Adsorption Desalination and its hybrids

9/17/2015
Adsorption Desalination and its hybrids: Cycle simulation and Experiments
The Sorption meeting at Milazzo, Sicily, Italy
14-16th September 2015
Online and contracted plants & capacities
in GCC countries
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
1
9/17/2015
Types of Practical desalination plants





Reverse Osmosis (RO) – good
energy efficiency – 3.5 to 7.5
kWhelec/m3, but sensitive to SDI,
HABs.
High operating cost – membrane
replacement, pre-treatment
Thermally-activated cycles:- colocated with power plants, exploits
low exergy steam to power
MED/MSF/AD cycles.
Conventional MED/MSF design has
GOR from 9 to 12 .
GOR can improve to >20 by better
process design & hybridization
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
Challenges facing RO membrane processes:
HABs
Gulf
water
storage
capacity
is only
5-7 days
Sorption meeting, Milazzo,
Sisli Italy
14-16 Sep 2015
- high silt, HAB – bloom of dinoflagellate (red tides);
toxins cause illness and death are the primary impact
2
9/17/2015
Q, in
TBT 70oC
ΔT for
MEDAD
operation
MED operation limit
30oC
Condenser
Cooling tower operation limit
70oC
Condenser
Stage-n
40oC
Soft
Scaling
removed
by NF
TBT 70oC
Stage-1
ΔT for MED operation
Stage-1
Corrosion
issues
Q, in
40oC
Operational
regime of
Conventional
MED, GOR < 12
Ambient limit
30oC
Q, out
Stage-n
5oC
Conventional MED – 6 to
8 stages.
MED-AD hybrid can have up
to 14 stages.
5oC
AD cycle
operation
below
ambient
Operational regime of hybrid cycles
Q, in
125oC
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
Advanced hybrid cycle can be arranged to operate
between a TBT=125o C and a BBT =5o C, giving a
total of 20 or more recoveries as compared to 8-10
in conventional plants
14-16 Sep 2015
MED/MSF: Limitations and solutions
*Leon Awerbuch, Integrated Hybrid Desalination Systems, proceeding of IDA World Congress, Canary Island, 2007 (http://gwri-ic.technion.ac.il/pdf/IDS/124.pdf)
**K. Thu, K.C. Ng, B.B. Saha, A. Chakraborty, S. Koyama, Operational strategy of adsorption desalination systems, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 52 (2009) 1811-1816
Adsorbent (SiO2..nH2O) Characteristics
Properties
Pore size(nm)
Porous volume (cm3.g-1)
Surface area (m2.g-1)
Value
0.8-7.5
0.476
863.6
Average pore diameter (nm)
2.2
Apparent density (kg.m-3)
pH (-)
Specific heat capacity (kJ.kg-1.K-1)
Thermal conductivity (W.m-1.K-1)
700
4.0
0.921
0.198
Pore Volume
(cm3/g)
Pore width
(Å)
Type-A5BW
Type-RD 2560
0.446
0.314
30.60
24.25
Type-A++
0.476
30.60
Type of Silica Gel
Thu et al., Applied Thermal Engineering, 2013.
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
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9/17/2015
Adsorption desalination cycle (thermallyactivated)
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
Solar-powered adsorption cool cum
desalination pilot plant for KAUST
Hot water tanks
Collectors
Radiator
T4
T3
T2
T1
Auxiliary
heater
Condenser
T
Cooling
water
tank
T
T
P
T
T
Potable
water
tank
Cooling tower
T
T
Cooling
energy
T
T
T
Sea water
tank
P
Evaporator
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sicily,Italy
4
9/17/2015
-
Solar Thermal Monthly average daily
radiation from theory and NSA SSE
•
•
Monthly average daily extraterrestrial
radiation and monthly average daily radiation
on a horizontal surface
Solar radiation absorbed on the tilted surface for
flat plate solar collector
with isotropic diffuse model
 
S  I b R b 
 
 I d 
 1  cos  

  I h  g 

 
2
 Sisli,Italy
Sorption meeting, Milazzo,
b
d
g
 1  cos  


2


KAUST Pilot – design commenced from 2009
and completed in 2011, seawater trials until now.
Condenser
PLC
controller
Evaporator
(Stainless steel)
Vacuum
Adsorber
Cooling water in
bed
Hot water in
Hot water
pump
Air
compressor
Spray
pump
out
Chilled
in/out
Cooling
water
water
out
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
5
9/17/2015
Performance of ADC cycles
Cycles are configured for
various operational modes
without any physical or
hardware changes.
Operation modes:
(1) Desalination only mode
(2) Desalination and cooling (chilled
water @ 7.5 °C)
(3) Desalination and cooling (chilled
water @ 20 °C)
Ng et al., International Journal of Refrigeration, 2013.
Thu et al., International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2009.
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
Salinity of water in evaporator
(Conducted at the Analytical Core Labs of KAUST)
Seawater (Red Sea) Samples from evaporator
Parameters
19S2
13S4
20S5
(40%
(60%
(80%
Recovery)
recovery)
recovery)
64.49
100.73
110.28
6027
9930
17527
28974
pH (NA)
8.24
8.21
8.06
7.81
TN (ppm)
0.06
0.14
0.15
0.36
analysed
13S1
Alkalinity (mg/L)
39.47
Total Hardness (mg/L)
TOC (ppm)
0.63
1.28
1.86
3.8
TDS (mg/L)
37,408
64,320
108,704
210,240
Turbidity (NTU)
6.59
7.17
6.14
31.3
Conductivity (μS/cm)
53100
84100
129600
193400
Boron (ppm)
4.57
7.69
13.82
25.61
Calcium (ppm)
393.04
794.97
1149.35
1029.41
Chloride (ppm)
20715
35590
62411
120515
Iron (ppm)
0.88
1.72
1.53
5.2
Silica (mg/L)
0.58
0.69
1.17
1.67
Magnesium (ppm)
1266.83
2232.67
3785.24
7331.49
Manganese (ppm)
0.06
0.14
0.12
0.42
Sodium (ppm)
10707.6
20481.2
37525.6
74292.4
Bromide (ppm)
64.29
117.27
208.92
419.14
Sulfate (ppm)
2914
5095
8529
13088
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
6
9/17/2015
AD pilot fed by Red Seawater –
Product water Quality
AD Water (Output) Samples
Parameter analysed
EPA
standards
(drinking
water)
Maximum
Contaminant
Level (MCL)
(mg/L)
AD Water (Output) Samples
Parameter
analysed
13A2
19A1
20A1
0.006
0.02
ND
0.0004
0.023
0.013
0
0.013
250
6.5-8.5
ND
0.0054
ND
ND
0.1
0.37
-
0.1
0.1
0.07
0.09
1
0.01
0.01
-
0.02
0.06
0.003
0.005
0.3
0.22
0.2
0.23
-
ND
0.01
ND
ND
‐
0
0
0
500
0.002
0.008
0.0002
0.002
‐
0.11
0.04
0.07
0.02
-
0.002
0.005
0.0002
ND
0.05
4
6
2
2
Type III
DI
0.01
0.006
0.001
0.02
30‐60
ND
0.009
ND
ND
0.05-0.2
ND
ND
ND
ND
‐
ND
ND
ND
ND
2
0.004
0.005
0.005
0.004
2
13A1
13A2
19A1
20A1
ND
ND
ND
ND
-
0
0
0
ND
-
5.73
6.05
5.56
5.42
0.31
0.32
0.26
0.06
0.01
0.31
0
13A1
EPA standards
(drinking water)
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL) (mg/L)
ND
ND
0.002
ND
-
0.002
0.003
ND
ND
10
ND
0.003
0.002
ND
0.005
0.026
0.027
0
0.028
250
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
For sustainable Desalination: - Hybridization conceptAD+MED cycles that exploits thermodynamic synergy
Low-temperature
heat sources
(50–85 °C)
Robust to feed
quality variation
(300 ppt or more)
ADC Cycle
Potable water
(< 10 ppm)
Cooling power
(5–25 °C)
High TDS discharge
(> 300 ppt)
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
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9/17/2015
Example of integrating AD and the MED:
Schematic of a 3-stage MED+AD or MEAD cycle
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
Experiments - 3-stage MED+AD
pilot
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
8
9/17/2015
Measured temperature & water production
rates of a 3-stage MEAD cycle
Thot,in
1.6
TSG
Distillate production (LPM)
50
Thot,out
Temperature (C )
45
40
35
AD
ME‐AD total
ME‐AD Avg Prod
1.2
0.8
0.4
Adsorption effect‐temperature pull down once MED and AD integration valve is opened
30
MED
25
0.0
0
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
0
2000
Basic AD water production= 0.56 L/m,
14-16 Sep 2015
4000
6000
8000
10000
Time (sec)
Time (sec)
and a 3-stage hybrid MEAD =1.15 L/m
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
Prediction of temperature and water production rates of a
8-stage MEAD with a heat input (45 kWthermal).
Water production = 5.5 L/m, PR =4.8
14-16 Sep 2015
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
9
9/17/2015
Hybridization improves the PR: A Kudus to Thermodynamic Synergy
Types of pilot plant
Average water
production
(LPM)
Basic AD Cycle
0.56
Energy input
(kW_th)
42 ±0.5
PR
=
∑
0.52±0.05
ME-AD
(3 stageExperiment)
1.15
45.0 ± 0.5
1.1±0.05
MEAD
(simulation at 8
stages)
5.5
45.0 ± 0.5
4.8±0.05
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
Conclusion




AD is highly efficient in utilizing low
temperature heat sources – up to 80oC,
Hybrid with other thermally-driven cycles,
improves water production by several folds,
AD offers a sustainable low-energy solution to
desalination and cooling,
Hybrid approaches to design are environment
friendly - it addresses the needs to have a
energy-water-environment nexus.
Sorption meeting, Milazzo, Sisli,Italy
10