126 http://inoekino.ru/author.php?id=399 82 goga qobalia magistraturis II kursi kSiStof kislevskis moraluri mousvenroba polonur kinematografs hqonda ori aRmavlobis xana: erTi ormocdaaTaini wlebis bolos da meore samociani wlebis dasawyisSi. samocdaaTiani wlebis SuaSi ki daibada kinematografi `moraluri mousvenrobiT~, romelic kSiStof kislevskim daiwyo. kSiStof kislevski 1941 wels daibada, roca poloneTSi omi iyo da man bavSobis umetesi nawili gzaSi gaatara, roca misi ojaxi, sxva da sxva adgilas gadadioda. Teqvsmeti wlisam dramaturgiul skolaSi Caabara, Tumca swavla male miatova da Teatraluri kostiumebis ostatad daiwyo muSaoba. Semdeg samjer scada kino-tele skolaSi Cabareba, mesame cdaze gaumarTla da Cairicxa kidec. am saswavleblis damTavrebis Semdeg, ZiriTadad dokumentur filmebs iRebda. dokumentur filmebze muSaobisas, man aRmoaCina rom, rac ufro cdilob axlos mixvide gmirTan, igi miT ufro iketeba, _ ar ixsneba. amasTan, arsebobs eTikuri sazRvrebic, romlebsac verasodes gadaabijeb: verc gmirTan urTierTobaSi da verc _ mayurebelTan. dokumenturi filmi ki, es aris pirdapir adamianis bedSi Careva, rac amZafrebs relobis SegrZnebas. amitomac, misi pirveli filmis gmirebi dakavSirebulebi iyvnen realur gmirebTan, rac kidev ufro aaxlovebda mayrebels yofasTan. reJisorma Tavis adreul dokumentur filmebSi TvalTaxedva SeaCera qalaqebisa da muSebis yoveldRiur cxovrebaze. es filmebi ar iyo aSkarad politikuri, Tumca xSirad poloneTis xelisuflebasTan iyo konfliqtSi. mis satelevizio filmSi `muSakebi 71~, Tavad muSebi msjelobdnen masiuri gaficvebis mizezebis Sesaxeb. suraTi naCvenebi iqna mxolod `daCexil~ formatSi. am filmis Semdeg reJisorma yuradReba SeaCera xelisuflebaze, filmSi `avtobiografia~ man CarTo dokumenturi qronika, kadrebi politbiuros Sekrebebidan da gadmogvca erTi 83 goga qobalia adamianis istoria, romlis cxovreba mimdinareobs xelisuflebis TvalTvalis qveS. kislevskis pirveli srulmetraJiani mxatvruli filmic `Srami~ moicavda dokumenturi kinos elementebs. reJisorma filmis gmirebad aiyavana erT-erTi fabrikis xelmZRvaneloba, romlebic aRmoCndnen moraluri dilemis winaSe. konfliqtSi, sadac dabis macxovreblebi da muSebi ewinaaRmdegebodnen adamians, cdilobdnen amayad warmoedginaT xelisufalni. es iyo reJisoris mxridan mcdeloba, eCvenebina xalxisTvis, Tu rogor gaurbis sinamdvile kameras. franguli trilogia: sami feri `lurji~ `wiTeli~ `TeTri~ is filmebi gaxlavT, romliTac kislevski popularuli xdeba. mas moixseneben, rogorc ara polonel aramed, `saerToevropel~ reJisorad. kislevskis mTeli cxovrebis manZilze poloneTSi ar ucxovria, magram is amboibda: `roca safrangeTSi Cavdivar, yovelTvis vbrundebi poloneTSi.~ samSobloSi reJisorma, marTlac Sedevrebi gadaiRo. kislevskis kinematografi `moraluri mousvenrobiT~, socialurad fsiqologiuri, mSrali da gansakuTrebiT prozaikuli, moklebulia gmirul miTologiur sazoms. maCvenebelia Tu ra mosdis Cveulebriv, _ `saSualo~ adamians stabilizaciis pirobebSi. erT-erT interviuSi reJisori paolo taviani ambobs: `arian istoriuli da biologiuri adamianebi, kislevski iRebs filmebs biologiur adamianebze da maT yoveldRiur problemebze, raSic isini arian Cabmulni. adamianebs, _ adaptirebulebs nacrisfer samyaroSi, sadac maT reJisori ubiZgebs raRac didisken, da aCvenebs, ras iwvevs xelovnebasTan, politikasa da rwmenasTan adamianis Sejaxeba. kislevski Tavis SedevrSi `kinomoyvaruli~ gvanaxebs ubralo adamians, romelic iwyebs dokumenturi filmis gadaRebas. sadac gmirs xelovneba aiZulebs dainaxos simarTle da samyaro mis garSemo. fasi ki am yvelafris gagebisa aris uzarmazari, magram gmirs, rogorc individs, bedniereba ar uweria. 1981 wels reJisori iRebs momdevno, brwyinvale, magram amasTanave yvelaze uimedo films `SemTxveva~, sadac adamianis 84 kSiStof kislevskis moraluri mousvenroba bedi ar ganisazRvreba misi gansakuTrebuli piraduliT. adamians eTamaSeba brma SemTxveva. gaxdeba Tu ara is disidenti, an apolitikuri specialisiti, Tundac partiuli moRvawe, _ es yvelaferi damokidebulia imaze, miuswrebs Tu ara is matarebels. poloneli kritikosebi am films uwodeben komformizmis gamarTlebas, magram kislevski ar iRebda istorias adaptirebaze an Seguebaze, ubralod reJisorma amiT anaxa, Tu rogor itanjeba adamiani samyaroSi, romelic moklebulia yvelanair azrs da cxovrobs samyaroSi sadac yvelafers marTavs SemTxveva. 1994 wels, roca mayurebels warudgina trilogia (sami feri `lurji~ `wiTeli~ `TeTri~) kislevskim Tqva, rom es iyo misi bolo suraTi da is, SemdegSi, films aRar gadaiRebda. mizezi ar dausaxelebia. `Znelia icxovro samyaroSi, romelic ar aris aRwerili~, ambobda reJisori. misi survili iyo daexata polonuri cxovreba ise, rogorc sinamdvileSi iyo da ara komunistur propagandaSi. ris gamoc TavisTavad cdilobdnen daeCexaT misi filmebi, magram reJisors arasodes Seucvlia simarTlis Taviseburi gaazreba. Tavis dokumentur da mxatvrul filmebSi, mas arasodes aumaRlebia xma, arasodes eloda warmatebas, misi mizani iyo: gamoxmaurebodnen mis filmebs. kislevski bevr adamianSi xedavda sulier dacemas, razec mas Tvali ar dauxuWavs: aSkarad saubrobda imaze, Tu ra rCeba adamianSi, roca is kargavs sakuTar `mes~. adamianis sulier cxovrebaze saubris SesaZlebloba ki, ukve niSnavda aseTi cxovrebis arsebobas. retrospeqtruli, warsulisaken mimarTulia `mokle filmi mkvelobaze~, - seria `dekalogidan~, romelmac kidev erTxel daafiqra kacobrioba. manamde ki kinoSi ar yofila wvrilmanebamde dayvanili mkvlelobis istoria ise, rogorc am filmSia. poloneTSi am filmis gamosvlis Semdeg, aikrZala sikvdiliT dasja. saerTod kislevskis filmebis intimuroba aisaxa imaSi, rom misi suraTebi yvelas exeba. reJisori gviyveba ara imaze, rom cxovrebaSi ar arsebobs Cveulebrivi adamiani, aramed imaze rasac Cven ver vxedavT. mis filmebSi ki es ise aSkarad 85 goga qobalia Cans, rom SegviZlia gverdidan SevxedoT Cven Tavs. roca is gmiris aRweras iwyebs, gviCndeba pativiscema sakuTari Tavis mimarT da aRmovaCenT, rom cxovreba Tavgadasavalia. kislevski Tavis Tavs, qronikul pessimists uwodebda, magram mis sxeulSi morwmune, kaTolike qristiani Canda. rasac misi filmebi adasturebs. filmebi, sadac imedis, siyvarulis, ganwmendili usazRvro rwmena aSuqebs. saerTod keslevski ar iyo moralisti, is iyo namdvili reJisori, mousvenari sindisiT. reJisoris mxatvruli ostatoba axal mwvervals aRwevs, frangul polonur filmSi `veronikas ormagi cxovrevba~ romelSic or sxeulSi gayofili, erTi sulis Sesaxeb mogviTxrobs. Tu poloneli gogona uras ambobs siyvarulze imis gamo, rom xelovnebas uerTgulos da suli Caudgas `dantes~ striqonebis simRerisas, frangi gogona zurgs Seaqcevs musikalur karieras da fexdafex gahyveba ucnob mamakacs, meTojinesa da mezRapres. filmSi TamaSobda cnobili msaxiobi iren Jakobi. filma isev gaaoca mayureblebi, Tavisi saTuTi formiT da axali SesaZleblobebiT, _ aq vxedavT adamianis bunebas metafizikuri kuTxiT. ekranizaciis warmatebam reJisors misca ambicia da impulsi gadaeRo trilogia, proeqti romelic iyo franguli polonuri da Sveicariuli, dasaxelebiT `sami feri~ `lurji~ `TeTri~ `wiTeli~ (1993-1994). saTauri SeirCa safrangeTis droSis ferebis mixedviT. reJisoris azriT samyaroSi ar aris Tavisufleba, ar aris Tanasworoba da mainc kacobrioba valdebulia ecados da ganaxorcielos ideebi, romelic i povis gzas Tavisuflebisaken. swored amitom evropuli idealebiT sulCadgmulma filmebma, franguli revoluciis Semdeg, asaxes sinamdvile, is realoba, sadac SesaZlebelia aRmocendes axali faseulobani cakleuli adamianebiT. filmi `lurji~ areulia mwvanesTan, TeTri wiTelTan, wiTeli nacrisferTan. lurji feri gaxda musikis da gardacvlilTa xsovnis eqvivalenti. `TeTri~ aris warmodgena im samyarosi, romelic miiswrafis ufro Rrma azrovnebisaken. wiTeli SeuerTda maT Tavisi siyvaruliT da siZlulviliT. kislevski ambobda: `aris Tu ara vinme msgavsi RmerTis, Semqmneli yvelafris 86 kSiStof kislevskis moraluri mousvenroba rac ar Cans Cvens irgvliv. Tu ki daakvirdebi samyaros istorias da mere Cvensave istorias, maSinve davinaxavT, Tu rogor vusxltdebiT RmerTs xelidan~. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom keslevski RmerTs xalxSi eZebda, rac i pova kidec trilogiaSi `sami feri wiTeli~, sadac man ironiulad aiRo RmerTis roli. filmSi is TviTin marTavda personaJebis beds da ubiZgebda maT paradoqsuli situaciebisaken. `Cveni mokle stabilizacia~, _ es ironiuli fraza ekuTvnis poets da dramaturgs Teodor reJeviCs, romelic ambobda, rom kislevskim sworad daaxasiaTa cxovrebis dabali done poloneTSi da saerTo apaTia xelisuflebisa 1960 wlebSi. aseve asaxa polonuri kulturis situacia, romelic im periodSi ganicdida xelisuflebis Zlier zewolas, rac naTlad aisaxa imdroindel mis polonur filmebSi. filmi `dekalogi~ (1988-1989), seria aT mxatvrul filmad, romelsac safuZvlad edo aTi mcneba, triumfaluri gaxda reJisorisTvis. `dekalogi~, romelic kinoxelovnebaSi Sefasebulia rogorc gmirobis tolfasi _ aTi filmi, romelic reJisorma rekordul droSi gadaiRo. im saukuneSi, sadac manierizmi da seriuli kultura iyo gamefebuli, kislevski da misi scenaristi, kSiStof fseviCi ar SeuSindnen Tanamedrove sazogadoebriv morals. maT mier arCeuli dramaturgiuli princi pi, maTi SemoqmdebiTi gadawyveta, axdens im yvelaferi saukeTesos koncentracias, rac ki iqna Seqmnila polonuri kinos mier. reJisori yvelaze fundamentalurad usvamda xazs SemoqmedebiT urTierTobas reJisorsa da msaxiobs Soris. misi mTavari kredo iyo msaxiobebis siyvaruli da mzad iyo scenarSic, gamomdinare msaxiobebis keTildReobisa, Seecvala zogi ram, rac maTTvis advilad gasagebi da xelmisawvdomi gaxdeboda. kSiStof kislevski Tavis Tavze iZaxda: `CemSi ar aris didi talanti, geniosebi uceb pouloben Tavis adgils, me ki iZulebuli var, mTeli cxovreba viaro misken. me vici es da amitomac mivdivar. imaT ki visac ar surT, ar ZaluZT gaigon, rom es procesi usasruloa, yovelTvis ityvian, me Sevicvale. me ki am dros vapireb, Cemi Semdgomi nabijis gadadgmas, romelic 87 goga qobalia maaxloebs mudam miuRwevel miznamde. Cemi mizania vixilo Cveni Sinagani samyaro, is, risi gadaRebac SeuZlebelia kameriT. vici am miznis miRweva SeuZlebelia, am miznisken mxolod miaxloebaa SesaZlebeli~. mis filmebSi iSleba uzarmazari sivrce, ara marto kinogmirebisTvis, aramed mayureblisTvisac, sivrce, rasac gadis adamiani usasrulod intimur, unikalur, magram amasTanave Turme universalur refleqsis gzaze. zustad am gzaze aqvs adamians SesaZlebloba dauaxlovdes sxva adamianebs. misi filmebi yoveldRiurobiT gamowveuli esTeTikuri emociebia. gvxiblavs imiT, rom samyaro gaferadebulia refleqsiiT, ganzogadebulia misgan da gankacebulia. misi gmiri aris mgrZnobiare, dakvirvebuli, refleqsebze damyarebuli, romelic acnobierebs mimdinare procesebs. es yvelaferi niSnavs, rom gmiri imyofeba sityvis ZiebaSi, romelic saSualebas aZlevs Seicnos sakuTari Tavi, sxva adamiani da samyaro. es ki yvelaze mniSvnelovania, radgan gmiris dakvirvebuli mzeris miRma, mayurebeli xelaxla aRmoaCens yovel moZraobas, yovel Sinagan nabijs, Tundac mis monawileobas am samyaroSi. `dekalogis~ meeqvsve nawilTan dakavSirebiT SeiZleba aRmocendes raRac eWvi, romelic provocirebulia da damabnevelia saTauridan gamomdinare. mTlianobaSi ki, es aris Zalian daxvewili, nazi da sevdiani, elegiuri moTxroba, uimedo siyvarulze, romelic gabneulia samyaroSi. iq, sadac Cans deficiti adamianuri grZnobebisa, aris uxamsoba da swored aseT samyaroSi, aucileblad amotivtivdeba mexsierebaSi ieso qriste saxarebidan, siTyvebiT: `giyvardes moyvasi Seni, viTarca Tavi Seni~. kSiStof zanusi werda: `kislevskis Sroma hgavs im uzarmazar planetas, romelic anaTebs... visargebloT imiT, rom is, jer kidev CvenTana, rom jer kidev mexsiereba aris axali, imitom rom arc ise male gamoCndeba aseTi masStabis adamiani, xelovani da Semomqmedi.~ 1996 wels poloneli reJisori kSiStof kislevski gardaicvala. igi iyo erT-erTi ukanaskneli saavtoro kinos warmomadgeneli, romelic kinematografs epyroboda ara rogorc 88 kSiStof kislevskis moraluri mousvenroba atraqcions da gasarTobs, aramed rogorc moralur gzavnils TaobebisTvis. man gansazRvra kulturuli barieri aRmosavleTsa da dasavleTs, evropasa da amerikis xalxs Soris, klasikur da Tanamedrove kinematografs Soris. main aiZula xalxi XX saukunis bolos esminaT misTvis. reJisori ambobda: ..filmi ar arsebobs mayureblis gareSe. mayurebeli yvelaze mTavaria, xolo xelovneba xelovnebisTvis da forma formisTvis, sakuTari talantis an vnebis vardna zewolis qveS, CemTvis miuRebelia da mec movyevi istoria romelic gadaayiravebs adamians~. http://burusi.wordpress.com/cinema/krzysztof-kieslowski/ http://cinema-translations.blogspot.com/search/label/Kieslowski http://krzysztof-kieslowski-about-myself.blogspot.com/ http://rusmilestones.ru/day/show/?id=27300 http://cinemotions.blogspot.com/search/label/Kieslowski http://www.inoekino.ru/author.php?id=1987 http://www.inoekino.ru/artc97.html http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ruwiki/965006 89 avtorTa Sesaxeb CULTURE MANAGEMENT Nino Sanadiradze UNDERSTANDING OF ART SECTOR MANAGEMENT nino sanadiraZe _ xelovnebaTmcodneobis doqtori saqarTvelos erovnuli muzeumi-eqspert specialisti SoTa rusTavelis kinosa da Teatris saxelmwifo universiteti biznesisa da marTvis fakulteti – asocirebuli profesori. tel: +995 (77) 78 91 78 el-fosta: [email protected] Summary In the article is briefly examined essence of attitude of meaning culture and art management. The proposed work presents a descriptive analysis of negotiation of culture and culture management, meaning of management differentiation in art sector and aims. This article describes peculiarity of marketing in art and culture sector and special of art market. The article concerns development trends of art management and how to use business skills to support and promote a variety of visual, performing, and media arts and artists. For the time being the cultural market is playing important role in the world economy. However, with all their importances there are financial problems presents with financing of culture sector. Business skills, arts and entertainment managers play a key role in bringing great performances, paintings, scripts, songs, and more to the public. In this article author argue for more theoretical discussion and empirical research into organizational and managerial dynamics of commercial cultural production. Their concern grows out of their observation that management research is neglecting cultural production as a serious object of investigation despite its economic, social, and political significance. ABOUT AUTHOR Dr. Associated professor of Shota Rustaveli Theatre and Film Georgian State University, Georgian National Museum Tel: + 995 (77) 78 91 78 E-mail: [email protected] 90 91 UNIVERSITY’ Ph.D PROGRAM Tamar Tsagareli Third Year Ph.D Student DRAMA AND THEATRE HISTORY Head of the Program: Prof. Mikheil Kalandarishvili Maka Vasadze First Year Ph.D Student OAONE IS SUPPOSED TO SAY SOMETHING ORIGINAL ABOUT A MAN, AND IN TEMRS OF FORM AND STRUCTURE, IT ALREADY IMPLIES CREATING SOMETHING NEW… Summary While speaking to a famous Georgian theater director Robert Sturua, there was revealed some significant aspects. First of all, we were concerned about the level of influence that theoretical works of philosophy or art have had on Robert Sturua. There exists the term “film-language,” and “theater language, or the language of a theater.” Our key interest emerged around the factors (either a person or a thing) that influnced shape of his “theater language.” Out of 37 plays of Sheakspeare, Robert Sturua implemented around 17. We became keen on understanding Sturua’s attitute towards Sheakspeare, and his approach of interpretation of a Sheakspeare play; how does he make his concept suitable and relevant, why does it happen that time by time he again gets back to the same play? In September 2010, at the Moscow Theater “Et Cetera,” Sturua talks about staging a play “The Tempest.” It was also interesting, whether which of the forms of performing art are more acceptable for Robert Sturua? Those are the issues around which our discussion was held with Mr. Robert Sturua. Below, we suggest the entire transcript of the interview to our reader. 92 THEATRE OPINION IN GEORGIA (According to the Renaissance epoch) Summary Georgian feudal culture reached its golden age in the 11th-12th centuries. This conformed to the country’s economic and political potential and was the natural result of the development of culture in Georgia. Emerging on a purely national foundation, Georgian feudal culture developed in creative contact with the culture of neighboring countries and peoples. In particular, it creatively assimilated the influence of Hellenic and Arab-Persian cultures. Advanced Georgian society of those times was acquainted with neo-Platonic philosophy, Byzantine theological literature, Arab and Persian poetry, and works by eastern and western scholars. Permeated with Georgian feudal humanism, it developed in a new direction, endeavoring to portray actuality, true human feelings and aspirations, and avoiding the abstract dogma of religious philosophy. In the 11th-12th centuries’ freedom of thought and of scientific research were championed by the Georgian writers and philosophers Eprem Mtsire, Ioane Petritsi and Arsen Ikaltoeli. In the 11th-12th centuries the major political issues were the countries liberation from foreign invaders and the centralization of statepower. These were pressing tasks. The historians of that epoch concentrated on precisely these problems, and this explains their laudation of statesmen who headed the struggle against external enemies and worked to centralize state-power. They wrote openly of their hatred for external enemies and for the feudal lords who opposed the central state-power, the united monarchy. Their works are permeated with profound feelings of patriotism. They produced works on theology and philosophy, translated foreign works, copied manuscripts, and so forth: An important role in spreading 93 education and in scientific and literary activity was played by Georgian monasteries outside Georgia. These monasteries, which were centres of learning rather than of religion, included the Iberia Monastery on Athos, the Georgian Monastery on the Black Mountain in Syria, the monastery of the Jvari in Palestine and the Petritsoni Monastery in the territory of what is now Bulgaria. The Gelati Academy, founded by David the Builder, |was the most prominent centre of Georgian culture of those days. It was David’s plan that Gelati should become a “second Athens”. In mediaeval Georgia there was another academy of this kind at Ikalto. A high level of development was attained by various branches of art: fresco-painting, miniature decoration of manuscripts, chasing on gold and silver, enamelling, and so on. It must be noted that, in those days, Georgia had three different schools of] chasing on gold. The works of the famous Georgian goldsmiths, Beka and Beshken Opizari, are an outstanding contribution to world art. Many branches of 12thcentury Georgian art, whose creations were known not only in Georgia, are of historic significance. The major achievement of Georgian culture in that epoch was the great Shota Rustaveli’s “The Knight in the Panther’s Skin”, in which humanist ideas are conveyed in classical verse-from. Naturally, in the epoch of developed feudalism Georgian culture was influenced by the prevailing world-outlook, but advanced ideas had penetrated deep into all branches of art and left their imprint on the further development of art. The philosophical views of Eprem Mtsire, Ioane Petritsi and Rustaveli did not fit into the usual framework of the prevailing mediaeval world-outlook. Despite the predominant ideology, advanced thought asserted the realisation of the advantages of earthly life. Rustaveli extolled earthly, human feelings, love, principles of fair play, friendship and brotherhood regardless of nationality or religion. In the llth-12th centuries Georgian science and art were characterized by many of the features that later became the hallmarks of the European Renaissance. 94 DRAMA DIRECTION Head of the Program: Prof. Vasil Kiknadze, Giorgi Margvelashvili Maya Shengelia Third year Ph.D Student INITIAL EVENT AND STORY SCENIC DECODING PROBLEM Summary Direction with the development, it becomes necessary to analyze theatrical essence of determination of particular issues and their practical use, these issues cause – result establish connections. The present work is the subject of the research cornerstone event, the importance of defining the plot scenic decoding solution for the problem. Literary story, a story or play which is going on is that provided by oral membrane and the theater in the flatness of the first call. It reflects the work topic, this is what is written in what works. But the story, which is to be staged in scene usually lies in the plan, so this is not what we are talking about Hollywood, but what they are doing, so it play an effective shell. The second plan of the work expresses the idea, or that what the author wants to say. Stage director, visual narrative media, the second plan, that is an effective story has come to be. Effective for decisions story correctly, it is necessary to work properly defined initial event. Initial event is the event, without which the story is described in the play would not have happened. Initial event, the right to seek to identify what took place in the play described the story before the characters in a relationship, which all impact on the character (who first big event, it seems to work), changed their line of action and led to work in the narrative of a story. Initial event common to all characters who appear before the first big event at the beginning of the play and their main motivation is to act. Determination of starting an event differently, changing the motivation of the characters to act and therefore the content of their action, the story scenic transfer caused by different and often this story 95 has nothing to do with the author’s more meaningful story, which expresses the idea of the work. Thus, the correct determination of Rising event is an effective solution to correct the story. UNIVERSITY’ MA PROGRAM FILM-TELE-DRAMATURGY Head of the Program: Kote Jandieri, Nino Mkheidze Nino Lipartiani Second year Ph.D Student THEATRICAL ART AS A SOCIAL-COMMUNICATIVE MEAN IN THE POST-MODERNIST EPOCH Summary Really significant era has come to its end and we now live in a new cultural epoch. However it is somewhat early to formulate the meaning of the new epoch and its content, or to predict what it offers to us. But still, what will happen next? Of course there is no way to retreat, nor was it easy to close up and complete non-justified postmodernism era as the product. Its completion might mean restoration and putting in right order the broken chronology and strategy being developed logically in the art before. We live in the chaotic epoch but chaos always tends to be settled. However, the conflict is unavoidable. The 20th century has ended. Every possible experiment has been carried out. It can be described as a cultural explosion being the logical end of all. Now, we can do nothing other than to wait for what will happen next. 96 Mariam Kukulava Second year MA Student “FACES VIEWED IN SHADOWS” Summary “Faces viewed in shadows” is a brief survey of John Cassavetes creative career, a famous director, recognized as father of an American independent cinema. It is focused on two of his films “Shadows” and “Faces”. There are short episodes given from his life from the very beginning of his movie experience as a young director, making his first steps working on his first film “Shadows”. Very often Cassavetes films are resembled with jazz jamsations for his special, personal style of making a movie, his identity, specific attitude to script, actors and especially editing. That makes the fact that he himself all his life opposed Hollywood mainstream. Cassavetes as a creator and personality has a great impact on numerous film makers and directors up to nowadays. In the beginning of his way Cassavetes managed to show on the screen characters which were absolutely different from American heroes of that time and were taken an aim by him to overcome life hedges that “Shadows” lately feel only with general sentiments. In his following films “Shadows” turned into “Faces”. After “Shadows” there are new subjects in the cinema of Cassavetes, background of which coveres all his creative work.“I’m interested only in one thing and this is love” – he will say and will dedicate every his film to a woman and man and to deep research of relationship between these two. 97 Aleksandre Lortkipanidze Second year MA Student Goga Kobalia Second year MA Student ANDREI TARKOVSKI - CHILDHOOD SACRIFICE Moral Anxiety of Kshishtof Kislevsky Summary Summary When we talk about the art of Andrei Tarkovsky, I guess it is useless to mention particular or concrete epoch and condition, as the cinematography of this great and famous Russian director suitably finds his place, in general, in the history of cinema. The name of Andrei Tarkovsy is definitely outstanding in the whole era of cinema, but the real life of the producer itself, can be divided into several very important parts, with the childhood being the crucial one. The childhood is the period which played enormous role in his entire life ever after and also in his art too. In each of his movies the childhood is as if underlined and thus distinguished. The childhood, where we are suppose to search for the keys of his cinematography, was not simple and vapid at all, but vice versa, we can say that Tarkovsky sacrificed his own childhood to a great cinematographer and created significant phenomena out of his innocent childhood memories, fulfilled in his movies. And what this phenomenon is like? Is it the nostalgia of the childhood or the attempt to get rid of it? Is it an attempt to put the childhood memories on a pedestal, or is it just putting them on a scaffold and making the final sacrifice? Tarkovsky only gives us signs.. 98 Kishliovski was a producer,who showed people in a film as a biological creature.Kishliovski’s film is interesting because we see there news,story where a main heros are we.In this leter there is narrated producer’s short biography,his road until a big film. The talk is about Kishlovski’s early films,which are made in Poland.After about European films. 99
