arhitekonski atlas crne gore

Transcription

arhitekonski atlas crne gore
commissioned by:
recommendations for construction
Njemačka tehnička saradnja | German Technical Cooperation
preporuke za građenje
Republika Crna Gora
Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj
arhitektonski atlas crne gore
architectural atlas of montenegro
Oktobar | 2006 | October
Teritoriija Crne Gore (preuzeto sa Google Earth) | Territory of Montenegro (Google Earth)
SADRŽAJ
uvod
1. Regionalizacija teritorije Crne Gore u kontekstu teme publikacije
2. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja
2.1. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja po regijama
2.2. Tipologija tradicionalnih ruralnih naselja po regijama
2.2.1. Ruralna naselja u primorju i karstnoj oblasti
2.2.2. Ruralna naselja u oblasti visokih planina
3. Tipologija tradicionalne varoške i seoske kuće i elementi
arhitekture
3.1. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru južne regije
3.1.1. Tipologija varoške kuće
3.1.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture u primorju
3.1.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u primorju
3.2. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru središnje regije
3.2.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u karstnoj oblasti
3.2.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture
3.2.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u karstnoj oblasti i priobalju Skadarskog
jezera
3.3. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sjeverne regije
3.3.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u oblasti visokih planina
3.3.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture
3.3.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u oblasti visokih planina
4. Savremene realizacije i preporuke za građenje na nivou regija
4.1. Karakteristike savremene prakse i potencijali studije
4.2. Pristupi u savremenoj interpretaciji tradicionalne arhitekture
4.3. Pozitivni primjeri odnosa prema kontekstu kao preporuke za građenje
na nivou regija
4.4. Preporuke za građenje - elementi za urbanističko-tehničke uslove
CONTENTS
introduction
1. Regionalization of the territory of Montenegro within the context
of the topic of publication
2. Typology of the traditional settlements
2.1. Typology of the traditional settlements by regions
2.2. Typology of the traditional rural settlements by regions
2.2.1. Rural settlements at the Coast and Karst areas
2.2.2. Rural settlements in the area of high mountains
3. Typology of the traditional houses in urban settlements and in
villages and elements of architecture
3.1. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Southern region
3.1.1. Typology of the house in urban settlements
3.1.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture at the Coast
3.1.3. Typology of the rural house at the Coast
3.2. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Central region
3.2.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in Karst area
3.2.2. Elements of the urban settlements architecture
3.2.3. Typology of the rural house in Karst area and Skadar Lake coast
3.3. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of Northern region
3.3.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in the area of high mountains
3.3.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture
3.3.3. Typology of the rural house in the area of high mountains
3.3.4. Elements of rural architecture
4. Contemporary realizations and recommendations for construction
at the level of regions
4.1. Characteristics of contemporary practice and potentials of the study
4.2. Approaches in contemporary interpretation of traditional architecture
4.3. Positive examples of relation with context as recommendations for
constructing at the level of regions
4.4. Recommendations for construction – elements for urban-technical
conditions
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arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
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uvod
introduction
Publikacija „Arhitektonski atlas Crne Gore“ je analiza
karakterističnih tipologija i elemenata arhitekture koja je u najvećoj
mjeri posvećena oblikovnim aspektima i materijalizaciji elemenata
arhitekture, kao i preporukama za gradjenje. Ovaj atlas pruža
investitorima informacije o arhitekturi i tradicionalnoj arhitekturi u
Crnoj Gori i daje primjere uspješnih i neuspješnih rješenja
arhitektonskih elemenata kao i preporuke za gradnju u tipološki
karakterističnim oblastima u Crnoj Gori.
The Publication “Architectonic Atlas of Montenegro” is an analysis
of characteristic typologies and elements of architecture dedicated
mainly to shape aspects and materialization of architectural elements, as well as to recommendations for construction. This Atlas
provides to investors information on architecture and traditional
architecture in Montenegro and gives examples of successful and
unsuccessful solutions of architectural elements, as well as recommendations for constructions in typologically characteristic areas of
Montenegro.
S obzirom da je ideja o formulisanju stručnih smjernica zasnovana
na elementima arhitekture kao regionalnim tipološkim
karakteristikama, ove smjernice ne pretenduju na sugerisanje bilo
kakvih tipskih ili unificiranih projektnih rješenja, kao administrativnih
instrumenata koji ograničavaju kreativnost u arhitekturi.
Prilikom projektovanja novih objekata kao i rekonstrukcije
postojećih, uočeno je i dugogodišnje zapostavljanje poštovanja
tipologije i elemenata autentične arhitekture, nekontrolisane
izgradnje i nepoštovanje zakonskih propisa. Posljedica
neosmišljene novogradnje i loše sanacije tradicionalne arhitekture
su devastacija i erozija predjela i kulturne baštine.
Considering the fact that the idea of formulation of professional
guidelines is based on elements of architecture as regional typological characteristics, these guidelines are not aspiring to suggest
any typical or unified project solutions, as administrative instruments limiting creativity in architecture.
When designing new projects, as well as when reconstructing the
existing ones, long-standing neglecting of legal regulation is noticed. The result of badly though-out new construction and bad
reconstruction of traditional architecture is devastation and erosion
of areas and cultural heritage.
Aktuelni tretman graditeljskog nasljedja i pejzaža u cjelini, prirodnog
i kulturnog, podržava reafirmaciju lokalnihh identiteta i posebnosti.
Savremene potrebe i nove tehnologije nalažu transponovanje
lokalnih graditeljskih obrazaca, kao zasnovani princip u odnosu
prema tradiciji, što znači reinterpretaciju, a ne imitaciju, uz očuvanje
ambijentalnih kvaliteta.
Actual treatment of construction heritage and landscape in total,
both natural and cultural, supports reaffirmation of local identities
and particularities. Modern needs and new technologies impose
application of local construction patterns as based principle in relation to tradition, which implies reinterpretation not imitation, with
preservation of ambient qualities.
Stare kuće, primjeri tradicionalnog građenja, pojedinačni ili u
grupama, tvore likovno i istorijski vrijedan ambijent. Novi vlasnici
stare objekte kupuju uglavnom zbog njihove lokacije. Objektima se
zadaju nove funkcije, a onda se počinje sa njihovim
prilagođavanjem. Objekti se nadograđuju, dograđuju, proširuju.
Old houses, examples of traditional construction, individual or in
groups, create pictorially and historically valuable ambient. New
owners buy old objects mainly because of their location. New functions are given to objects, and then their adjustments are started.
The objects are being overbuilt, extended. Instead of selecting the
arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
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Umjesto da funkciju biraju u skladu sa ograničenjima objekta
događa se obrnuti postupak koji vodi od zadate funkcije i
kapaciteta prema rekonstrukciji i obnovi, što rezultira agresivnim
intervencijama na objektima i u prostoru.
function in accordance with the limitations of the objects, the contrary procedure happens which leads from given function and capacities towards reconstruction and renewal, which results in aggressive interventions on objects and in space.
U vremenu kada atraktivan, raznolik i specifičan prostor Crne
Gore, kako Primorje, tako i djelovi planinske oblasti postaju
veoma privlačni investitorima, evidentna je potreba da se svim
učesnicima u aktivnostima vezanim za intervencije u prostoru
ponude informacije i smjernice koje treba da doprinesu
kvalitetnijem odnosu prema prostoru.
In this time when an attractive, various and specific space of Montenegro, the Coast as well as parts of mountain area, are becoming
very attractive to investors, the necessity to provide information and
guidelines to all participants in the activities related to interventions
in space which should contribute to a more qualitative space relation is evident.
Thomas Waldraff
Thomas Waldraff
Direktor GTZ za Crnu Goru
Head of GTZ Coordination Office
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Za realizaciju ove publikacije GTZ se zahvaljuje:
•
Autorima publikacije Profesoru Dr Dušanu Vuksanoviću, dipl.
ing. arh., Docentu Mr Svetislavu Popoviću, dipl. ing. arh. sa
saradnicima i Univerzitetu Crne Gore;
•
Uredniku publikacije Sanji Lješković Mitrović, dipl. ing. pejz.
arh., GTZ projekt inžinjeru za prostorno i urbanističko
planiranje;
•
Lektorima publikacije Tijani Durković i Slavici Stojković;
•
Za naslovnu stranu, dizajn i kompjutersku obradu Dejanu
Mitroviću;
Za doprinos u izradi ove publikacije GTZ se posebno zahvaljuje:
•
Dosadašnjem Ministarstvu zaštite životne sredine i
uređenja prostora, Ministar Boro Vučinić, pomoćnik ministra
za oblast urbanizam i građevinarstvo Maja Velimirović
Petrović, dipl. ing. arh.;
•
Sadašnjem Ministarstvu za ekonomski razvoj Republike Crne
Gore, Ministar Branimir Gvozdenović;
kao i svima sa kojima smo saradjivali tokom posljednje dvije godine
a koji su nam ukazali na posebnosti, probleme i otkrili ljepotu
prostora Crne Gore.
For the realization of this publication GTZ is grateful to:
•
Authors of the Publication professors Phd Dušan Vuksanović
dipl. ing. architect, Doc mr Svetislav Popović dipl. ing. architect with their associates and University of Montenegro;
•
Editor of the Publication Sanja Lješković Mitrović dipl. ing.
landscape architect, GTZ Project engineer for spatial and
urban planning;
•
Lectors of the Publication Tijana Durković and Slavica
Stojković;
•
Cover page, design and computer graphic Dejan Mitrović;
For the contribution to elaboration of this publication GTZ is especially grateful to:
•
Previous Ministry for Environment and Spatial Planning,
Minister Boro Vučinić, Deputy Minister for urbanism and
construction dipl. ing. Maja Velimirović Petrović, architect.
•
Current Ministry for Economic Development of the Republic
of Montenegro, Minister Branimir Gvozdenović;
as well as to everybody with whom we cooperated during last two
years, and who pointed out the distinctness, problems and discovered beauties of Montenegro.
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Primorje (Južni region) | Coast (Southern region)
Karstna oblast (Centralni region) | Karst area with Zeta-Bjelopavlici plain (Central region)
Oblast visokih planina i riječnih dolina (Sjeverni region) | Area of high mountains and river valleys (Northern region)
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1.
1.
Regionalizacija teritorije Crne Gore u kontekstu teme publikacije
Regionalization of the territory of Montenegro within the context of
the topic of publication
Tri oblasti u okviru teritorije Crne Gore koje su prepoznatljive po
prirodnim, kao i određenim kulturološkim odlikama; Osnov (glavni
aspekt, kriterijum) zoniranja: geomorfološke karakteristike oblasti.
Oblasti prepoznatljive po prirodnim i kulturološkim karakteristikama:
Three areas within the territory of Montenegro which are particular
due to the natural, as well as certain cultural characteristics; Base
(main aspect, criteria) of zoning: geomorphologic characteristics of
the areas;
I Primorje (Južni region)
Areas particular due to the natural and cultural characteristics:
II Karstna oblast sa Zetsko-Bjelopavlićkom ravnicom (Centralni
region)
I Coast (Southern region)
III Oblast visokih planina i riječnih dolina (Sjeverni region)
II Karst area with Zeta-Bjelopavlici plain (Central region)
III Area of high mountains and river valleys (Northern region)
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2.
2.
Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja
Typology of the traditional settlements
2.1. Tipologija tradicionalnih naselja po regijama
2.1. Typology of the traditional settlements by regions
1878. g. proglašenjem Crne Gore nezavisnom državom njena
teritorija bila je udvostručena novim plodnom zemljama i gradovima
Podgoricom, Nikšićem, Kolašinom, Barom, Ulcinjem i Žabljakom.
Za privredni razvoj zemje značajnu ulogu je dobilo Jadransko
In 1878, with proclamation of Montenegro as an independent state,
its territory was doubled with new arable land and towns Podgorica,
Niksic, Kolasin, Bar, Ulcinj and Zabljak. Adriatic Sea, with two
towns, got an important role in economic development of the state.
Ulcinj, bakrorez iz doba mletačke vladavine (državni arhiv u Zadru) | Ulcinj, copper engraving from Venice rule period (state archive in Zadar)
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primorje, sa dva grada. Gradski život sveden, do 1878. g. na
Cetinje i Danilovgrad, počeo se razvijati u širem obimu poslije
prisajedinjenja novih gradova. Mijenja se odnos prema starim
Urban life, which had come down to Cetinje and Danilovgrad till
1878, started to develop in wider scope after annexation of the
new towns. Relation with old settlements has been changed and
Stari Nikšićki grad, autor Artur Evans | Old Niksic town, author Arthur Evans
varošima, pored njih osnivaju se, po pravilnim planovima novi
gradovi, koji će nositi isto ime, ali koji će se po novoj urbanističkoj
strukturi i načinu izgradnje bitno razlikovati od starih varoši. Kao
planske cjeline imaju posebnu vrijednost gradovi Podgorica,
Danilovgrad i Nikšić. Plan Podgorice, posmatran samo u okviru
pravougaonika, veličine 530 sa 480 metara (oko 25,92 ha), jedan
beside them, new towns have been established in line with correct
plans, which have the same name but with significant differences
compared to the old urban settlements especially regarding new
urban structure and type of construction. Towns Podgorica,
Danilovgrad and Niksic. The plan of Podgorica, observed only in
the scope of rectangle, size 530 x 480meters (around 25.92ha) is
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je od najpoznijih ili najpozniji odjek renesansnih idealnih gradova.
one of the latest or the latest echo of renaissance ideal towns.
U oblasti visokih planina po karakteru stanovanja i djelatnostima
naselja mogu se podijeliti na sela i katune. Aglomeracije koje su
prerasle karakter sela su Varoši. Prva stalna naselja formiraju se
In the area of high mountains settlements could be divided on
villages and summer-pasture camps, regarding the character of
habitation and activities. Agglomerations which have surpassed
the character of villages are urban settlements. First permanent
Stari grad Kotor (Projekat “Južni Jadran”) | Old town Kotor (Proj. “South Jadran”)
Cetinje 1873.
u dolini rijeka Tare, Morače, Lima, Ćehotine itd., gdje su postojeli
najbolji uslovi za život (Berane, Kolašin, Pljevlja itd.).
Povremena naselja - katuni nastali zbog traženja ispaše za stoku
formiraju se na jezerskoj površi. (Plav, Žabljak itd.).
Urbana matrica ovih naseljaje linearna sa strogo izraženim
settlements are being formed in the valleys of rivers Tara, Moraca,
Lim, Cehotina etc., where the best conditions for living existed
(Berane, Kolasin, Pljevlja, etc).
Periodical settlements-summer pasture camps established because of the search for pasture for cattle are formed at the surfaces around lakes. (Plav, Zabljak etc.).
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Urban matrix of these settlements is linear with strictly marked
center.
Coastal settlements present specific characteristics. There are
similarities and joint particularities of larger towns like Kotor,
Budva, Bar and Ulcinj.
Densely constructed agglomerations of the Old Towns as well as
certain developed ensembles of Podgradje, Pristan, church complexes in the coastal strip and hinterland are adapted to the configuration of the terrain. Regarding the smaller town settlements, it
could be supposed that they have a lot of joint characteristics.
Mostly, they are established on slopes, and never at bottom of
valley, as well as beside the rocks on sunny spot protected from
natural disasters.
Cetinje has in urban sense regular geometric shape, as additional
building on two already constructed and formed streets-Katunska
longitudinal and Dvorska transversal, which were crossing under
right angle forming the structure of the town in the shape of the
letter “T”.
Podgorica , danas | today
centrom.
Primorska naselja predstavljaju specifične odlike. Sličnosti i
zajedničke osobenosti većih gradova kao Kotor, Budva, Bar i
Ulcinj postoje.
Gusto izgrađene aglomeracije Starih gradova te pojedini razvijeni
ansambli Podgrađa, Pristana, crkvenih kompleksa u priobalnom
pojasu i zaleđu prilagođavaju se konfiguraciji terena. Što se tiče
manjih gradskih cjelina, može se pretpostaviti da imaju dosta
zajedničkih karakteristika. Uglavnom su postavljeni na padinama,
nikad u dnu doline, kao i pri stijenju na osunčanom mjestu
zaštićenom od prirodnih nepogoda.
Cetinje je, u urbanom smislu, pravilnog geometrijskog oblika, kao
nadogradnja na već izgrađene i formirane dvije ulice Katunska
longitudinalnu i Dvorsku transvezalu koje su se ukrštale pod
pravim uglom formirajući strukturu grada u obliku slova „T“.
Podgorica, Stara varoš iz 1983. g.
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Urbana matrica oformljena u srednjem vijeku, mreža ulica koje su
izlomljene i različitih širina nepravilna je i vrlo razuđena sa
trgovima nepravilnog oblika.
Kolašin 1930.
Urban matrix formed in medieval century, network of the broken
lined streets with different width, is irregular and much dissected
with straggling plazas.
Nikšić, danas | today
Nova Varoš, zasnovana na ortogonalnoj šemi u rasteru pravilno
postavljenih širokih ulica u pravcu sjever-jug, istok-zapad, sa
velikim pravougaonim trgom i blokovima dim. 121 x 91 m,
dominantni modul fronta 4 x 30 m i 3 x 30 m sa dijagonalom 5 x
30 m. Prvi poznati regulacioni plan grada izrađen je, odmah nakon
pripajanja Podgorice knjaževini Crnoj Gori 1879. g., od strane ing.
Vormana. Već 1886. g. u trenutku koji potpuno odražava novu
epohu u životu Knjaževine i želju za društvenim, privrednim i
tehničkim progresom, po tom planu, na čistim neangažovanim
terenima desne obale Ribnice, započeta je izgradnja Nove Varoši.
Poštujući osnovne programske i organizacione premise
Nova Varos (New Urban Settlement), formed on orthographic
scheme within the raster of regular set up of wide streets in direction north-south, east-west, with large rectangular plaza and
blocks with dimensions 121 x 91m, dominant module of the front 4
x 30 m and 3 x 30 m with diagonal of 5 x 30 m. First known regulatory plan of the town was elaborated by engineer Vorman, immediately after annexation of Podgorica to the Princedom of Montenegro in 1789. Already in 1886, in the moment which totally
reflects new epoch in the life of the Princedom and its desire for
social, economic and technical progress, the construction of Nova
Varos has been started on clean free terrains on the right side of
river Moraca, in line with that plan. Respecting the main program
and organizational premise of neoclassic urban planning from the
end of last century, this plan had established development on
widely set up orthographic raster of straight wide streets connected with town access roads, with large foursquare plaza
placed on main connection of the new part and Stara Varos (Old
Urban Settlement).
Thought-out concept of forming a town with solid urban structure
by applying the model on renaissance-baroque scheme of towns.
Distinct center with radial streets.
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neoklasičnog urbanističkog planiranja s kraja prošlog vijeka, ovaj
plan je razvoj zasnovao na široko postavljenom ortogonalnom
rasteru, pravih širokih ulica koje se ulivaju u prilazne gradske
puteve, sa velikim četvorougaonim trgom naslonjenim na glavnu
vezu novog dijela i Stare Varoši.
Osmišljen koncept formiranja grada čvrste urbane strukture
primjenom modela na renesansnoj-baroknoj šemi gradova.
Naglašen centar sa radijalnim ulicama.
Konfiguracija terena uticala je da gradski centar njegova struktura
i ulična mreža dobiju oblik pravougaonika, orjentisanog zapadistok.
Struktura starog naselja Pržno | Old settlement Przno
Brca, primorje | coast
2.2. Tipologija tradicionalnih ruralnih naselja po regijama
2.2.1. Ruralna naselja u primorju i karstnoj oblasti
Under the influence of the terrain’s configuration the center of the
town, its structure and street network have the shape of rectangle, west-east oriented.
2.2. Typology of the traditional rural settlements by regions
2.2.1. Rural settlements at the Coast and Karst areas
Osnovnu karakteristiku ruralnih naselja primorja i krasa
predstavlja zbijeni tip sela - grupacije kuća situirane na malom
međusobnom rastojanju ili fizički povezane u stambene sklopove.
Iz uslova terena u nagibu (padina), kao uobičajenih, razvili su se
određeni tipovi stambenog sklopa, uspostavljajući na taj način
podtipove u okviru osnovnog tipa: nizovi kuća formirani paralelno
sa izohipsama i nizovi kuća formirani upravno na izohipse.
Main characteristic of rural settlements at the coast and in Karst
areas is dense type of village-groups of houses situated on small
distance or physically connected in housing constructions. Due to
the conditions caused by sloped terrain (slope) as common, certain types of housing construction have been developed, establishing in such manner subtypes within the frame of the basic
type: lines of houses formed in parallel with contour lines and lines
of the houses formed vertically on contour lines.
Naselja formirana paralelno sa izohipsama
Settlements formed in parallel with contour lines
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Bajice, Karstna oblast | Karst region
a) Vrba; b) Tudorovići; c) Brca (primorje)
Dakovići, Bajice
Preovlađujući položaj kuće paralelno sa izohipsama značio je
istovremeno da su prilaz kući i njeno lice okrenuti niz padinu: ka
poljoprivrednim površinama (i ka moru - u primorju), čime je
uslovljeno da i formiranje sklopa bude u vidu niza po izohipsi:
dodavanjem novih jedinica u podužnom pravcu. Ovakvi nizovi
kuća formirani su pod zajedničkim sljemenom dvovodnog ili
jednovodnog krova, uz strogo poštovanje spontano usvojene
(prave ili blago vijugave) regulacione linije, proistekle iz lokalnog
reljefa, pri čemu je prostorno definisana i seoska ulica.
Naselja formirana paralelno sa izohipsama, Karstna oblast
Settlements formed in parallel with contour lines, Karst region
Prevailing position of a house in parallel with contour lines meant
that the access to the house and its front are at the same time
turned down the slope: towards agricultural surfaces and towards
sea (at the coast), what led to the fact that forming of the construction is done as a line on contour lines: with adding of new
units in longitudinal direction. Such lines of houses are formed
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Naselja formirana upravno na izohipse | Settlem. formed vertically on contour lines
Naselja formirana upravno
na izohipse
Kod položaja kuće
upravno na izohipse, koji
možemo dovesti u vezu sa
odnosom prema terenu
kod grčkog megarona,
zabatni zid je prema
padini, a niz je formiran
dograđivanjem jedinica uz
zabatne zidove, što
uslovljava da segmenti
niza, zbog nagiba terena,
budu stepenasto smaknuti
po visini. Kaskadirana
fizička
struktura
stambenog niza praćena je
odgovarajućom
G. Lastva, primorje | coast
kaskadiranošću ulice čiji
karakteristični izraz predstavljaju ulice - stepeništa („kale“).
Grozdasti tip naseljskog sklopa
Poseban i atipičan oblik sklopa predstavljaju grozdaste grupacije
naselja u Krtolima (prevlaka između Tivatskog polja i poluostrva
Luštice). Naselja su formirana grupisanjem „domova“ - ograđenih
porodičnih ekonomija, orijentisanih prema unutrašnjem dvorištu.
Gornjni Stoliv, primorje | coast
under joint shelter of single slope or double slope roof, with strict
respect of the spontaneously adopted (straight or moderately
Godinje, Karstna oblast | Karst region
curved) regulative line, resulted from local relief, and where the
village street is spatially defined.
Settlements formed vertically on contour lines
At the position of the house vertically on contour lines, which we
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Koncepcija samodovoljnosti i stvaranja uslova za što uspješniju
Gusinje
can compare with terrain at Greek megaron, gable wall is turned
towards the slope, and the line is formed with overbuilding of units
beside the gable walls, what creates precondition that the segments of the line, because of the terrain inclination, are gradually
staggered according to the height. Cascade (stepped- hillside)
physical structure of dwelling line is followed by appropriate cascade (stepped-hillside) streets characterized by streets-stairs
(„kale“).
Oblast visokih plnina, Rožaje | Region of high mountains
odbranu uslovili su specifičnosti prostorne
matrice krtoljskih sela koju, umjesto
longitudinalno formiranih nizova, čine izrazito
zbijene grozdaste grupacije.
2.2.2. Ruralna naselja u oblasti visokih
planina
Osnovnu karakteristiku ruralnih naselja u
oblasti visokih planina i kanjona predstavlja
razbijeni tip sela - kuće sa pratećim
objektima (seoska domaćinstva) situirane na
većim međusobnim rastojanjima, što znači
da se ne može govoriti o nekim posebnim
pravilima grupisanja kuća. Prostorne
matrice, zasnovane na određenim
Plav
Cluster structure of the settlement construction
Special and atypical shape of the construction presents cluster structured groups of the
settlements in Krtole (isthmus between Tivatsko field and peninsula Lustice). The
settlements are formed by grouping
„homes“-fenced family economies, oriented
towards inside garden. The conception of
self-sufficiency and creation of conditions for
as successful as possible defense led to the
specific character of the spatial matrix of
„krtoljskih“ villages, which comprises of extremely dense cluster grouping instead of
longitudinally formed lines.
2.2.2. Rural settlements in the area of
high mountains
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principima, nisu uspostavljene ni u slučaju poluurbanih naselja
kao što je Rožaje. Princip slobodno stojeće odijeljenosti, nastao u
istorijskim okolnostima, rezultirao je prostornim rasporedima kuća,
kod kojih nije došlo do formiranja sklopa i grupacije u uobičajenom
smislu.
3.
Tipologija tradicionalne varoške i seoske kuće i elementi
arhitekture
3.1. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru južne regije
3.1.1. Tipologija varoške kuće
Unutrašnja funkcija formirana je prema potrebama tradicionalnog
stanovanja. Prizemna etaža korišćena je kao ostava, magaza,
konobe, zanatske radnje itd., a na gornjim etažama smjenjuju se
prostorije za dnevni boravak - salone, spavanje i pripremu hrane.
Pristup gornjim etažama se odvija preko dvorišta vanjskim
stepenicama koje se završavaju bogatim terasama. Drugi tip
varoške kuće posjeduje toplu vezu između etaža formiranjem
unutrašnjih stepenica koje se nalaše pored magaze.
U većini promorskih gradova preovladava koncept Barokne kuće
sa radionicom u prizemljui stambenim prvim i drugim spratom.
Pompeznost koju barok posjeduje ublažena je uticajem tradicije
prisutne u čvrstim, jednostavnim volumenima, primjeni materijala i
umjerenosti u pogledu ukrasa.
Main characteristic of rural settlements in the area of high mountains and canyons present fractured type of the village-houses
with neighborhood facilities (rural households) situated on larger
distance, what means that we can not talk about some special
rules for house grouping. Spatial matrixes, based on certain principles, are not established even in the case of semi-urban settlements like Rozaje. The principle of free standing separation, created in historical circumstances, resulted in spatial disposition of
the houses where forming of the construction and grouping did not
occur in habitual sense.
3.
Typology of traditional house in urban settlements and in village
and elements of architecture
3.1. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of
Southern region
3.1.1. Typology of the house in urban settlements
Inner function is formed in line with the needs of traditional habitation. Ground floor storey was used as pantry, store, cellar, craftsman store etc., and at the upper storey there are premises like
living rooms-salons, sleeping rooms and kitchens. The access to
the upper storey is realized with outside stairs which end with
large terraces. Second type of the house in urban settlements has
warm connection between the floors by forming the inside stairs
placed beside the store.
3.1.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture u primorju
Kuće imaju jednostavni oblik nepravilne
pravougaone osnove sa naglašenom linijom
mirnog sklada, ali zato svojim slobodnijim i
živopisnim krovnim rješenjima
Arhitektura zgrada je dosta jednostavna,
tradicionalna sa zidovima od tesanog kamena
golog ili malterisanog i krovoma pokrivenim
kamenim pločama ili tiglom prema dosta
tradicionalnim nacrtima. Nagib krovne ravni
kreće se od 15 - 22°. Kao završetak pojavljuje se
Tipologija Bokeške palate: a) sobe; b) magazine; c) hol | Topology of Boka’s palace: a) rooms; b) store; c) hall
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vijenac formiran od kamenih ploča.
Malo je vanjskih ukrasnih elemenata (zbog karakteristike
upotrijebljenog materijala) kao što su balkoni, krovovi itd. Često se
vide vanjske stepenište koje vodi do prvog sprata i ono je
napravljeno od tradicionalnih elemenata, kao što je kamen u
pločama. Baš te strukturalne karakteristike, određuju visoku
pejsažnu, ambijentalnu i formalnu vrijednost ovih urbanizovanih
aglomeracija.
Perast
Budva
In most of the coastal towns the concept of Baroque house is
prevailing with workshop at the ground floor, residential first and
second floor. Grandiloquent of Baroque is mitigated by the influence of the tradition present in solid, simple volumes, use of the
material and moderation regarding the ornaments.
3.1.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture at the Coast
Houses have simple shape with irregular rectangular base with
emphasized line of calm harmony, but with more free and picturesque roof solutions.
Kotor
Architecture of the buildings is pretty simple, traditional with walls
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Oblikovni elementi su kamene konzole oko
otvora, zvekir na vratima, dimnjaci, prozor sa
tipičnim „škurama“. Prozori u prizemnom dijelu
objekta su u odnosu širine i visine 1.5/1 do 2/1
što je rezultat dugogodišnjeg uticaja Venecije i
njene arhitekture.
Karakteristični niz spratnih kuća sa teracama ispred
3.1.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u primorju
Zajedničke tipološke odlike kuće u primorju
Opšti tip kuće u okviru Crnogorskog primorja je
spratna kuća (prizemlje, sprat i potkrovlje) sa
kamenim zidovima i kosim dvovodnim krovom,
pokrivenim ćeramidom. Kuća se često javlja kao dio stambenog
niza, gdje segmenti niza zadržavaju istu građevinsku liniju i
osnovne elemente graditeljskog jezika. Prizemlje ima funkciju
podrumske etaže (konoba). Sprat ima stambenu funkciju (sobe), a
u potkrovlju je kuhinja, jer se dimnjak nije koristio. Razvojni
varijetet je izmiještanje kuhinje u dvorište kao dograđenog
objekta. Ulaz u kuću je preko terase, bilo da se radi o ograđenoj
terasi u nivou prizemlja, ili terasi „na volat“ u nivou prvog sprata sa
spoljnjim stepeništem.
Kuća Kotorskog zaliva
Prepoznatljivu tipološku posebnost kuća Kotorskog zaliva
predstavljaju krovne badže „viđelice“. Obično mali dvovodni
krovovi nad „viđelicama“ ponekad prerastaju u poseban poprečno
postavljen krov, čije sljeme nadvišava glavno sljeme kuće. Kao
funkcionalna posebnost izdvaja se korišćenje prostora ispod
svoda na kojem leži terasa kao cisterne za prikupljanje i čuvanje
kišnice („bistijerna“).
made of dressed stone, plastered or not, and roofs covered with
roughly dressed stone slabs or roofing tile in line with pretty traditional schemes. The roof slope is 15-22°. As an end, a cornice
formed of roughly dressed stone slabs occurs.
There is a small number of outside decorative elements (because
of the characteristics of used materials) like balconies, roofs etc.
The outside stairs which lead to the first floor are often noticeable
and made of traditional elements, like roughly dressed stone
slabs. Those very structural characteristics, determine high landscape, ambience and formal value of those urbanized agglomerations.
Shaped elements are stone consoles around the clear openings,
knocker at the door, chimney shafts, and windows with typical
„skure“ (wooden shutters). The windows in the ground floor part of
the facility are in width and height proportion 1.5/1 up to 2/1 what
is a result of the long-lasting influence of Venice and its architecture.
3.1.3. Typology of the rural house at the
Coast
Joint typological characteristics of the house at
the Coast
General type of the house in the frame of Montenegrin coast is storey house (ground floor, first
floor and attic) with stone walls and oblique double slope roof, covered by hogs-back tile
“ceramida”. The house often appears as a part
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Budva stari grad | Old town
Perast
Kotor stari grad | Old town
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Ulcinj
Kuće Kotorskog zaliva, Gornji Stoliv | Houses of Kotor’s bay
Perast
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Paštrovska kuća, tipologija | Pastovska house, typology
of the residential line, where the segments of the line keep the
same construction line and basic elements of constructing language. The ground floor has the function of cellar storey (cellar).
The first floor has residential function (rooms), and at the attic
there is a kitchen, because the chimney was not used. Development variety is transfer of the kitchen in the garden as an overbuilt
facility. The entrance is through the terrace- fenced terrace in the
level of ground floor or terrace ''na volat'' in the level of the first
floor with outside stairs.
House in Kotor bay
Particular typological distinctiveness of the houses in Kotor bay
present roof dormers „vidjelice“. Usually, small double slope roofs
above „vidjelice“ sometimes become a special transversally
placed roof, which ridge is higher than the main ridge of the
house. As a functional distinctiveness the use of the space under
the archon on which the terrace is placed is distinguished, as a
tank for collecting and keeping the rainwater („bistijerna“).
Pastrovska house
Tipična organizacija naselja na obali, naselje Orahovac
Typical organization of settlements on the coast
Paštrovska kuća
Glavni element prepoznatljivosti arhitekture paštrovske kuće je
jednovodni krov. Uzroci nastajanja i održavanja ovakve forme
krova povezani su sa spregnutim funkcionalnim razlozima i
lokalnom morfologijom terena. Jednovodni krov, koji je približno
Main element of distinctiveness of architecture of the Pastrovska
house is single slope roof. The causes for forming and keeping
such form of the roof are connected with allied functional reasons
and local terrain morphology. Single slope roof, which is approximately parallel to the slope inclination, is characteristic for the
houses placed along the contour lines, what creates an obstacle
for damaging the back wall of the house by rainwater flow. Double
slope roofs are connected with house site location vertically on
contour lines. In line with construction response on the conditions
of local relief, elongated double slope roofs appear-at lined
houses with joint ridge and double slope roofs with saw-tooth
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Paštrovska kuća, Tudorovići | Pastrovska house
Karakteristični detalji | Characteristic details
Tudorovići
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paralelan nagibu padine, karakteriše kuće postavljene duž
izohipsi, čime je spriječeno ugrožavanje zadnjeg zida kuće
slivanjem kišnice. Dvovodni krovovi vezani su za lociranje kuće
upravno na izohipse. U skladu sa graditeljskim odgovorom na
uslove lokalnog reljefa, javljaju se izduženi dvovodni krovovi - kod
kuća u nizu sa zajedničkim sljemenom i dvovodni krovovi sa
testerastom siluetom - kod kuća u nizu spojenih po dužim
stranama osnove.
Kuća u Krtolima (Luštica)
U oblikovnom konceptu specifične jedinice grozdastog sklopa krtoljskog „doma“ - ogleda se uticaj rimskog atrijumskog tipa kuće
(ideja ograđenog dvorišta kao cjeline sa kućom). Po toj
orijentisanosti života prema dvorištu, kao prema okolini
zatvorenom središtu, kao i po načinu grupisanja, krtoljski domovi
se razlikuju od uobičajene orijentisanosti seoskih kuća na primorju
prema zajedničkoj terasi ili seoskoj ulici, kao elementima
otvorenog prostora linearne prostorne matrice.
3.1.4. Elementi seoske arhitekture u primorju i krasu
Za primorje i kras kamen je osnovni građevinski materijal i
element regionalne prepoznatljivosti u graditeljskom smislu.
Koristi se u svim zidanim elementima arhitekture: u zidovima,
svodovima, stepeništima, podovima, ogradama i podzidama.
Kvalitet i estetski dometi konstrukcija od kamena u zavisnosti su
od upotrijebljenog materijala i zanatske tehnike.
Zidovi
Zidovi su od pritesanog ili tesanog kamena, zidanog u kreču ili
krečnom malteru. Zidani su sa dva lica u debljini 50 do 80 cm i sa
približno poravnatim horizontalnim spojnicama. Za strukturu
kamenih zidova je karakteristično da su im i spoljnja i unutrašnja
strana (oba lica) izrađene od biranog i pažljivo složenog kamena,
dok im je jezgro ispunjeno lomljenim i sitnijim kamenom
„trpancem“.
Otvori
Prozori su malih dimenzija, na šta su presudno uticale tehničke
mogućnosti izvođenja otvora u zidovima od kamena. Za
premošćavanje otvora u zidu, u najvećoj mjeri, korišćen je zidani
luk sa unutrašnje strane masivnog zida. Položaj prozora na spratu
(shed roof) silhouette – at lined houses connected with longer
sides of the base.
House in Krtole (Luštica)
In shaped concept of specific unit of cluster construction „krtoljski
home“ the influence of Roman atrium type of the house is reflected (the idea of fenced garden as a whole with house). With
that orientation of habitation towards the garden as a closed center towards the surrounding, as well as with the way of grouping,
krtoljski homes are different from usual orientation of rural houses
at the Coast towards joint terrace or village street, as the elements
of open space of linear spatial matrix.
3.1.4. Elements of rural architecture at the Coast and in the
Karts
For the Coast and the Karst, basic construction material and element of regional particularity in constructing sense is a stone. It is
used in all masonry elements of architecture: in walls, arches,
stairs, floors, fences and underpinnings. The quality and esthetic
achievement of stone constructions depend on the used material
and techniques.
Walls
The walls are made of roughly dressed or dressed stone, constructed in lime or lime mortar. They are constructed with two
faces with thickness from 50 to 80cm and with roughly leveled
horizontal connections. For the structure of the stone walls it is
characteristic that both outer and inner side (both faces) are made
of selected and carefully piled up stone, while their center is filled
with broken and smaller stone „riprap“.
Openings
The windows have smaller dimensions, under the influence of
technical possibilities for making the openings in the stone walls.
For over-bridging the opening in the wall constructed arch was
mostly used from the inner side of the massive wall. The position
of the windows at the first floor is such that the roofing cornice is
placed directly on window beams hood. All openings are framed
with stone squares, where the window beams are made of one
part while the door beams are solved with two or three stone
squares. Beside the vitrified window casement, the windows are
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Crmnica
Kuća u Krtolima | House in Krtole
Kuća u Krtolima, Bjelila | House in Krtole, Bjelila
Krtoljski dom, tipologija | Krtole’s house, typology
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Elementi arhitekture u primorju i krasu | Elements of architecture in coast and karst
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Krovovi Kotora | Kotor roofs
Krovovi Kotora | Kotor roofs
je takav da se krovni vijenac naslanja direktno na nadprozornik.
Svi otvori su uokvireni kamenim kvadrima, pri čemu su
doprozornici iz jednog dijela, dok su dovratnici riješeni sa dva ili tri
kamena kvadra. Pored zastakljenih krila, prozori su opremljeni i
punim drvenim kapcima „škurama“, radi zaštite od sunca, kao i od
vjetra, a nekada su bili i jedini elementi za zatvaranje prozora.
Karakteristične detalje predstavljaju kamene konzole, poznate u
mediteranskoj arhitekturi. Gornje konzole „uši“ (auriculi), u visini
nadprozornika sa kružnim rupama, služe kao nosači motke o koju
se kači platneni zastor. Donje konzole „zupci“ (dentes), u nivou
kamenog podprozornika, namijenjene su oslanjanju daske na
kojoj se suši voće.
equipped with full wooden shutters „skure“ for of the protection
from the sun as well as from the wind, and once they used to be
the only element for closing the windows. Characteristic detail
present stone consoles well-known in Mediterranean architecture.
Top consoles „ears“ (auriculi) in the height of window beam with
circle holes serve as the holders of the pole on which cloth curtain
is hitched. Bottom consoles „toothed“ (dentes), in the level of
stone podprozornika serve for placing the board for fruit drying.
Roofs
Dominant roofing is half-round ridge tile - (“hogs-back tile“). Stone
blocks made of slate appear in a very limited scope: in certain
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Krovovi
Dominantni krovni pokrivač je koritasti crijep
- ćeramida („tigla kanalica“). Kamene ploče
od škriljca javljaju se u vrlo ograničenom
obimu: kod izvjesnog broja crkava i mlinova.
Nagib krovne ravni kreće se od 22 - 30°.
Slivanje kišnice niz zabatne zidove
spriječeno je postavljanjem završnih redova
kanalice sa uvalom prema gore. S obzirom
da oluka nema, kanalice na vijencu su
prepuštene 15 - 20 cm, uključujući i prepust
vijenca formiranog od kamenih ploča,
prepuštenih 10 - 15 cm.
Terasa - elementi arhitekture
Elemente arhitekture u okviru terase čine:
pod popločan kamenom, zidana ograda od
kamena sa profilacijom u vidu klupe
(„pižun“), i pergola sa vinovom lozom
(„odrina“) sa drvenom konstrukcijom. Terasa
se javlja na dva načina: u nivou prizemlja, i u
nivou prvog sprata.
number of churches and mills. The inclination
of the roof slope is from 22 - 30°. Rainwater
flow along the gable walls is prevented with
placing the last rows of hogs-back tile with
channel facing sky. Since there is no gutter, the
hogs-back tiles on the cornice are from 1520cm, including the nosing of the cornice constructed of stone blocks, toed 10-15cm.
Terrace – elements of architecture
The elements of architecture in the frame of
terrace are: tiled floor, constructed fence made
of stone with ornament in the shape of bench
(“pizun“) and pergola with grapevine (“odrina“)
with timber construction. The terrace appears
in two ways: in the level of the ground floor and
in the level of the first floor.
When the terrace is in the level of ground floor
it is a kind of garden through which the entrance in the house is realized (through the
Starovaroška kapija u Podgorici | Gate in old town
cellar) as well as the access to the neighboring
facilities (kitchen, rainwater tank, stable). At
lined houses, terraces make a unique surface and stone bench
Kada je u nivou prizemlja, terasa je oblik dvorišta preko kojeg se
appears only towards the slope.
ostvaruje ulaz u kuću (preko konobe) i pristup pratećim objektima
(„kužini“, bistijerni, staji). Kod kuća u nizu, terase čine jedinstvenu
When the terrace is in the level of the first floor it presents a direct
access to the residential space-rooms at the first floor. At the lined
površinu, a kamena klupa se javlja samo prema padini.
houses in Pastrovici the communication is possible even between
Kada je terasa u nivou prvog sprata, preko nje se direktno ulazi u
the very terraces, since the width of the terraces is usually the
stambeni prostor - sobe na prvom spratu. Kod kuća u nizu u
same as the width of the house. In this case, a noticeable element
Paštrovićima komunikacija je omogućena i između samih terasa,
of constructed arch “volat” appears as the bearing structure of the
s obzirom da se širine terasa najčešće poklapaju sa širinom kuće.
terrace, through which the entrance into the cellar is realized.
U ovom slučaju javlja se markantni element zidanog svoda „volat“,
In Crmnica and Katunska nahija the terrace is always in the level
kao noseća konstrukcija terase, kroz koji se ulazi u konobu.
of the apartment, while its architectural elements depend from the
U Crmnici i Katunskoj nahiji terasa je uvijek u nivou stana, dok su
position of the house regarding the slope. In the case where the
njeni arhitektonski elementi uslovljeni položajem kuće u odnosu
house is parallel with contour lines, the type of the terrace is
na padinu. U slučaju kuće paralelne sa izohipsama, terasa je tipa
„terrace on volta“, while at the house vertically positioned on con„tarace na voltama“, dok je kod kuće upravne na izohipse, zbog
tour lines, because of the position of the entrance, the terrace is in
uslovljenosti pozicije ulaza u kuću, terasa u nivou terena, sa
the level of terrain, with appropriate underpinning.
odgovarajućim podziđivanjem.
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Kotor
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3.2. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru središnje regije
3.2.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u karstnoj oblasti
Kuće su prizemne i spratne, pokrivene dvovodnim krovom,
gabarita u širini fronta 11, 12.5, 16.5, 18 m i dubine 10, 12 i 15 m,
grade se u nizu, rijetko samostalno dim 12 sa 12 metara. Ulaz kod
spratnih objekata, sa prizemlja na sprat je iz dvorišta ili
jednokrakim stepenicama iz hodnika koji spaja ulicu i dvorište.
Kuće imaju svijetlu visinu prizemlja i sprata 3.20 - 3.50 m, sa
naglašenim ulazom sa ulice koji hodnik povezuje sa dvorištem.
Prizemlja objekata su u ravni u odnosu na trotoar ili 15 cm
izdignutog praga u odnosu na ulicu gdje nema trotoara. Gradska
kuća XX vijeka imala je prozore koji su bili veličine 1/6 od površine
prostorije min. širine 1.00 m i visine 1.80 m, vrata širine 1.25 m i
visine 2.20 m. Prizemne kuće su se isključivo koristile za
stanovanje, dok kod spratnih kuća prizemlje je određeno za
radnje, knjižare, mesare itd, kao i pazar od „sitnica“.
Analizirajući tipologiju horizontalnog plana kuće sa aspekta
organizacije prostora kroz vrijeme, ista se može svesti na
prvobitni arhaični tip, tip „pozemljuše“ ili „plotnjače“. Ovaj tip je
karakterističan do sedamdesetih godina XIX vijeka. Njegov oblik
je pravougaoni i obično je visine „do početka krova s vrha
čovjeka“. Od 1870. do 1941. g. prisutni su tipovi prizemnih i
spratnih kuća od kamena. Karakteristika funkcionalne organizacije
može se rangirati u pet kategorija. Naglašen je odnos
komunikacija prema nivoima kuće, kao i raspored radnih
aktivnosti u objektu. Kod prizemnih objekata u većini slučajeva
prostor je namijenjen za stanovanje, ili „butige“ organizovane u
prostorima koji gledaju na ulicu i imaju direktni izlazak na nju, a
komunikacija sa prostorom za stanovanje odvija se preko toplih
veza „hodnikom“ koji povezuje ulicu sa dvorištem. Prizemne
partije kod spratnih kuća isključivo su namjenjene za ekonomiju
domaćinstva ili „butige“, dok je sprat predviđen za stanovanje.
3.2.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture
Do ranih sedamdesetih godina XIX vijeka graditeljstvo se
zasnivalo na principu nacionalne tradicionalne gradnje. Kuće su
bile prizemne, gdje je zastupljeno više suvomeđih nego klačenih
kuća, kasnije su suvomeđe zidane krečnim malterom. Pokrivane
su rjeđe ćeramidom, a više slamom ili daskama. Imaju jedna vrata
sa vrlo uskim i malim prozorima kao puškarnice. Ove kuće nemaju
odžaka već dim izlazi kroz krov. Kuće se stapaju sa okolnim
3.2. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of
Central region
3.2.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in Karst area
The houses are low-rise and storey, covered by double slope roof,
size in the front width 11, 12.5, 16.5, 18 m and depth 10, 12 and
15 m, they are constructed as a line, rarely independently, dimensions 12X12m. The entrance at storey facilities, from the ground
floor to the first floor is from the garden or with one-leg stairs from
the corridor which connects the street and the garden. The
houses have bright height of the ground floor and first floor 3.20 3.50 m, with emphasized entrance from the street connected over
the corridor with garden. The ground floors of the facilities are in
plane with the pavement or with 15cm elevated doorstep comparing to the street where there is no pavement. Town house of XX
century had windows with size 1/6 of the surface of the room with
minimal width 1.00m and height 1.80m, door with width 1.25m and
height 2.20m. The low-rise houses were only used for habitation,
while at the storey houses the ground floor was determined for
stores, bookstores, butcher’s etc., as well as for shops with small
things for selling.
Analyzing the typology of the horizontal plan of the house from the
aspect of the space organization through the time, the same could
be brought down on the primary archaic type, type „pozemljusa“
or „plotnjaca“. This type is characteristic for the period till 70s in
XIX century. The shape is rectangular and the height is usually „to
the beginning of the roof from the height of man“. From 1870 till
1941 there are types of low-rise and storey houses made of stone.
The characteristic of functional organization could be ranked in
five categories. The relation towards communications according to
the levels of the house, as well as the distribution of the working
activities in the facility. At low-rise facilities the space in most of
the cases serves for living, or for „boutiques“ with direct entrance
from the street and turned directly to the street, and communication with rooms for living is realized over the warm connections
with „hall“ which connects the street with garden. Ground floor
rooms at storey houses primarily serve for economy of the household or „boutiques“, while the first floor serves for living.
3.2.2. Elements of the urban settlements architecture
Until early 70’s in XIX century the construction was based on the
principle of national traditional constructing. The houses were low-
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Izgled gradske kuće između dva rata u Danilovgradu
View of the house between two world wars in Danilovgrad
Tipologija varoške kuće | Topology of urban settlements house
Izgled dvojne gradske kuće u Danilovgradu | View of double city house
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kamenim ambijentom planina i brda.
rise, and there were more “suvomedje” houses
Graditelji su većinom Novljani kao i
(houses made without mortar) then houses
Dalmatinci koji su svoj istančani ukus i
made with lime mortar “klacene”, and later the
odgovornost građenja prenosili na
first ones were constructed with lime mortar.
domaće majstore.
Najviše
They are rarely covered with hogs-back tile
građevinskog materijala se uvozilo iz
and usually covered with straw or timber
Austrougarske, Italije, Turske i
boards. They have one door with very narrow
Engleske. Objekti su bili slični,
and small windows like loop-holes. Those
ujednačene spratnosti, razlika se
houses do not have chimney and the smoke
pojavljivala u visini samo zbog
goes out through the roof. The houses are
konfiguracije terena. Jedino javne
assimilated with surrounding rocky ambience of
zgrade isticale su se položajem,
the mountains and hills. Constructors are
visinom i arhitekturom. Veća pažnja
mostly from Herceg Novi as well as Dalmatians
poklanja se ulazu, obradi oko prozora,
who handed down their refined taste and rekao i balkonskim detaljima. Obzirom
sponsibility of constructing to domestic artina vrijeme nastanka, strukturu funkcije
sans. Most of the construction material was
i mogućnost uklapanja u cjelinu
imported from Austro-Hungary, Italy, Turkey
gradskog organizma u jezgru se
and England. The facilities were similar, with
posebno izdvaja urbani milje mješovite
leveled storey, the difference in height apstambeno poslovne strukture, formiran
peared only because of the terrain configurarubnom izgradnjom blokova autentične
tion. Only public buildings were noticeable
fizionomije i arhitektonskog izraza
because of their position, height and architec(krovovi, vijenci, balkoni, plastika vrata
ture. More attention is paid to the entrance,
Detalj ograde | Fence detail
i prozora i sl.). Neovisno od razvoja
work around the windows and balcony details.
tipologije Varoške kuće krovovi su bili
Regarding the time of forming, structure of the
uvijek dvovodni, osim trovodnih na uglovima. Nagib krovne ravni
function and possibility of adapting to the whole of town organism
kretao se od manje 25° - 30° i manje 30°- 35°. Prozori, naročito
in the core urban milieu of residential-business structure is specifiprema ulici bili su dvokrilni, kasnije trokrilni, izdijeljeni rasterno na
cally separated, formed by edged construction of the block with
manje kvadratne prozorčiće (min. 100/180). Vrata na varoškim
authentic physiognomy and architectonic expression (roofs, corkućama prizemljušama su 110 cm i visine 160 - 170 cm.
nices, balconies, door and window’s plastic, etc.). Independently
Izgrađena primitivno od neobrađenih drvenih dasaka složenih u
from the development of typology of urban settlement house the
horizontalnom slogu sa poprečnim ukrutama. Razvojem i
roofs were always double slope roofs, except the triple slope roofs
at the angles. Roof slope was less than 25° - 30° and less than
modernizacijom stambene kuće dimenzije vrata se povećavaju
30°- 35°. Windows, especially those facing the street were with
često sa nadsvijetlom pravougaonog ili lučnog oblika visine (55 double window panes, later triple window panes, divided in raster
65 cm) i po širini i visini (110 - 130 cm odnosno 220 cm visine).
on smaller square windows (min 100/180). The door on the proUlazna vrata su naglašena kamenim okvirima, lijepom drvenom
vincial town’s houses “prizemljuse” are with 110cm width and
rezbarijom, lučnim ili pravougaonim završetkom.
height 160-170cm, built from untreated wooden boards arranged
3.2.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u karstnoj oblasti i priobalju
horizontally with transversal stiffener plates. With development
Skadarskog jezera
and modernization of residential house dimensions of the door are
increased often with hopper window of rectangular or arch shape
Sličnost prirodnih odlika primorja i karstne oblasti našla je svoj
with height (55 - 65 cm) and in width and height (110 - 130 cm i.e.
odraz i u tipološki veoma sličnim kućama. Stepen sličnosti je u
direktnoj zavisnosti od intenziteta kulturnih uticaja koji su u
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Cetinje
Starovaroška kuća u Nikšiću | Old house in Niksic
Plavi dvorac, Cetinje | Blue castle
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Detalji Danilovrad, balkoni | Balcony details
Francusko poslanstvo | French mission
Cetinje
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Cetinje, Njegoševa ulica | Njegoseva street in Cetinje
Cetinje, Zetski dom
Nikšić, Dvorac Kralja Nikole | Castle of King Nikola
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prošlosti dolazili sa primorja. Potvrdu ove teze nalazimo u činjenici
da je na području krasa narodna kuća svoj najviši domet dostigla
u Crmnici - na kontinentalnoj strani planinskog vijenca uz more
(Sutorman, Sozina, Paštrovska gora). Kao tipična, može se
izdvojiti spratna kuća, izduženog oblika sa dvovodnim krovom.
Pojam „spratna kuća“, kao i u brojnim slučajevima na drugim
lokalitetima, vezan je za postojanje prizemne poluetaže, formirane
podziđivanjem padine, iz kojeg je nastao i naziv „kuća na konobu“
i „kuća na izbi“. Kuće sa zidovima od kamena javljaju se i van
područja primorja i krasa - u djelovima oblasti visokih planina kao podtip sa mješovitim karakteristikama, što je uobičajeno za
granične zone dviju oblasti. Pojava ovog tipološkog varijeteta
rezultat je nedostatka kvalitetne drvene građe, kao i uvijek
prisutnih kulturnih uticaja iz susjedstva. Kuće obalnog područja
Skadarskog jezera kao tipološke posebnosti. Kuće prijezerskih
naselja Skadarskog jezera, zbog svojih sadržaja, mogu se nazvati
ribarskim kućama. Formirale su se transformacijom - stalnim
nastanjivanjem obalnih sezonskih objekata, nekada namijenjenih
isključivo čuvanju i obradi ribe, kao i sušenju žita. Na primjere
ovakve transformacije nailazimo na različitim lokalitetima, kod
kojih su se odigrali gotovo identični primjeri pretvaranja obalnih
ekonomskih objekata u stalna naselja: u Paštrovićima (Pržno,
Rafailovići) i u Krtolima (Bjelila, Kakrc). Autentična ribarska kuća
bila je jednodjelna prizemljuša, malih dimenzija, sa dvovodnim
krovom. U skladu sa karakteristikama kamene prizemljuše,
umjesto prozora, postojali su samo mali nezastakljeni otvori
(veličine kamenog bloka).
Obavezni dio „unutrašnje ugrađene opreme“ bilo je kameno korito
„kopanja“ za soljenje ribe. Tipološki varijetet predstavlja kuća u
Rijeci Crnojevića, u kojoj se prepliću karakteristike krasa i
Mediterana sa orijentalnim karakteristikama, kao rezultat
Kuća u Karstnoj oblasti, tipologija | House in karst region, typology
220 cm height). The entrance doors are emphasized with stone
frames, lovely carved pieces of wood, arc or rectangular end.
3.2.3. Typology of the rural house in Karst area and Skadar
Lake coast
Similarity of natural characteristics of the Coast and Karst area
found its reflection also in typologically very similar houses. The
degree of the similarity depends directly from intensity of cultural
influences which used to come from the coast in the past. The
confirmation of this thesis can be found in the fact that in the area
of karst popular house achieved its highest limit in Crmnica at the
continental side of mountain chain along the sea (Sutorman, Sozina, Pastrovska gora). A storey house of elongated shape with
double slope roof could be distinguished as typical. The term
„storey house“, like in many cases at other locations, is connected
with existence of the ground floor semi-storey, formed by underpinning the slope, what caused the name for such houses “house
on the cellar” and “house on the shack“. Houses with walls made
of stone appear also out of the coastal area and the area of karst
– in some parts of the areas of high mountains-as a subtype with
mixed characteristics, what is usual for boundary zones of two
areas. The appearance of this typological variety is a result of the
lack of qualitative timber, as well as always present cultural influences from neighbors. The houses of the coastal area of Skadar
Lake as typological particularities. The houses of the settlements
near the Skadar Lake, because of their contents, could be called
fishing houses. They were formed by transformation-permanent
positioning of coastal seasonal facilities which serve primarily for
conservation and treatment of the fish, as well as corn drying. The
examples of such transformation could be seen on different locations, on which almost identical examples of transformation of
coastal economic facilities into permanent settlements were real-
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Seoske kuće u priobalju Skadarskog jezera
Village houses in the coast of Skadar lake
Rijeka Crnojevića
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Dodoši
miješanja odgovarajućih kulturnih uticaja. Orijentalni uticaji
najuočljiviji su kod terase, čiji su svi elementi od drveta i koja po
konceptu odgovara čardaku. Na tipološke odlike kuće u Rijeci
Crnojevića uticao je i promjenjljivi sezonski vodni režim jezera.
Kao rezultat prilagođavanja ovakvim uslovima okruženja, kuće u
Rijeci Crnojevića, locirane na samoj obali, imaju i neke odlike
sojenica. Jedan od elemenata sličnosti sa sojenicama su stubovi
(masivni, kameni) u djelimično slobodnim prizemljima koja bivaju
plavljena u vrijeme visokog vodostaja. Najočigledniji primjer odlika
lokalne arhitekture je kuća uz stari kameni most (Danilov most).
Prednji dio kuće sa „volatom“ je u vodi, tako da poluetaža, koja
uobičajeno pripada konobi, ovdje predstavlja natkriveno
pristanište u okviru same kuće sa direktnim pristupom za „čun“ sa
jezera.
3.3. Tipologija i elementi arhitekture u okviru sjeverne regije
3.3.1. Tipologija varoške kuće u oblasti visokih planina
Karakteristika ovih kuća je što su naslonjene jedna na drugu u
nizu sa obije strane ulice. Kuće su pravougaone osnove ili
kvadratne sa prizemljem i spratom, poređane u nizu u sklopu
većih ili manjih stambenih blokova uklapajući se u uličnu mrežu.
Fasade su raščlanjene nizom simetrično raspoređenih vrata i
prozora. U prizemlju su se nalazile zanatlijske radnje, trgovine i
kafane, a na spratu prostorije za spavanje. Svaka kuća imala je
dvorište i baštu. Kuće sa dvorišne strane imale su kao po pravilu
ized: in Paštrovići (Pržno, Rafailovići) and in Krtole (Bjelila, Kakrc).
Authentic fishing house was one-part “prizemljusa”, with small
dimensions, with double slope roof. In line with the characteristics
of the stone “prizemljuse”, instead of the windows, there were only
small non-vitrified openings (size of stone block). Necessary part
of the “inside built-in equipment” was stone trough „kopanja” for
fish salting. Typological variety presents a house in Rijeka Crnojevica, in which the characteristics of the karst and Mediterranean
are mixed with oriental characteristics, as a result of mixture of
relevant cultural influences. Oriental influences are most noticeable at terraces, where all elements are made of timber and which
looks like enclosed porch regarding the concept. Typological characteristics of the house in Rijeka Crnojevica were influenced by
unstable seasonal water regime of the lake. As a result of adaptation to such conditions of environment, the houses in Rijeke Crnojevica, located at the very coast, have some characteristics of pile
dwellings. One of the elements of that similarity are pillars
(massive, stone) in partly free ground floors which are flooded in
the periods of high watermark. The most obvious example of the
characteristics of local architecture is the house beside the old
stone bridge (Danilov most). Frontal part of the house with „volat“
is in the water, so the semi-storey which usually belongs to the
cellar, here presents sheltered dock in the scope of the very
house with direct access for the boat „cun“ from the lake.
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doksat-balkon i stepenište koji su činili cjelinu sa osnovnim
gabaritom kuće. Kuće imaju dva ulaza od ulice za poslovni
prostor, sa unutrašnje strane stepenicama za sprat i od dvorišta
preko doksata. Prostor za stanovanje isto je organizovan kao i
kod kuća u karstnoj oblasti.
3.3. Typology and elements of architecture in the frame of
Northern region
3.3.2. Elementi varoške arhitekture
Characteristic of those houses is the fact that they are placed one
on each other as a line on both sides of the street. The houses
have rectangular or square base with ground floor and first floor,
lined within a group of residential blocks adapting into street network. Frontages are separated with lines of symmetrically distributed doors and windows. At the ground floor there were craftsman
stores, shops and pubs, and at the first floor sleeping rooms. Each
house had garden and yard. The houses from the yard side had
as by the rule “doksat”-balcony and stairs which were making a
whole with basic size of the house. Houses have two entrances
from the street for business premises, from inner part with stairs to
the first floor and from the yard to the “doksat”. The space for
living is organized in the same way like in the houses in Karst
area.
Prizemlje kuća zidani su od lomljenog kamena a sprat je obično
pravljen od čakme. Neke kuće su kompletno i prizemlje i sprat
pravljene od čakme. Krovni pokrivač je šindra i pokrivač od lima,
krov je obično na kvadratnoj osnovi četvorovodan, a na
pravougaonoj osnovi na dvije vode. Prozori i vrata su
pravougaoni, oivičeni lijepo klesanim kamenom kao i ivice fasada
su također obrađeni ugaonicima. Vrata pored pravougaonog
3.3.1. Typology of the urban settlements house in the area of
high mountains
3.3.2. Elements of urban settlements architecture
The ground floors of the houses were built of broken stone and
the floor was usually built of “cakma”. Some houses were com-
Andrijevica balkon stare kuće | Balcony of old house
završetka imaju i polukružno završavanje kao nadsvijetlo dim. su
(120/240 + 50 cm). Ponekad su prozori i vrata oivičeni profilisanim
slojem maltera. Krovni prozori u potkrovlju su pravougaoni sa
zabatnim završetkom.
3.3.3. Tipologija seoske kuće u oblasti visokih planina
„Zaštitni znak“ ruralne stambene arhitekture šumovitih planinskih
oblasti predstavlja dvodjelna dinarska brvnara izdužene
pravougaone osnove „kuća na ćelicu“ ili „kuća na magazi“,
postavljena upravno na nagib terena i prepoznatljiva po
Kolašin, fasada tipične gradske ulice | Typical façade of city house
pletely, both ground floor and first floor, made of “cakma”. Roof
was constructed of shingle and metal plates. The roof is usually
based on square hipped roofs, and at the rectangular base it is a
double slope roof. The windows and door are rectangular, edged
with nicely dressed stone and the edges of facades are also
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Berane
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podrumskoj poluetaži
„izbi“ ili „magazi“,
nastaloj podziđivanjem
prednjeg dijela kuće.
Tradicionalna
arhitektura ovih
predjela prepoznatljiva
je po drvetu, kao
osnovnom materijalu
zidova i krovnog
pokrivača. U cilju
izbjegavanja
neposrednog dodira
drveta sa tlom koristi se
kamen, od kojeg su
izrađeni zidovi magaze
i kameni sokli, na koje
se polažu grede
„temeljnjače“.
Najmarkantniji tipološki
element brvnare je
visoki četvorovodni
krov, koji se svojim
oblikom približava
obliku piramide.
„Piramida“ krova
zajedno sa relativno
niskim „kubusom“
prizemlja formira
veoma skladnu, dobro
proporcionisanu cjelinu.
Durmitorska kuća | Durmitor house
Oblikovni efekti brvnare
još su snažniji kada se
posmatra grupacija stambenog i pomoćnih objekata u okviru
jednog domaćinstva. Ponavljanje, ili blago variranje motiva visokih
tamnih krovova dovodi do gradacije efekta. Mogućnosti
prostornog razvoja - dograđivanja brvnare ograničene su
tradicionalnim četvorovodnim krovom. Dok je dvovodni ili
jednovodni krov kamene kuće omogućavao tehnički jednostavnu
realizaciju proširivanja kuće dograđivanjem, horizontalni gabarit
brvnare unaprijed je bio omeđen površinom osnove krova (što je
nametalo prostorni razvoj dijeljenjem unutrašnjeg prostora).
Uobičajeni oblik katuna - ljetnjeg stočarskog stana je koliba sa
worked with corner stones. The door beside the
rectangular end have semicircle end as a hopper
window with dimensions (120/240 + 50cm.).
Sometimes the doors and windows are edged
with profiled layer of the mortar. Roof lights
(windows) in the attic are rectangular with gable
end.
3.3.3. Typology of the rural house in the area
of high mountains
„Trade mark“' of the rural residential architecture
of forest mountain areas presents a two-part
Dinaric cottage with elongated rectangular base
„house on the cellar“ or „house on the store“,
placed vertically on the slope of the terrain and
recognizable because of the storage semi-storey
„izba“ or „store“, formed with underpinning the
front side of the house. Traditional architecture of
those areas is characterized by timber, as a main
material for walls and roofing. In order to avoid
direct contact of the timber with ground the
stone is used, from which the walls of the store
and stone plinths are constructed, on which the
ground beams “temeljnace” are placed. The
most noticeable typological element of the cottage is high hipped roof, which is similar in shape
to the shape of pyramid. “The pyramid” of the
roof together with relatively low „kubus“ (main
volume) of the ground floor forms a very harmonized, well proportioned whole. Shaped effects of
the cottage are even stronger when the grouping
of residential and neighboring facilities within the
frame of one household is considered. Repetition or moderate
variation of the motives of high dark roofs leads to the gradation of
the effect. The possibilities of spatial development-overbuilding of
the cottage are limited with traditional hipped roof. While the single slope or double slope roof of the stone house made possible
technical realization of expanding the house with overbuilding,
horizontal size of the cottage was beforehand bordered with the
surface of the roof base (what imposed spatial development
through division of the inside space). Usual shape of the summer
pasture camps-for the purpose of the summer house for stockmen, is a cottage with low walls made of stone (up to 1.5m), con-
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Kosanica
Piva
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niskim zidovima od kamena (do 1.5 m), zidanih „u suvo“, i
dvovodnim krovom od oblica, pokrivenim slamom ili cijepanom
daskom. Neki arhaični oblici, sa odlikama neolitske kolibe,
registrovani su u Pivi i na Prokletijama.
structed “u suvo“’ (without mortar) and double slope roof made of
logs, covered with straw or cut timber. Some archaic types, with
characteristics of Neolith cottage are registered in Piva and on
Prokletije.
Derivati dinarske brvnare kao tipološke posebnosti
Derivates of the Dinaric cottage as a typological particularity
U varošicama Plav i Rožaje, naseljima poluurbanog karaktera,
razvili su se tipološki derivati brvnare, nastali na ravnijem terenu i
u posebnim kulturno-istorijskim prilikama: spratna brvnara i kula dvospratnica sa odlikama utvrđenja. Karakteristično obilježje
tipične kuće Plava predstavlja spoljnje stepenište, natkriveno
produženom strehom, koje se javlja kao „dodatni element“ u
arhitekturi brvnare. Spoljnje stepenište izraz je naprednije
organizacije prostora, jer su na taj način razdvojeni ulazi u staju
(prizemlje) i stan (sprat). Tipičnu rožajsku kuću karakteriše
zadržavanje unutrašnjeg stepeništa. Kula predstavlja veoma
markantan oblik utvrđenog stana, kod kojeg se prošireni oblik
primarne brvnare našao u nivou drugog sprata - na vrhu
dvoetažnog kamenog kubusa (prizemlje i prvi sprat). Veoma
ilustrativan primjer, u kojem je kod stana na drugom spratu u
cjelini primijenjena drvena konstrukcija, je Redžepagića kula u
Plavu.
In urban settlements Plav and Rozaje, settlements with semiurban character, typological derivates of cottage were developed,
on more flat terrain and within special cultural-historical circumstances.: storey cottage and tower- two storey house with characteristics of the fort. Characteristic element of the typical house in
Plav presents outside stairs, sheltered with extended shelter,
which appear as an additional element in architecture of the cottage. The outside stairs reflects more advanced organization of
the space, because in that way the entrances of the stable
(ground floor) and living premises (first floor) are separated. Typical house in Rozaje is characterized by a very noticeable shape of
fortified apartment, at which the expanded shape of the primary
cottage is found on the level of second floor-at the top of doublestorey stone “kubus” (ground floor and first floor). Very illustrative
example, where at the apartment on the second floor whole construction is built of timber, is Tower Redzepagica in Plav.
Rožaje
Plav
3.3.4. Elementi seoske arhitekture
3.3.4. Elements of rural architecture
Zidovi
Walls
Osnovna struktura zidova zavisila je od lokalnih resursa
kvalitetnog drveta, ali je i u neposrednoj vezi sa funkcionalnom
podjelom prostora tipične brvnare na prostoriju sa ognjištem
Basic structure of the walls depended of local resources of qualitative timber, but it is also directly connected to the functional
division of the space of typical cottage on the room with fire-place
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Gornja Morača
Plav, Kula Redžepagića
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Kolašin, Savardak
Bjelasica
Kula, staro graditeljstvo
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„kuću“ i sobu. Isticanje dviju funkcija kroz različite materijale
ogleda se u upotrebi kamena kod zidova „kuće“ i drveta - brvana i
talpi kod zidova sobe, što je istovremeno u skladu sa principom
čuvanja drvenih zidova od neposrednog kontakta sa tlom. Izraz
ekonomičnije upotrebe drveta predstavljaju bondručne
konstrukcije - drveni skelet sa različitim vrstama ispune. Varijante
ispune su: „dizma“ - od punog drveta koju čine gredice unutar
drvenog skeleta, „čatma“ - obostrano nakovane tanke oblice sa
ilovačom ili šljunkom u međuprostoru, i „pleter“ - struktura od
pruća upletena oko vertikalnih potki (uglavnom za pomoćne
objekte). Sve tri varijante bondruka obostrano se malterišu
krečnim malterom.
Krov i krovni pokrivač
Nagib dviju osnovnih krovnih ravni je oko 60° (dužina roga
jednaka je 4/5 raspona), a u nižim dolinskim predjelima je oko 45°
(visina krova jednaka je 1/2 raspona). Strmije su uže čeone strane
krova sa nagibom od 80°, čime je smanjena slobodna dužina
grebenog roga, a ostvareni su i povoljniji statički uticaji na spoju
rogova i vjenčanice. U okviru sličnih krovnih pokrivača od drveta
izdvaja se šindra, čija geometrija (daske klinastog presjeka
pritesane na krajevima) omogućava izuzetnu otpornost na vjetar i
kišu.
(hearth) ’house” and the sleeping room. Distinguishing of the two
functions through different materials reflects in the use of stone in
the walls of the „house“ and timber-logs and planks in the walls of
the sleeping room, what is at the same time in line with the principle of protection of the timber walls from direct contact with
ground. The expression of a more economic use of the timber
present post and pan constructions –wooden skeleton with different types of fillings. Varieties of the filling are: „dizma“ webbed
wood made of small girders inside the wooden skeleton, “catma”
both-side forged thin round logs with argil or gravel in space, and
„pleter“ – structure made of thin sticks around the vertical woofs
mostly for utility facilities). All three varieties of the post and pan
are plastered on both sides with lime mortar.
Roof and roofing
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Čardak i elementi arhitekture
Čardaci, kao poluotvoreni prostori uz unutrašnje stepenište,
uglavnom su karakteristični za kule. Prepoznatljivi su po drvenoj
konstrukciji i po namjeni koja je prvenstveno vezana za ljetnje
uslove. U zimskim uslovima, radi zaštite od hladnoće, koriste se
drveni kapci koji se spuštaju sa gornje strane otvora ili zastakljeni
ramovi koji se horizontalno smiču.
4.
Savremene realizacije i preporuke za građenje na nivou regija
4.1. Karakteristike savremene prakse i potencijali studije
Evidentne posljedice neodgovarajućih pristupa od strane
investitora i projektanata praćenih pogrešnim projektantskim
stavovima i odlukama kod realizacije novih objekata i kod
intervencija na postojećim objektima.
Imitacija nacionalnog u arhitekturi u vidu mnogobrojnih lukova,
erkera, šarenih fasada dovodi do falsifikovanja profesionalnih
ideja. Umjesto poštovanja urbanog konteksta primjećuje se težnja
izdvajanja sopstvenog djela.
Postupak u aktuelnoj praksi koji karakteriše tretman autentičnih
seoskih kuća odvija se na način kako slijedi. Novi vlasnici kupuju
stare kuće uglavnom zbog njihove lokacije. S obzirom da stare
seoske kuće ne ispunjavaju savremene zahtjeve u pogledu
komfora i opremljenosti instalacijama, pristupa se načelno
opravdanoj rekonstrukciji. Problem nastaje u postupku intervencija
koje po pravilu uključuju neizbježne promjene gabarita, ali se
pritom potpuno zanemaruje lokalna arhitektura u svim njenim
aspektima. Rezultat su zdanja koja ne komuniciraju i nisu u
ravnoteži sa prostorom, već svojim agresivnim odnosom prema
okolini uglavnom iskazuju pretenzije da se nametnu kao novi
(kvazi)modeli arhitekture namijenjene turizmu.
Veće uvažavanje karakteristika i vrijednosti raznolikog ambijenta u
Crnoj Gori od strane aktuelnih i potencijalnih investitora, prije
svega posebnosti lokalnih graditeljskih identiteta.
The inclination of the two main roof slopes is around 60° (the
length of the rafter amounts 4/5 of the span), and in lower valley
areas it amounts around 45° (the height of the roof amounts 1/2 of
the span). Narrower face-work sides of the roof are steeper with
inclination of 80°, what decreases free length of ridge rafter, and
more favorable static influences are realized at the connection of
the rafters and wall plate. In the scope of similar roofing made of
timber, shingle is distinguished, which geometry (boards of
wedge-shaped section roughly dressed at ends) creates a very
good wind and rain resistance.
Enclosed porch “cardak” and elements of architecture
Enclosed porches, as half-open spaces beside the inside stairs,
are mostly characteristic for the towers. They are recognizable
because of the timber construction and purpose which is primarily
related to summer conditions. In winter conditions, in order to
create protection from the cold weather, wooden shutters are
used, which are dropped from the top of the openings, or vitrified
frames which could be moved horizontally.
4.
Contemporary realizations and recommendations for construction
at the level of regions
4.1. Characteristics of contemporary practice and potentials
of the study
Evident consequence of inappropriate approaches by investors
and architects followed by wrong architectural attitudes and decisions in realization of the new facilities and in interventions on the
existing facilities.
Imitation of the national in architecture reflected in numerous
arches, bay windows, colorful facades, leads to the forgeries of
professional ideas. Instead of respecting the urban context a pretension for distinction of the individual work is noticeable.
The procedure in actual practice which characterizes the treatment of authentic rural houses is realized in following way. New
owners buy old houses mostly because of their location. Since old
rural houses do not satisfy contemporary demands regarding the
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Hotel “Maestral”, Pržno
Budva, “Slovenska plaža”
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Značaj problema i posljedica u direktnoj je proporciji sa:
•
fizičkim obimom i
graditeljskog zahvata,
•
značajem i vrijednošću same lokacije: istorijska gradska
jezgra pod zaštitom, prostor nacionalnih parkova.
strukturnim
karakteristikama
Uz uvažavanje činjenice da se ključna faza odlučivanja o vrsti i
sadržaju intervencija u prostoru odvija u sferi urbanističkog
planiranja, tematski okvir ove studije sveden je na tipologije i
elemente arhitekture koji karakterišu i po kojima su prepoznatljive
određene oblasti u Crnoj Gori.
comfort and installation equipment, a justifiable reconstruction is
started. The problem appears in the procedure of interventions
which by the rule include inevitable changes of size, but during
that, local architecture is totally neglected in all its aspects. As a
result, there are buildings which do not communicate and are not
in balance with space, but with their aggressive relation with environment they mostly show pretensions to impose as new (quasi)
models of architecture intended for tourism.
Higher respect for characteristics and values of diverse ambience
in Montenegro by actual and potential investors, especially for the
particularity of local construction identity.
The importance of the problem and the consequence is in direct
proportion with:
Primjenjivost studije je selektivne prirode - najdirektnije je
primjenjiva na nivou individualnih stambenih objekata.
•
Physical size and structural characteristics of the construction work,
Uočeni problemi/konflikti u aktuelnoj praksi:
•
The importance and value of the very location: historical
town cores under protection, the space of National parks.
•
•
•
•
Neuvažavanje/odstupanje od karaktera lokalne
arhitekture: ignorisanje/nepoznavanje lokalnih prirodnih
uslova i lokalnog graditeljskog nasljeđa, uz primjenu
arhitektonskog izraza bez jasne fizionomije, ili neskladno
kombinovanje različitih tipologija i stilova.
Neuvažavanja/odstupanja u domenu elemenata lokalne
arhitekture, uz nametanje i uspostavljanje novih
funkcionalnih i estetskih standarda zasnovanih na
aktuelnim tržišnim mehanizmima.
Nesklad i greške u primjeni građevinskih materijala:
kombinovanje tradicionalnih i novih materijala, praćeno
promašajima u oblikovnom i likovnom smislu, kao i
tehničkim problemima tokom eksploatacije.
With respecting the fact that the key phase of decision making on
the type and contents of interventions in the space is realized in
the sphere of urban planning, thematic frame of this study is
brought down on typologies and elements of architecture which
are characteristic and which make certain areas in Montenegro
recognizable.
Applicability of the study has selective nature-the most direct application has at the level of individual housing facilities.
Noticed problems/conflicts in actual practice:
•
Disrespecting/aberration from the character of local architecture: ignoring/lack of knowledge regarding local natural
conditions and local construction heritage, with application
of architectural expression without clear physiognomy or
disharmonized combining of different typologies and
styles.
•
Disrespecting/aberrations in domain of elements of local
architecture, with intrusion and establishment of new functional and esthetic standards based on actual market
mechanisms.
Koketiranje sa tradicijom, poteklo iz komercijalnih pobuda i
neznanja, koje se iskazuje kroz površnu imitaciju
tradicionalnih formi, elemenata i detalja.
4.2. Pristupi u savremenoj interpretaciji tradicionalne
arhitekture
Osnovna ideja (State of the Art): reinterpretacija umjesto imitacije
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Formalistički tretman
tradicije često proizvodi
prazne replike autentičnih/
originalnih vrijednosti.
Uzrok tome je uvjerenje da
su spolajšnji aspekti
arhitekture od presudnog
značaja za njenu
identifikaciju i integrisanje
u određeni kontekst. Još
uvijek u praksi to uvjerenje
služi kao vrsta zajedničkog
imenitelja oko kojeg različiti
protagonisti u procesu
građenja najlakše postižu
konsenzus.
Istraživanje principa,
umjesto reprodukovanja
formi, omogućava
transponovanje tradicije
primijenjene kao inspiracija
moderne arhitekture.
Prepoznata su tri pristupa/
orijentacije u navedenom
smislu:
•
•
Ikonički: Najšire
prihvaćeni pristup
gdje je akcenat na
i k o n i č k i m
a s p e k t i m a Nova Durmitorska kuća (konkursna rješenja)
New Durmitor house (arch. competition)
tradicionalne
arhitekture,
izraženim u citatima formi, arhitektonskim elementima i
građevinskim materijalima. Ovaj metod zahtijeva suštinsko
povezivanje i duboko razumijevanje i formi i odnosa sa
kontekstom da bi se izbjegao neuspjeh.
Tipološki: Tipološki obrasci tradicionalne arhitekture
koriste se na dva načina: tipološki elementi su
inkorporirani u abstraktne forme ili obrnuto. Tradicionalna
tipologija je transformisana i postavljena nasuprot
modernim formama.
“Prohouse”, Podgorica
•
Disharmony and mistakes in application of construction
materials: combining traditional and new materials, followed by failure in shaping and art sense, as well as with
technical problems during exploitation.
•
Flirting with tradition, created from commercial needs and
ignorance, expressed through superficial imitation of traditional forms, elements and details.
4.2. Approaches in contemporary interpretation of traditional
architecture
Basic idea (State of the Art): reinterpretation instead of imitation
Formalistic treatment of tradition often produces bare replicas of
authentic/original values. The cause of that is a conviction that the
outside aspects of architecture present crucial importance for its
identification and integration in certain context. Still in the practice
that conviction serves as a kind of common denominator around
which different protagonists in the process of construction achieve
consensus in the easiest way.
Research of the principles, instead of reproduction of the forms,
enables transposition of the tradition applied as the inspiration for
the modern architecture. Three approaches/orientations are noticed in mentioned sense:
•
Iconic: The most accepted approach where the accent is
put on iconic aspects of traditional architecture, expressed
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in cites of the forms, architectural elements and construction materials. This method demands core connecting and
deep understanding of both forms and relations with context in order to avoid failure.
Hotel “Podgorica”
•
Esencijalni: Široko orijentisan pristup gdje su ekološki
kriterijumi i pitanja regionalizma u središtu pažnje. Ovaj
pristup se zasniva na shvatanju da regionalni identitet
potiče od određenog ekološkog principa integracije
građenog i prirodnog okruženja.
Osnovna ideja i misija preporuka za građenje na nivou regija je
insistiranje na uvažavanju konteksta. Ostvarivanje uspjelih
graditeljskih odgovora na investitorske zahtjeve i očekivanja
uključuju profesionalno znanje i istraživanje, iz kojih treba da
proistekne stručni stav i projektantska rješenja u domenu jednog
od navedenih pristupa.
•
Typological: typological patterns of the traditional architecture are used in two ways: typological elements are incorporated in abstract forms and vice versa. Traditional typology transformed and established contrary to the modern
forms.
•
Essential: Widely oriented approach where the ecological
criteria and issues regarding regionalization are in the
center of attention. This approach is based on the idea
that the regional identity origins from a certain ecological
principle of integration of constructed and natural environment.
Basic idea and mission of recommendations for construction at
the level of regions is insisting on respect of the context. Realization of successful construction answers on investors' requests and
expectations include professional knowledge and research, which
should result in an expert attitude, as well as design solutions in
domain of one of the mentioned approaches.
It should be enabled to the architecture of Montenegrin towns as
Hotel “Podgorica”
Arhitekturi crnogorskih gradova kao gradova uzbudljive
morfologije treba omogućiti da se kroz svoj budući razvoj razvijaju
kao urbane cjeline u kojoj prioritet ima obnova grada odnosno
racionalnije i kvalitetnije korišćenje postojeće gradske strukture, a
uz poštovanje i isticanje ambijentalnih vrijednosti.
Principi rješavanja
•
Uklapanje novih vrijednosti u postojeći ambijent, ali i
postepen razvoj fizičkih struktura uz zadržavanje
funkcionalnog i fizičkog karaktera;
•
Očuvanje urbane matrice , principi revitalizacije oslonjeni
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na analizu kulturno materijalnih i ekoloških vrijednosti
•
Prisutna tipološka arhitektura, da novi objekat
arhitektonske odlike i tipološke karakteristike obelježava
ambijent grada;
•
Nova arhitektura slobodno iskazivanje kreacije uz
poštujuće elementarne propise urbane regulacije;
•
Oblik zgrada mora da bude posmatran u odnosu na okolni
prirodni i izgrađeni ambijent.
Arhitektonsko projektovanje uglavnom se ograničilo na regulativu i
zapostavilo kreativnu akciju, izgubilo se u teoretskom istraživanju,
dok je razmatranje cjeline problema tako reći napušteno. Ako se
ranije urbanizam strogo potčinjavao vlasti, sada mu zapovijeda
novac. Ne tako davno morali smo da tačno sprovodimo pravila
izgradnje. Ovim projektom ostvaren je maksimalni respekt
naslijeđene vrijednosti prostora, a na bazi programa kompleksne
građevinske sanacije, uvođenjem u zatečenu strukturu novih formi
savremenih standarda stanovanja i neophodne opreme za druge
namjene (trgovine, servisi, usluge i dr.). Preporuka arhitektima i
graditeljima da poštuju i koriste nasljeđena iskustva prošlosti koja
su vodila računa o visinskim gabaritima objekata, o uljepšavanju
uličnih fasada korišćenju i primjeni iskustava drugih naroda a ne
preslikavanje nego prilagođenih ovom prostoru.
4.3. Pozitivni primjeri odnosa prema kontekstu kao preporuke
za građenje na nivou regija
Ilustracije pristupa u interpetaciji tradicije kroz primjere
Realizacije sa prostora primorja (južna regija):
•
Obnovljena kuća iz Paštrovića - primjer ikoničkog pristupa;
Kuća u paštrovskom selu u blizini Svetog Stefana
predstavlja primjer veoma dosljedno sprovedene
rekonstrukcije stare porodične kuće. Ostvarena arhitektura
izražava tradicionalnu disciplinu i dosljednost graditeljskog
postupka: jasno i oštro definisan osnovni volumen kuće,
jednoobraznost volumena i nagiba krova, otvori sa istim
mjerama i proporcijama, itd., kao potvrda prisustva
određenih ''standarda'' gradnje.
towns with colorful morphology that their future development is
realized considering them as an urban whole, where the renewal
of the town has the priority, i.e. more rational and qualitative use
of the existing urban structure, with respect and emphasize of
ambience values.
The principles of solving
•
Inserting new values in existing ambience, but also gradual development of physical structures, keeping the functional and physical character;
•
Conservation of the urban matrix , principles of revitalization based on analysis of cultural, material and ecologic
values
•
Present typological architecture where the new facility with
architectonic and typological distinctiveness characterizes
the ambience of the town;
•
New architecture-free expression of creation with respect
of the basic urban regulations;
•
The shape of the buildings must be considered in relation
to the surrounding natural and constructed environment.
Architectural design is mostly limited on regulations and creative
action is neglected, it is disoriented in theoretical research, while
the examination of the whole problem is almost abandoned. Urbanism used to be under the bondage of authorities, now the
money plays the main role. Not so long ago we were obliged to
respect the rules for constructing exactly as they were. This project has maximum respect for the inherited values of the space,
and on the basis of the program of complex construction repair, by
introducing new forms of contemporary standards of habitation
and necessary equipment for other purposes (shops, services,
etc.) in the existing structure. It is a recommendation for the architects and constructors to respect and use inherited experiences
from the past which were taking care regarding height of the facilities, decoration of the street facades, use and application of experiences of other nations, and not copying but adaptation to this
space.
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Podgorica
PEC “Kamena kuća”
PC “Stara varoš”, Rožaje
Obnova “Paštrovske” kuće
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Sveti Stefan
Hotel “Bjanka”
Sveti Stefan
Bijelo Polje
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•
Turističko naselje „Slovenska plaža'“, Budva - primjer
tipološkog pristupa;
4.3. Positive examples of relation with context as recommendations for constructing at the level of regions
Turističko naselje “Slovenska plaža”, kao izraz novijeg
trenda u turizmu 80-tih godina, očigledan je izraz sasvim
drugačijeg koncepta u rješavanju smještaja turista, u
odnosu na hotelske objekte/komplekse iz sedamdesetih
godina (autor projekta: Janez Kobe, izgradnja: 1984. I
faza, 1989. II faza, investitor: Budvanska rivijera, Budva).
U ovom slučaju transponovan je model mediteranskog
naselja, oformljenog oko komunikacione kičme - pješačke
ulice, gdje su ulica, atrijumi i tremovi mediteranski
elementi u generalnom smislu.
Illustrations of the approach in interpretation of tradition through
examples
Realizations in the space of Coast (Southern region):
•
House in Pastrovsko village near Sveti Stefan presents an
example of a very consistently executed reconstruction of
old family house. Realized archetecture expresses
traditional discipline and consistence of construction
procedure : clearly and sharply defined basic volume of
the house , uniformity of the volume and and slope of the
roof, openings with same measures and proportions, etc.
as a confirmation of the presence of certain construction
»standards«.
Primjena prostornih kompozicija kubičnih volumena, sa
prepoznatljivim odnosom zidnih i krovnih ravni,
karakterističnih za primorje i kras, veoma je uočljiva u
arhitekturi “Slovenske plaže”, gdje pročišćene forme i
jednovodni krovovi predstavljaju tipične elemente lokalne
(paštrovske) arhitekture.
•
Rekonstruisani hotel „Maestral“, Pržno, Miločer - primjer
esencijalnog pristupa.
U situaciji sveopštih aspiracija na prostor Primorja, izraženih u
neodmjerenim i sa ambijentom neusaglašenim građevinskim
zahvatima, vrijedan i prilično usamljen primjer znalački i
odmjereno profilisanog investitorskog programa i graditeljskog
postupka predstavlja rekonstrukcija i nadgradnja hotela “Maestral”
u Pržnu kod Svetog Stefana (autor projekta izvornog rješenja:
Edvard Ravnikar, izgradnja: 1970.-1971.; autori projekta
rekonstrukcije: Miha Kerin, Majda Kregar, izgradnja: 2002.-2004.,
investitor: HIT, Nova Gorica, Slovenija).
Rekonstrukcija odražava skup principa održivog razvoja i
profesionalne etike koji su demonstrirani u širokom spektru
materijalizovanih stavova i rješenja. Ključno obilježje je mali obim
fizičkih proširenja u vidu nadgradnji po jedne etaže na djelovima
kompleksa, uz izuzetno uvažavanje izvornog arhitektonskog
rješenja i njegovog autora.
Rafinirano rješenje vizuelne prihvatljivosti povećanih masa
objekata hotela “Maestral”, usljed nadgradnje po jednog sprata na
lamelama, ostvareno je “povlačenjem fasada” nadgrađenih etaža
za dubinu terasa u odnosu na osnovne fasadne ravni.
Renewed house in Pastrovici the example of iconic approach;
•
Tourist settlement “Slovenska plaža”, Budva – the example of typological approach;
Tourist settlement “Slovenska plaža”, as an expression of newer
trend in tourism of 80s, is obvious expression of totally different
concept in solving the issues of tourists' accommodation, comparing to the hotel facilities/complexes in 70s (author of the project:
Janez Kobe, construction: 1984. I phase, 1989. II phase, investor:
Budvanska rivijera, Budva). In this case a model of Mediterranean
settlement is applied, formed around communication spinepedestrian streets, where the street, atriums and porches are
Mediterranean elements in general sense.
Application of spatial composition of cubic volumes, with recognizable proportion of wall and roof planes, characteristic for Coast
and Carst, is very evident in architecture of “Slovenska plaza”,
where clear forms and single slope roofs present typical elements
of local (pastrovska) architecture.
•
Reconstruction of hotel “Maestral”, Pržno, Miločer – the
example of essential approach
In situation of comprehensive aspirations towards Coastal space,
expressed in constructions which are inadequate and unbalanced
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Svojevremeno kritikovana dominantna boja zidova koju daje
fasadna opeka, u “novom čitanju” arhitekture “Maestrala”
povezuje se sa bojom prepoznatljivih krovova sa pokrivačem od
ćeramide. Površine u natur betonu, korespondiraju sa površinama
kamenih zidova i doprinose hromatskoj uravnoteženosti fasada.
Značajan doprinos “prijateljskom odnosu” prema prirodnom
ambijentu daju krovne bašte, kao djelovi “pete fasade”, koje
smanjuju i usitnjavaju površine ravnih krovova. Posebnu i izuzetno
značajnu komponentu u slici cjelokupnog ambijenta predstavljaju
kultivisane zelene površine sa mediteranskim biljem koje okružuju
objekte.
Realizacije sa prostora središnje regije (karstna oblast i ZetskoBjelopavlićka ravnica)
•
Hotel ''Podgorica''
•
Poslovni objekat ''Prohouse''
•
Poslovno-edukativni centar ''Kamena kuća''
Realizacije i projekti sa prostora visokih planina (sjeverna regija):
•
Poslovni centar ''Stara varoš'' Rožaje - primjer tipološkog
pristupa;
•
Projekti sa konkursa za Novu Durmitorsku kuću - primjeri
tipološkog/esencijalnog pristupa.
4.4. Preporuke za građenje - elementi
tehničke uslove
za urbanističko-
Primjenjivost elemenata za urbanističko-tehničke uslove koji slijede u
prvom redu se odnose na zone čija je urbanizacija u toku, što znači
na lokacije na kojima nije bilo prethodne izgradnje, i stara seoska
naselja, koja kao lokacije za turističko tržište, kao i tzv. ''drugi dom'',
poprimaju atribute ekskluzivnosti. Činjenicom da opisane vrste
intervencija predstavljaju najzastupljeniji tip investitorskih zahtjeva
determinisan je okvir i sadržaj elemenata za urbanističko-tehničke
uslove koji slijede. Drugi veoma značajan domen potencijalnih
intervencija su istorijska jezgra primorskih gradova sa kategorisanim
tretmanom zaštite. U toj sferi uslove i način izvođenja intervencija
definišu institucije za zaštitu spomenika kulture, bilo da se radi o
pojedinačnim objektima ili ambijentalnim cjelinama.
with the ambience, significant and quite lonely example of professionally and thoughtfully profiled investment program and construction procedure presents a construction and overbuilding of
hotel “Maestral” in Przno, near Sveti Stefan (author of the project
of original solution: Edvard Ravnikar, construction: 1970.-1971.;
authors of the reconstruction project: Miha Kerin, Majda Kregar,
construction: 2002.-2004., investor: HIT, Nova Gorica, Slovenija).
Reconstruction reflects group of principles of sustainable development and professional ethics which are demonstrated in wide
specter of materialized attitudes and solutions. Key characteristic
is small scope of physical expansions like overbuilding one storey
on parts of the complex, with exceptional respect of original architectural solution and its author.
Refined solution of visual acceptability of increased size of hotel
»Maestral« facilities because of overbuilding with one storey on
semi-detached houses, is realized with »receding of the facades«
of overbuilt storeys for the depth of terraces compared to basic
facades' planes.
Dominant color of walls resulting from use of front bricks, which
used to be criticized, in the “new reading” of architecture of
“Maestral” is in relation to the color of recognizable roofs with
hogs-back tile. Surfaces in nature concrete, correspond with surfaces of atone walls and contribute to chromatic balance of facades. Roof gardens give significant contribution to “friendly relations” towards natural ambience, as parts of “fifth façade” which
make the surfaces of flat roofs smaller and fragmentized. Special
and extremely important component in the picture of whole ambience present cultivated green areas with Mediterranean plants
surrounding facilities.
Realizations in the space of Central region (Karst area and ZetaBjelopavlici plain)
•
Hotel ''Podgorica'';
•
Business facility in ''Prohouse'';
•
Business-educational centar “Kamena kuca”.
Realizations and projects in the space of high mountains
(Northern region) :
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U okviru elemenata za urbanističko-tehničke uslove, koji u ovoj studiji
imaju karakter principa, razmatrani su sljedeći slučajevi:
•
Business center “Stara varos” Rozaje-example of typological approach;
•
Obnova tradicionalne kuće;
•
•
Rekonstrukcija starog kućišta izgradnjom nove kuće;
Projects from the public contest for New House of Durmitor- examples of typological/essential approach.a
•
Izgradnja nove kuće;
Obrađeni su oni urbanistički i arhitektonski elementi koji su kao
teme karakteristični u navedenim slučajevima i ne zavise od
regionalnih posebnosti, zbog čega se mogu tretirati kao tipični u
postupcima izgradnje i rekonstrukcije. Izvor informacija o
regionalnim posebnostima vezanim za aspekte tipologije,
elemenata arhitekture, materijala i arhitektonskih detalja
predstavljaju poglavlja o tipologiji tradicionalnih naselja i kuće.
Obnova tradicionalne kuće
Vrste intervencija koje ulaze u pojam obnove stare kuće
Obnova tradicionalnih kuća je glavna aktivnost slučaju obnove
tradicionalnog ambijenta, a obnovljena kuća glavni arhitektonski
motiv sela. Termin obnova se odnosi na:
•
obnovu i očuvanje parterne zone kuće (dvorište, zidovi,
ograde, podzide);
•
konstruktivnu sanaciju kuće (temelji, zidovi, međuspratne
konstrukcije);
•
sanitarno-tehničko opremanje kuće (izgradnja sanitarnih
prostorija, uvođenje savremenih instalacija);
•
dogradnju aneksa (soba, kuhinja, pomoćne prostorije,
sanitarne prostorije), kao i
•
nadgradnju kuće (podizanje spratne visine u potkrovlju, ili
izgradnja sprata).
Zadržavanje i unapređivanje arhitekture partera u dvorištu
Očuvanje i obnova postojeće arhitekture partera (denivelacija terena,
suvomeda, stepenica, popločanih i kaldrmisanih delova dvorišta,
ograda, kapija i sl.) je obavezna tokom obnove kuće. Parter je
značajan motiv tradicionalne arhitekture. Tokom obnove je moguće
4.4. Recommendations for construction – elements for urbantechnical conditions
Applicability of the elements for following urban-technical conditions
in first line regard zones where urbanization is on-going , what
means on locations where there was no previous construction, and
old rural settlements, which as locations for tourist market, as well as
so called “second home”, are becoming exclusive sites. With the fact
that described types of interventions present the most present type of
investment demands the frame and the contents of the elements for
following urban-technical conditions are defined. Second very important domains of potential interventions are historical cores of coastal
towns with categorized treatment of protection. In that sphere, the
conditions and ways of realization of interventions are defined by
institutions for the protection of monuments of culture, as separate
facilities as well as ambience wholes.
In the scope of elements for urban-technical conditions, which in this
situation have the character of principle, following cases have been
considered:
•
Renewal of the traditional house;
•
Reconstruction of the old house site with construction of a
new house;
•
Construction of a new house;
Those urban and architectural elements which are characteristic
as topics in mentioned cases and do not depend on regional particularities are treated, since they could be treated as typical in the
procedures of construction and reconstruction. The chapters
about typology of traditional settlements and houses present a
source of information on regional particularities related to the aspects of typology, elements of architecture, material and architectonic details.
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Bijelo Polje
Dom kulture, Kolašin
Kafe bar, Kolašin
Andrijevica
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Budva
Konoba, Kolašin
Stambena zgrada, Kolašin
Stambeni niz, Kolašin
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Gospoština, Budva
Stari grad, Budva
Budva
Bečići
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Rijeka Crnojevića
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da se izvrši i dopuna delova i zona partera, njegovo prilagodavanje
savremenim potrebama
Čuvanje gabarita kuće
Zadržavanje postojećeg gabarita objekata je obavezno prilikom
obnove kuća, ukoliko se ne predviđa nadgradnja ili dogradnja.
Pod zadržavanjem postojećeg gabarita se podrazumijeva da se
tokom obnove zadržava postojeći oblik kuće, postojeće dimenzije
kuće (posebno se naglašava zadržavanje fasadnih visina, širina i
drugih dimenzija, odnos punih zidnih površina i otvora i sl.) oblik i
nagib krova.
Renewal of traditional house
Types of interventions within the term renewal of the old
house
The renewal of traditional houses is main activity in the case of
renewal of traditional ambience, and renewed house is main architectural element of the village. The term renewal regards:
•
Renewal and conservation of ground floor zone of the
house (yard, walls, fences, underpinning);
•
Constructive repair of the house (foundation, walls, storey constructions);
•
Sanitary – technical equipping of the house (construction
of sanitary premises, equipping with modern installations);
•
Overbuilding with the annexes (rooms, kitchens, utility
premises, sanitary premises) as well as
•
Overbuilding the house (elevating the attic to become a
storey, or storey construction).
Nadgradnja novog sprata
Nadgradnja novog sprata se preporučuje u okviru postojećeg
horizontalnog gabarita kuće. Dograđeni sprat može da ima formu
potkrovlja (plafon formira kosa krovna konstrukcija), ili može da ima
ravan plafon iznad koga je tavanski prostor koji može da se koristi kao
pomoćni prostor. Novi sprat ne smije da ugrožava susjede i treba da
bude izveden u skladu sa tradicionalnim principima.
Tretman tradicionalne forme krova
Krov je jedan od elemenata koji prilikom obnove po pravilu mora
da se rekonstruiše. Prilikom obnove krova treba težiti da se
sačuva izvorna forma i nagib krovnih ravni. Izuzetno važan
element je krovni pokrivač čiji izbor proističe iz lokalne tradicije.
Dogradnja aneksa
Pod aneksom se podrazumeva novi dodatni deo čija je visina za
jednu etažu niža od visine kuće, a u osnovi zauzima najviše
polovinu površine osnove kuće. Aneks može da bude trem iznad
koga je terasa, terasa ispod koje su prostorije, prostorija sa kosim
krovom koja može da bude ostava, stambeni prostor, apartmanski
prostor, garaža, sanitarne prostorije i sl.
Rekonstrukcija starog kućišta izgradnjom nove kuće
Postoji značajan broj situacija u kojima su stare kuće činile grupe,
nizove i grozdove, a da je unutar tih skupina po neka od zgrada, ili
veći deo njih evidentno propao do mjere da su ostali samo temelji,
ili neupotrebljivi zidovi. U takvim slučajevima je moguća izgradnja
potpuno nove kuće ali uz poštovanje gabarita stare kuće.
Keeping and improving the architecture of ground floors in
the yard
Conservation and renewal of the existing architecture of the ground
floor (terrain leveling, constructions without mortar, stairs, paved and
blocked pavement parts of the yard, fences, etc.) is obligatory during
the renewal of the house. The ground floor is a significant motive of
traditional architecture. During the renewal it is possible to execute
additional constructions in the parts and zones of ground floor, in
order to adapt it with contemporary needs.
Conserving the size of house
Conservation of the existing size of house is obligatory during the
renewal of the house, unless the overbuilding is not anticipated.
Conservation of the existing size means that the existing shape of
the house is kept during the renewal, as well as the existing dimensions (keeping of the facade height, width and other dimensions, relation between massive wall surfaces and openings, etc.,
is specially emphasized), and the shape and slope of the roof.
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Preparcelacija postojećih parcela
Overbuilding with new storey
Preparcelacija postojećih parcela je moguća u zoni u kojoj se
grade nove kuće u gabaritu starih kako bi se kroz preparcelaciju
dobili povoljniji odnosi slobodnih površina, povoljniji pešački i
kolski pristupi i sl. Preparcelacija može da se radi za onu grupu
kuća čiji vlasnici se izjasne da su voljni da pristupe preparcelaciji.
Overbuilding with new storey is recommended in the frame of existing
horizontal size of the house. That storey can have a form of attic (the
ceiling forms oblique roof construction) or it can have flat ceiling above
which there is attic space which could be used as utility space. New
floor must not jeopardize neighbors and it should be constructed in
line with traditional principles.
Poštovanje gabarita stare kuće
U svim slučajevima rekonstrukcije starih kućišta potrebno je prilikom
nove izgradnje da se poštuje stari gabarit. Razlog tome je što u
izgrađenom seoskom tkivu arhitektonsko građe-vinsku cjelinu ne čini
samo jedna kuća, ili pojedinačni objekat već ukupna grupacija sa
svim svojim objektima, parterom, i sl.
Otvaranje prozora i vrata nove kuće ka susjedu
Prozori i vrata nove kuće ka susjedu mogu da se otvaraju na isti
način kako je to bilo i u staroj kući, ukoliko ne remete privatnost
susjeda. Moguće je izvršiti promjene položaja vrata i prozora, ali
treba težiti da se istovremeno ugrožavanje privatnosti susjeda
svede na minimum.
Poštovanje građevinske stabilnosti susjednih kuća
Građevinska stabilnost susjednih kuća, njihova upotrebljivost,
ispravnost instalacija i sl. kao i javnih površina i drugih objekata u
susjedstvu, ne smije da bude narušena izgradnjom nove kuće
kojom će se rekonstruisati staro kućište. Da bi se to obezbijedilo
neophodno je pri izgradnji nove kuće predvidjeti odgovarajuće
zaštitne radove.
Arhitektura nove kuće izgrađene rekonstrukcijom starog
kućišta
Pod ovim se podrazumijeva niz pristupa i postupaka, od doslovne
imitacije tradicionalne kuće do različitih interpretacija narodne
arhitekture. Prilikom projektovanja treba se pridržavati određenih
stilskih odlika koje se mogu kombinovati sa savremenim
rješenjima.
Izgradnja nove kuće u tradicionalnom duhu
Pod ovim se ne podra-zumijeva imitacija tradicionalne kuće, već se
preporučuje reinterpretacija određenih tipoloških odlika u sprezi sa
Treatment of the traditional form of the roof
The roof is one of the elements which by the rule must be reconstructed during the renewal. During the renewal of the roof it
should be aimed at conservation of the origin form and the roof
slopes. A very important element is roofing which selection comes
from local traditions.
Overbuilding the annex
Annex implies new additional part which height is one storey lower
of the house, and with the base utmost large as half of the base of
house. Annex could be a porch under the terrace, terrace under
which there are rooms, room with oblique roof which could be
used as pantry, residential space, apartment space, garage, sanitary premises etc.
Reconstruction of the old house site by construction of a
new house
There is a significant number of locations where the old houses
made groups, lines and clusters, and inside those groups some of
the facilities, or larger part of them is obviously ruined and where
only foundations or useless walls exist. In such cases construction
of a totally new house is possible but with respecting the size of
the old house.
Re-parcelization of the existing parcels of land
Re-parcelization of the existing parcels of land is possible in the
zone where new houses are constructed within the size of the old
houses, in order to achieve more favorable relation between free
spaces, more favorable pedestrian and cart-track access, etc. Reparcelization could be executed for the group of houses which
owners state that they are ready to start re-parcelization.
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savremenim funkcionalnim, građevinskim,
energetskim i pejзаžnim rješenjima.
instalacionim,
Pravila za polaganje kuće na parcelu
Nova kuća može da bude postavljena na različite načine, ali
svojom postavkom ne smije da ugrozi susjedne kuće, ili javne
površine, javne objekte, infrastrukturu i sl. Da bi se ovo
obezbijedilo potrebno je da se pri projektovanju i izgradnji nove
kuće poštuju pravila koja se sreću u tradicionalnoj arhitekturi, koja
su se kristalisala kroz vreme i kojima su dodata i neka nova.
Arhitektura nove kuće u tradicionalnom duhu
Spratna visina treba da je usklađena sa spratnim visinama
objekata u okruženju. Broj etaža, posmatrajući sa najniže strane
kuće je 3, a broj meduspratnih konstrukcija je 2. Zadnja etaža
može da bude rađena kao i etaža ispod nje, znači sa ravnim
plafonom pri čemu je iznad tog prostora tavanski prostor, ili može
da bude rađena kao potkrovlje sa kosim plafonom. Otvori za
prozore i vrata na drugoj i trećoj etaži treba da su po površini u
skladu sa otvorima susjednih objekata.
Komponovanje većeg broja osnovnih volumena i aneksa
Komponovanje većeg broja osnovnih volumena (kubusa) i aneksa je
podržano. Ovakvim kompono-vanjem je moguće dobiti nizove, grupe
ili grozdove kuća. Ukupna površina može da bude vrlo velika i da
zadovolji različite programe, a da se pritom ne ugroze tradicionalne
stilske odlike.
Neprihvatljivi arhitektonski postupci, rješenja i elementi
Arhitektura koja generalno otstupa od izvornog karaktera
Arhitektura koja generalno otstupa od izvornog karaktera je
neprihvatljiva: upotreba arhitektonskih kompozicija, oblika,
dimenzija, elemenata, boja i materijala koji otstupaju od stilskih
odlika lokalne arhitekture bilo da pripadaju drugim stilovima, bilo
da su plod neukosti, neznanja, neprofesionalizma i sl.
Respecting the size of the old house
In all cases of reconstruction of the old house sites it is necessary to
respect the old size during new construction. The reason for that is
the fact that in developed rural area architectural construction whole
is not comprised only of one house or separate facility, but of total
grouping with all its facilities, ground floor, etc.
Construction of windows and doors facing neighbor
Windows and doors of a new house facing neighbor could be
constructed in the same way like it used to be on the old house,
unless that disturbs the privacy of the neighbor. It is possible to
change the positions of the windows and doors, but that should be
aimed to decrease the disturbance to minimum.
Respecting the construction stability of neighboring houses
Construction stability of neighboring houses, their utilization, functioning of installation, etc., as well as public surfaces and other facilities in neighborhood, must not be disturbed with construction of a
new house, i.e. with reconstruction of an old house site. In order to
secure that, it is necessary to anticipate appropriate protective
works during the reconstruction.
Architecture of a new house built with reconstruction of an
old house site
This implies several approaches and procedures, from the very
imitation of traditional house to the different interpretations of folk
architecture. During the elaboration of design, certain styles
should be respected which could be combined with contemporary
solutions.
Construction of a new house in traditional spirit
This does not imply imitation of traditional house, but what is recommended is reinterpretation of certain typological characteristics in line
with contemporary functional, construction, energy and landscape
solutions.
Usjecanje terena za postavjanje čitave osnove kuće
Rules for placing a house on a parcel of land
Usecanje terena za postavljanje čitave osnove kuće na ravnu
površinu se ne preporučuje. Pod tim se podrazumijeva usjecanje
terena za samu osnovu kuće, ili i za prolaz iza kuće. Umjesto toga
New house could be placed in different ways, but with its position
it should not jeopardize neighboring houses, or public surfaces,
public facilities, infrastructure, etc. In order to secure this, it is
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osnova kuće treba da se kroz denivelaciju prilagodi padu terena.
Pejzažna arhitektura
Izostavljanje pejzažne arhitekture nije prihvatljivo. Pod ovim se
podrazumijeva otsustvo prilagođavanja površine dvorišta prirodnoj
morfologiji terena, kao i otsustvo podzida, ograda, stepenica,
rampi i drugih elementa koji treba da budu građeni od kamena i
ostalih prirodnih materijala. Koristiti autohtone vrste biljaka.
Korišćenje predimenzionisanog gabarita
Korišćenje predimenzionisanog gabarita kuće je isključeno. Pod
ovim se podrazumijeva gabarit koji se formira korišćenjem
spratnih visina koje nisu u skladu sa okolinom, kao i sa većim
brojem etaža od tri, odnosno sa većim brojem međuspratnih
konstrukcija od dvije, gledajući sa najniže strane kuće. Traži se
visina od najviše tri etaže za najniže skladu sa otvorima okolnih
kuća.
necessary that during the design and construction of a new house
rules found in traditional architecture are respected, as well as the
rules which were crystallized during the time and to which a new
rules were added.
Architecture of a new house in traditional spirit
The height of the storey should be harmonized with the height of
the storey of neighboring facilities. There are 3 floors, watching
from the lowest side of the house and 2 floor constructions. The
highest storey could be constructed like the storey under it, with
flat ceiling where the space above is attic, or it could be constructed as an attic with oblique ceiling. Openings for windows
and doors on the second and third floor should be harmonized
with surface of the openings on neighboring facilities.
Composing the larger number of main volumes and annexes
Composing of the larger number of main volumes (kubus) and annexes is supported. With such composing, it is possible to obtain
lines, groups or clusters of the houses. Total surface could be very
large and it could satisfy different programs, without disturbing traditional style characteristics.
Unacceptable architectonic actions, solutions and elements
Architecture which generally deviates from original character
The architecture which generally deviates from original character
is unacceptable: the use of architectural compositions, shapes,
dimensions, elements, colors and materials which are not in line
with style characteristics of the local architecture, i.e. belong to
other styles, they are fruits of incompetence, ignorance, unprofessional work, etc.
Cutting the terrain for placing the whole base of the house
Cutting the terrain for placing the whole base of the house is not
recommended. This implies cutting of the terrain for the very base
of the house or for the corridor behind the house too. Instead, the
base of the house should be adapted to the terrain inclination
through leveling.
Landscape architecture
Neglecting of the landscape architecture is unacceptable. This
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implies the lack of adapting of the yard surface to the natural
terrain morphology, as well as the lack of underpinning, fences,
stairs, ramps and other elements which should be constructed of
stone and other natural materials. Autochthon types of the plants
should be used.
The use of over-dimensioned size
The use of over-dimensioned size is out of question. This implies
size formed by the use of storey heights which are not harmonized with surrounding, as well as with higher number of storey
than three, i.e. higher number of floor constructions than two,
watched from the lowest side of the house. The height should be
utmost three floors and in line with the openings on neighboring
houses.
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Literatura
Izvori ilustracija
Bobić M., Hibrid tradicije, ''Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore - Iskustva,
pouke, vidici'', Monografija, Građevinski fakultet Univerziteta Crne Gore,
Podgorica, 2005.
Božović G., Naselja i kuće Tivatskog zaliva, Centar za planiranje urbanog
razvoja, Beograd, 1980.
Gaković S., Paštrovska kuća, Istraživanje za potrebe prostornog plana
opštine Budva, Beograd projekt - Centar za planiranje urbanog razvoja,
Beograd, 1979.
Kojić B., Seoska arhitektura i rurizam - teorija i elementi, Građevinska
knjiga, Beograd, 1973.
Krunić J., Rožaje - stara kuća i varoš, Rožajski zbornik, godina IV, broj 4,
1985.
Krunić J., Tip stare kuće i struktura naselja u oblasti Plavskog jezera,
Beograd projekt - Centar za planiranje urbanog razvoja, Beograd, 1981.
Milenković B., Uvod u arhitektonsku analizu II, Compendium, Građevinska knjiga, Beograd, 1991.
Petrović Z., Selo i seoska kuća u Boki Kotorskoj, Univerzitet u Beogradu,
Zbornik Arhitektonskog fakulteta, III knjiga, Beograd, 1957.
Radović R., Osmehnuti šarm narodnih kuća, časopis ''Čovjek i prostor'',
5/1988., Zagreb, 1988.
Simonović Đ., Petrović Z., Seoska naselja, dvorišta i kuće u okolini Cetinja, Glasnik Etnografskog instituta SAN, knjiga II-III, Beograd, 1957.
Vuksanović D., Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore i bioklimatizam,
Zadužbina Andrejević, Beograd, 1998.
Vuksanović D., Bioclimatic Characteristics of Some Traditional Urban and
Architectural Forms in Montenegro, PLEA '91 The Ninth International
PLEA Conference "Architecture and Urban Space", Proceedings, Kluwer
Academic Publishers, pp. 245-250, Seville, Spain, 1991.
Vuksanović D., Vernacular Architecture: a Paradigm for Sustainable
Buildings, Teaching in Architecture Conference TIA 2000 “Sustainable
Buildings for the 21st Century”, Proceedings, 7.15, Oxford, UK, 2000.
Vuksanović D., Ekološke odlike u graditeljstvu sela obalnog područja
Skadarskog jezera kao razvojni potencijal, ''Selo u Crnoj Gori'', Zbornik
radova, Crnogorska akademija nauka i umjetnosti, Univerzitet Crne Gore,
Podgorica, 2002.
Vuksanović D., Transposition of Traditional Building Patterns in Montenegro: Ecological aspects, “Montenegrin Eco-logic Lab”, 9th International
Exhibition of Architecture: La Biennale di Venezia, 2004.
Popović S. G., Geneza nastanka i uticajni faktori razvoja Danilovgrada,Bgd.2003.god.
Radovic G. D., Stambena i javna arhitektura Cetinja od XV vijeka do
II.svjetskog rata, Bgd.2003.god.
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Pgd, 2005.god.monografija.
Projekat „Juzni jadran“, Prostorno planski dokument, RZUP 1967.god.
Božović G., Naselja i kuće Tivatskog zaliva
Gaković S., Paštrovska kuća
Kojić B., Seoska arhitektura u Kotorskom zalivu
Kojić B., Seoska arhitektura i rurizam - teorija i elementi
Krunić J., Rožaje - stara kuća i varoš
Krunić J., Tip stare kuće i strutura naselja u oblasti Plavskog jezera
Petrović Z., Selo i seoska kuća u Boki Kotorskoj
Simonović Đ., Petrović Z., Seoska naselja, dvorišta i kuće u okolini Cetinja
Vuksanović D., Tradicionalna arhitektura Crne Gore i bioklimatizam
Licni arhiv S.G.Popovica, D.Kujovic Muzej grada Kolasina, Crtezi
Z.Petrovica,studenata I.god.Arhitektonskog fakulteta u Podgorici
Fotografije
Dušan Vuksanović, Svetislav G. Popović, Stevan Kordić, Nebojša Adžić,
Sanja i Dejan Mitrović, studenti Arhitektonskog fakulteta u Podgorici,
www.montenegrobeauty.cg.yu
arhitektonski atlas crne gore ▪ preporuke za građenje ● architectural atlas of montenegro ▪ recommendations for construction
arhitektonski atlas crne gore
architectural atlas of montenegro
Radni tim
Autori:
Prof. dr Dušan Vuksanović, dipl. ing. arh.
Doc. mr Svetislav G. Popović, dipl. ing. arh.
Urednik:
Sanja Lješković Mitrović, dipl. ing. pejz. arh.
projekt inžinjer za prostorno i urbanističko planiranje
GTZ Podgorica
Lektori:
Tijana Durković
Slavica Stojković
Naslovna strana, dizajn i kompjuterska obrada:
Dejan Mitrović
Njemačka tehnička saradnja | German Technical Cooperation
Republika Crna Gora
Ministarstvo za ekonomski razvoj
arhitektonski atlas crne gore | architectural atlas of montenegro
Oktobar | 2006 | October