early to middle carnian (triassic) flora and fauna

Transcription

early to middle carnian (triassic) flora and fauna
Early to Middle Carnian
(Iriissic) Flora and Fauna
of the Richmond and
ThylorsvilleBasins,
Virginia and Maryland,
U.S.A.
Bruce Cornet and Paul E. Olsen
Virginia Museumof NaturalHistory
Number1
Guidebook
Martinsville, 1990
seucer
sohiry and Bas:n si4
3
Richmond and Taylnsville Basin sxariSraphy
3
Age of the Richnmd-Gyldsvile
7
\&rebble
Asehblages
Basi. Floias
14
carnian MegafloEs ol the Nsai*
Sup.r8rolp: Pftvids Slsr.mdic Trshs
Tdommi. Trcatmenr in This Fierd Guide
The Fichhond and Tayknsvillc M.aatlons
TIE fadl Cami.n Mcgaflord
Mes.tu$iland
16
16
Ihe Middte cramian Me8ai.ra
C@p:risd
t6
19
Palyno{onl Chan8e in the Cirnian
of Eurup.an rnd fi€M.*
sbP l: llanowrAc
i.ny Quadraryle
stJp 2: Midrothi.h QuadBnde
stop 3: Hallsboru QuadranHb
sb! 4: wi'rkrp!.k
Ir.lFoioEl
Q@d6nele
Phor%EphicPlrt€,
3a
33
24
3r
36
40
rie Fmtane and 3.cr &.hndd,Tayrocvilte
Lisr of rhctograPhi. Prires
20
Change
Flora
m
22
15
. o n |u |''!q l h i !\l ]i vs(h d N n vJ ]lJul
va (shp 4ri x.
||tlulh4ddbrttjoB'dnI'Pelnltjnr
Mrimd 5ft
hundrin
3{'r tBsRrzrro
kr di k rn4sry ,* wiktpo.r,
sGQy (b H -D sw.d
r E. on[
e
sr}}r
R'fucld!P|*cdMg,6Ffi&b
bolkJhb'.m9!b|',*lsto'|-9*
cNr): rE d5h.6Fiy
n' F'rl'l6
bclrddh|rJdaqnl
d MDEn, v^
(9'Pnrc c. tu d ie Ld $b'* 6.Ft
rq
rhrdiB &b r @E rM rh( tuKet
oudty;
bE r(n, i ctdbe9q€cFrdtnt
h Jn b b | 4 ' E' I!| 6 fu HPh d|sl
iB *d |F.rffi
i fth?tui
P&dbrrtr
d,
n | &tr.id rr w. ktu
ft' hdP
n ,&nrian{ *tr d N F!n' iolFh rDm [i
tullt ctryrlid rt p b cdrdr'rla.
n l|rs
b rNlbrqhrrir i3 tdoN ind driq
l d l | i o | u d t ys.!|.mh t'|\.i i $ L o i b @l
$o rdd dp
a
bf*ap
d Pasa6 (ri8. 1).
d se apr(qrbrit
!nd{e
d rtiE
, . rE rohr6
rr !.sr4
rfths vdr bb the Eart ,&,
d rh$ b*is 5tFb
&
'he
Mnh
irE 0ajor dl biq
^Dru,
{T Appd{hbn q!c{
(F3.1) rr
sdrncnlry
{e cned rh€ N€edr supqsreqp loke,, 931
frodri aodoks, ss). rbry liri
blhs rG
$rr(FE
r). Mod or'h! brs h$G vrc ri[d
lid h$r . oes rhd rpii i pd id or rpp$l
d,idr * fri in r,.i* Gir y croii
! Pnhs
b{hnr) sone d rh qPod bsh,, 5(h 6 dr
RrMond iod $urhq! arbBile
h5h5 (F3 1,
F!#;-*.
d rhe r4b6rrh
btrh, v4i$
(Ft 2) r^6rn3
whid, riq jun b r! nusseddrRibr!
re39, lrd rh_"srdr ori &nih4
d iqthw$r
sr Mqtro G.3 . G{f
iid wee!, rs5, rftbfl,
l9b${)fu6U'dtcelhnqddTaybF
id
be;c.
tr @ibhs
dehEib
Gu<h
a
lhd|hqnnrirb
of sldhsd
1DFP ftH
19s)1i€dltr,dEnu[ainffiPrcvjdeavGw
dsh) d Nqe
c@bi
G.s , Hae
bsh) d vdshh/Nod, c,o
oan ees/Dlnyic
rha (e F, oh€i d ar , r9ts), trr Ns orhrd FoF
frion (cdrJrburs hsh) 0t totrtrsytrani (c e ,
wiro€r lod Fodahe, 1m), ih€ chhts Fqn*b^
d rhe s@rhw$bn unid shks G.6, A$,
HeFipher
<ohhoi,
*r
rypror
Epris")
?q ho{
(cDddqriii)
6qiis
tui
4ftftrcr
br dr NsrbE
&c Fdirtrc (Es)
,
Bsr (1%e),,rh ehPdi@
ntdtr bE,!
yhsdiu|kd4e4whdebreqhihtthl
rjdhFd'Pstr!|y!+.mJdlvihtd.'hc
STRUCTI'RAI, SETI1NG AND A{SIN
aod or5!d, D{). cd!r!!!i
id
),0!nn
l{Ri$| l d i J i l l y I ! l I u j a i i q yi
bFd rir Fer <,icA.lotr
$ ! hndss o!
mi) dd€ udd Ldd,v krr! Nln (idr ni)
b4. rbw Dijq hNhi i'nr !v
i iihn h*iii
hndr G.tr.,8ar ,!i$r nriN
(! g
s'h'drr!
i6dr6 kr
!h! q'!ri
rduD.dqr
nr|d {nr sirbh$)
ioLlri h Njir
idrlu hdGr.
uFlilndrrsi0oMn^{r||!lods(bh|h
^mch$
ileas4'tu$nk\ir
n( s &, v t r +
r$,. iid
D l L E r,vl r\
Fxi
'h
(nrqi^mLh5h)
ioihcnliyhFrrlc6nni
rb si !F q n !
tuk6 €,a0 rd) dsniq
0 i)(w[ 6 d n , 4 ! )
N muchis r,r0 n$*
4i d oiy:n au(
(coo,!,i
inJ turut
M) rmBdr
r!!$trl'urt
di I
RICHMOND
rridFot
6dshs
'id{!
i$r
AND TAYIORSVIILE
dcrNinr)
kne
dN:
D&r (bd
or q,4i*
iiJ FrDr
o{hdii
o'
ho{nitrft
Fdenibcddy
rid lohnin.
d artrra b cllnuirt
!4rn|!
Rkhmoir 6rin
Aiie,
NiEnnarhylr!P*!i'!Jty'h.a!!$
dqplt,i,D
(4 nn (d) d !tr,Fr
k[in! rL ! 1m sLr h )
D,)
Prordlrv
p{!i{!(rNrldDq'h.
dhriild h ni(holr
(rs
r*x
cqi'!
D iiJ fnR r Dru;
dr! hr5
Jldzeglcr l*' Ruulh!un,Dsjcqct,
by rdis{
{ it. 0n Ptup r r\ ii Nd
rN
(f $ {,
Pzpe
-tJ
of,"
6,>4
V
-Yk
Pzpg
FICHMOTIDBASIN
VIRGINIA
dlabseedlk€3
\
.r. buricd toull
4srtaco
foull
mxyla!
Formrlion
ggotte.dsle
Formation
f
Turk6yBEnch Fm.
WTuckah6
volley; (2) tlre l'urkey Banch Folmation, which
€ither conformablv or unonfonnably
orerlies the
Tuckahm For.ndtien; and (3) thL' Oherdale Fouro.
tion, which is scparated from thc underlying lirr-
laull rone
iIEo$obot
Formation
liig. 3. (;Rlo8ic mip
of the Richmond bssin,
showing probablc dis.
tribution ufliiossic
and pc-Triasic {orma.
lions. l.ocations of
Slop$ 2-d shorvn, Popup structules and
structuEl foldin8 in
thc northern pfft of
lhe basin arc intcr
ttFted f(om s.ismic
dala. mf! = nrelnfelsic
\alcantrlastics (also
undcrlics the suthern
h.tlf of the b*in);
pE(?)mf = Ilosclry fcl.
si( gneiss,pEm =
Miidens Ctu'iss, pEs
- Sabol Amphibolilej
pEsf = State lrrm
Gntis; Pzbg = tlo($bel CrModioritc;
I'ztcB = Fire Crcek
Mllls Grarritc; Pzfrg =
Flat Rock Gnnite;
fzpg - Petersbur8
Granite (and l,zbg underlie portions of the
northern hillfof thc
b{si{).
kcy Branch Formation by an cmsional unconfolmit). or hiatus (Comet and Zcgler. 1985t Cornet,
19894 and 1989b; Edigcr ct al.. in prep.). lhc
Turke], Bmnch lbrmntion (rrrelates in part with
ItrllY
b.r
ioatln
b.r
HGxa
ilTA
i'
Fif .1. Rkhmond
bnin
rtrntrgrnphy lo. the
l'krrncr ,fl rnd Brilry
|,l w.llr:
pdttlon,
kerut€n
lfi-
pdl:/nomorph
rbundan(c,
rFrN
Isllen/
aollos, ono
pulcocn!lronmenbl
(w(l(
depth) history
fr)r the l lorner
wull;
f or
lithologic {.qu(n(Ti
lhc I l$il{r
and hiley
w.ll$ dru corFlated to
f.cica
rhow dynlmic
I
o
t
:
.h!n6ca In b!6in o!c.
r diilrK.
ltf 9.6 lm
(ilr dr ): wcll
lilholo8i.'r $?m errfcrl tnrt 15 m (il fi.)
rdr$l!;
ladnN
tran{lGliont
Jnd
rqin'$ion!
.d
hd
rehpGi
on kci)ten
in
l[xr, flualulhns
p.rl!'oomorph
absn.
dnn(6
in !(\lih{nt*,
lo8 inrnd f,i$phlsiLnl
ond corl(tpNl,iNils
rr.l'rtiotrr. Nlrrdificd
(i"nct
(1989r),
trtm
thc \eirlbund
Nl€mber of thc l)osrvell Formation
in the'lhyloFr,ille bnsin. drrd Lroth rcpREent sr
queD(s thal extend acro$t ilr(. rl(t vallcy and burv
Faleohills on lhe rifl vollcy "Iloor," Thr OHenJolc
Fornation, $'hich ii rratri(tcd ntninlv lo lhp Htuthcrn t\ro-thirds of the Richmrnd trnrin (Fig. 3), has
been pallnologicdlly dlled lry Cornct as lata'(:rr.
dan, and mali also ltr pn'trnl In th€ expored part
ol the layloFville basin (fi8. 6).
Although lhe lithoh)Ei. q'qucnccs ol the
Riduond
and Taylorvill('boiiri
orc tcn similai
stnti8.aphic tr.rlmrnt dilft,h lx{u,(tn tlre luo
Efl
G
.\!l
MNfui.
rd
ta .Jk []6 8
T--
oic^{rc-P@. cdisEi
E
Lrcusn rE ac's
tr Nd|
pdr !|iid!r or ,( r jr lj' iiJtr !.JyFor
lsr
t ms kB, . w . b i ! u ' pl i i d se M.tl a b r
E* {, !!si6$i
ddn ba rE5 ?E n(
ACE OT THX RTCHMOND.
TAYIORSVILL8
X,{SIN FtOfAS
(Ndni.tud!^).
xrd ri ni urF
aD!(Rh*b ugq
n Lrlr?$ir
alf
rh€ |'!
rdon d rhi rre
!i(i6i)
r{! r$i{
irF (nF
r
ep bls brsii (Es. D ti Nq'i c{dri
H!P!' F{ 5Nnn,l,3ulfDljl6|6n uy d
.ldoi
^r6DtrYd,
i$"tF!md!.
r3e $) Bd
(tubb,!
d r., D4)
d'r.rcrc!
fi%rddd!
.+4 0r4J qd cq
[ *is i,i lii Dqe ,
nr (ierit nudred ud llDpid
rhc prridhDi
JNRrinolddDyhsllb6$bEuG
FoFliic|rclbBlD'JigJtrsnyidq
orJ
P'tNdo6r
'tu
(R c.
A$ lrem, fa7) ryqiF
Aitrsr
b'! rir$i! lrid s Yh6ila
o)
bmdr{-t
ia lniddi!.dihir,
c} z!re i
rrqr4ror {lac .i1utr), (3) zon! d tiu4dr
a!h! Tois d L.urptrs
iid (nh
$(rs,,ituii"d
!d
lrrullld
D&dyn
m'v
n $L
T AYL ORSVIL L E8 4 SIN, VIRGINI A
tf
N
t:_l
a3
D
L:]
e:t
rl
14, cq\{,
rr!\aF.. F73) (,idrrr7r
rudih!!Rin'in
plsd
rn{
14{
oe86) rodhrd
tinp!*rddrdr6Frr4.buf
rbe 6$[ iPoE
danc)lir Fnci
rE 6atr v,ib
inl i Lr! rn*n
Grrr
B!i\ Nlcnbn trttroflo,
Piodudia cal M.,sufs b.undaiy (F,e.3) n4
4enbe,
ddrirN
h {E esb l\!.
! lnd s). nE arcno
anrLe
or {hFq€d
ryniPods h 3 ,
Moluce
!q.
dsrhn subsaselkysryn, re3: r.ibqman,
(ro@!u,
rs?r tso.r rqet b.
li\ hli{ $ e h i t ' { I ! € q d d ''h P E P )
&l'rydd6
e{d.idhi
ohd!}[o|P!'rJ&l4hJd'dn,tri),
; k@n k@ rF DeP tuE! 6n
(FFnor\, re,$vr
ldinr,
ar $dor
$i Fdtrobr bdr lbiu8ilin, res)
\i$rF ( re$) q,m6r5 $c hihiiD d Mrk
dnun !!qed,
l2s r5M,
vdu
!qf8
spqh d6d'Grsvsi
qrbdb!
'^
tus Mrnkr
r$i.6t
(if
4, bd rhE 8.nus i5 nrc (nmn
tun4r
$oPods
(.r
d rh! tu k,h.ctorNid
Dei
(cFu\*.r.9rinn
Dtrns!, re$
i
nscnn^{'i'il|6\rPhtrt!fuhmo\1h9n
d ihe
'he
4) rhGbF*
(i r.. srhdb
uit
ind qtini
nrlor
i
uF
'hc
{.r sbp 2 ribr! er Fis 3) rh5 ssnu! !d,{i
tF
by
h iE tucd, ind t prdu.d
P8r), lrnF(
x J'' lgd)
lh! dh|t]!!uPod'
^!d/;1{4c
h.ic! 1ri3 1). inpiyds ! .tiiF. h dinib
oqFrudr d
dDDg! (d h{ltordli5
'hi!
r'(!n sbp r G{rr ('ib,n
fr.
ru.
shp t lnrdr
].ybFihbaDsli!re|cnbd6y'hcdtdih
orrhtrrknirn
otrm,e
6l frr
d. rh! orhdrr
'[r
$nd{oms
rh! RithnoDd trdi 0h*c be Bse rtuou3nqd
p({i
ti!'iii
lrkh$old
h5h lquLid)i
d!
id
lnntonfrs
LvLr*rtu sli ti3
torD'h
6h+orrl
doDhil
ir fthd
$'iDDbs {A[iir rrh cdih
(csid, Mi]
cn!.d d oei,
l9l5 [dis,
ae) 6 tut
lli!$trlcl{ndud?'glqss)Trcs]Nlr't
$bod,oth,
L4)
6!h
bJli (n coodwir (!
& nidmond hd
od
, F35r fte€ hndr$
n' hcdtr lNdadlpidlgh' .Endi3e
d
ursoloor
|!'il*r
lr!*rd
r!.r.
'|d,t
-l
II
J
;
e
I
.t
'IiP [email protected]
d,ua\i(
d*E dD' F$ tha\3h
riD h,he Hrc *L ldr(t
Fn r) rh.i!,a+de|3!
cdn.i sei ren
dr!&rrdtun
,oi5} tsqldPJy( m[P[ii]ir .} 1 1
cR44 q!n!Ed.0j
hsd,
r
r
b0 o, !
0 N r{!!l
'h P!1N!!
!i1uc51frili.s,
ft:rer** Ei r#{"miftFjtJ"l :;::sLt:*11*,= s*:y".
{'r{r
drio.
rrtndi
d.Jir
i li* !
rrrn6, f/$F,/6
b|ne rrcn Nn ibde rhe ..igmmh
q@N
,r I i ri!!a,id
rd!
!b'p4s.
.{riDri
, {r,,
!6r'r!
turrtte{uf,
F&./dir
*!a6*Nd]!{ui6F,J6ht(E'dd./Rr]
f
r-'-::------sl
J)-)
\:<--w
I
uer6
tNn $. tudad
rd 6t!@i
h3Mr@dqlaotrn6'F*trd'nsasirePE*iedhuP.e
ld.Pt3'inhm'ts36)jc'ewsru
ic.{r
EPryEdd h siP,
blrhnn,
(!d+!d i^^ ob
d; q erYryn
^4!e
de MroR
b$tF,3
supe$rcuP (cqid,
r ) d tousyn?tu
r@at
ituine
itu Nm,!d.y
'b.unrudnnndbno|t[c+fuv6bash
(F&. D d Nodh GNriq, sd{h @tu;!
p,rc
\'ERITIRA|!
ASSEMILACES
kf.
dodfut'dby'h(.PprFdlle.JeNccdii€ldid
rbh tu{.&sf,,'r!iF3
Pjionanorft
u).
and orsn. Ns) hdrrr$
ii ou.
Bsr $0
nr
uusa'he!{'aoE|r[hchlilyin6c.!ny
n bnd
zur!: rh? o.1@.(
a,(
d i ,
loiq
qqdophyd.oltrdonuddnoatL&B!!
lco.idrqd oL.n D&t rhE rbd psicirirt
4tr4lh!dlh]diidc@idl}vlD(b,(sdrtr
h udnsr 3P,
psibrr tr od{dh
ftd€ r)
'd
& hth e sP<'d
tun rhq p{u bi A,r
snbh4'h!i$ldtrdidilpud{!*nbLF.t
ha!b4i!w4qjl||1{ lius5fteb{ .!h|j4
\!fod9thcdclkk|adtgfcdttiPo!
ciybes
{!.s , sh! tr
'nd
w{dEm'hi
1s,
&ir.
md m{oP€auriw$dd
lrh D{n
sd)
CARNIAN MECAIIIORAs
OITHE
NEWAR( SUPERGROUPI PRE!'IOUS
S\STEMAIIC
TREATMENTS
"plud6udhD
rc|trtr l6s!d o. r v-tq6;)
1354,iodih. lrss),
luf)i lnnonsosr
trinnq ru nr6h{ osr, whsrytrer6), a^d
blk oes, re.9, wih nm F( nidddosbv
ion d s! rkfnsd
b+i (hr frnahe{
boLir
d srip 1) rhN5 [r( hded rh! !
olq J^d
'h!
rh N.w!* ruPt4ouf
(oh.4 d r , res) rhL
lispside lsootd "ninrur.Lk r.htr{)rid
tuoiquLinlhcN0'FnIkn!|h.tnrH.];
rroi(re@,
retu) .q
0e%; Rs6).or$n d
roF (re3, aqd asnih ad G*uu(D$l
wih
sq.rion d 6cr lrea), rc ry{{lrr
'h.
ldyit
H!p€, lnd riylx
lEcENrd
is!4)
h!njruh4wriwmdigesfu&lshlon!9*'
hr,,
tunqdno
ssMr
+dd
bc
'hd
hF,ind$n!|t,j|]eFqtech|'f&
.( l.Aplme4inpjcd' fuLlg( ' hPls!
sE'
!e)
rh r@rhrwl
r nrh
-*obr4€
'trh&6
h[5 h Nr$a$c$'B
(nrhhc,
ns
rid
qrhb
wis rh! rolrr ron,h
tsbp t, *{h
ceskrenbsofthTueyB6rchb!fubonii
qrdt
tunbhe $a) @ad nv nins 6t
de*ied
ind iand br EIMon oe; 'da857)
bqr o$e)
iid Edue ihr
b on6ie
'rnP@n
iLn 6 rtu
3d A(ssn
iind
(. $ , cb'!#r,[rr
rq s/r.@4[a,
dd
Msaturyt\hn
6 cbNrhytLfl afi I'tnrrrytrrn,
iihod sv4adeur
iudfrcd o,, itrr 6.D4
dlitrr
rrr&rd
444, er )
T?IItTMENT
h 4e B6d m Fnoros
Ges) ind llmoN
r$s; coimL
tret
0s7) fron rhe
bur h@ mu.h dds
@6idsFg
'rhod
encls'fiB63h:ndsdbhNcwr*bidi
(hnnq ind Fontihe, ,em;
ot enilyiadi
comt Dzi;
.nd &oehl€. rs9 atu
^$nrh
(oken d n., Dzr tubh6 and
nnflnsinb
NotrluJoiFligfJ|yP!olp'i,|'P.sldl
TAYC)NOMIC
oF(
c{nnn
*
IN TI{I5
TIELDCUIDE
THE EARIY CARNIAN
MECA.FI,OI|A
(mPEheEi!Pt'uofthbownflfird.idesk d Forilhe
DdoE rh{ jr
oDr nhca at wtihPo*,
,[cn
5u6e]rcdry'
c@rb ,ru), d rhr{
03s) f 3o.k 0{r)
ANI'
yriro &d5 menE$
whrh reP6ed9
5dd! 6 df Pur
@
No!$ Mda
(sr4 r).
&{k ( p@ h5, oe) srltd€d
w6 unc!
hn,
TIIE RICI]MOND
lir
vilfhh
bl
^idrr&r
hnbsc
!!vc
a 3nrl
mc' rikry lbd nd n(6e.rv)
8.un. Mn6 1. 3 , Pbrqrryr!,r innqd d
cbo|nyro,,)
havc sor pr&ed 6 s,..n,$y
w64
o3d3). who Fid tu.6
oeeEs
i 99
hcru*.
(Fomiinq s{t
fla6]. ?)
Moc ddii[J
it)
TA}'TORSVTLLE
(ri3 3) rEW piqdcd
(r!de ? Pbr5 r 2r) Derdbr.
Addlrom|'&wged$cnbedbybdiN
o333)fn,n rh! M'drdhEdlid M.n$nd
mhisdLrick(ribb3;F$
3) w G(834plq
ydduqPdftdCmPihtbndoDj'nhilgxa!
id
&$6dt6+r!
Rudba! (aa d$cdbed
'h
,de d rf! Ridmmd
s#
(ff3. rl, dd;
uP.
cqrqrn
or pr{idophyr spe.6 lb5tr 2), n
dudbgdsmfu{e@!'dPkdeq,us,lnd3ts|
lrFs'md]*bletrl)oeod6Tnr:Rh*np
podued abou' u syi'olr{n
3p<jes o:br.4,
sdudhs onoon cradDhyrR G 3. Mi.ed
lpkns rtu'iith'f,
Pt'qi4hu,
rnd ttula4
E( ane6
hrdr6
k.8., tudu
'r'
'{*),
aM P r4!ar4tu),
(e g
a .mmm sinBoPhrb
slid@br4), p4e6tr prsiGpcm!
c.s, ,,$.,
/4 eP :nd s&n{r,r
iid did d(
trdud;saEErenbo,(cinh
"d.y4,
3nnsFrn'
rhr diy brbs b 6e inrhophy€, ti e., .@4r(
R.Pdudiv.Ehriiso'3}ioolpqdriiJrG
lbrr aihoFhrt,
rrc
ifbie
{rt!r) Fdre
'!c
< nhhs lci ..abh 3), lddi omr!P<,,G
d'hihsciFP{siyd{tldby&xkIqn
rhe UPP{rrb$t (cd
n)dL&,Audrd
((dur,lq$
c6nq r43) tudd e nobd
44ftbd'ihnuqqoWPsnbkPt'bgui!
ldh (norr, r*e: !t
rtulfry rurdlide oueF
htheYiid|ydlliNlPo.k!i.r].ikG|
lar ro the i.db, nnir6, indrei c8. 3)
'irnry
Neark esh d Mi[q3 a\{r!
nor hy $rDn,
hfNyef[
Mirld3a6ryqF5
rdb
'to
n\ d .onlrhc 03s
(Phh [] &rk,
ss,
Rd]
.dnd
oesr sodicd
n xr.,v, Fia 3) rnN Nonh
( r3r) s r4rqirlr.r4hfrt
( = r dr4r!4 soll
D@) &tt (Fe) dkq,qcJ
i new 4{d41rie
n whkrBir(i!,
L iwrcmJ r{r(r
{(c,
|e'y}$,whthaElyPEd|}}3qviJ!,b.r
do.s (rd h rrls r {nh drto N$ersuplr
r r y.;cor n{ i' dor $r ,
r e35;
Fo4iKo!,
b y h t F r o . h d D l d in o stscJ9 m|d i
erdy 6n! (mnon r witrrp!\a
1Bo4 !!hd!d
okr4D trinmt,.nd
aditbBr mrshr may
hdFGdqtF4Pfududiv.nruhtrqhbl,0d
aid Dedglr
os)
shNd
wN on€ or ib P[de
M! 6{ (e3 & codd iid o[m, re35; Edi'!.i
1$6]Robbhsdj,gs)'ijbEtbB','i.$!d.
gd'a4on {P6r
by 8o.L rd Dm€d ftx3/i,tu
r3r kr.
]s)
lnn$to6
6 ! sobiF
or doa
&dn{!llh'bi*s.'oldqfubhlFPod
sks
riiifu, tnh whid r n n{iridy
sFord
l3o{,
r@) Bocr le8dd
rhc EPddk
dDcbE d
kPnn rye+d]Ph/b|trand'bnl!P!n&xd
rtu Bqn rbrc"
lBo.r, rqe: 2?4) rs eurdnod
ot lErdadDi
nnd, (r.n
'o
oar re .n
taGolold|6i{'i!ine]Fslhar'i!n'lrlPodF
ro Prd,rur,
hr rF4 h8r
(*r
tuk.
1e:
5r
ior hoF ddart. soms d rhe .ods dtud
,''*4,t6s6bhc|h}6o,ohck,inP|y
b)
hd'nbb\eh.dndbhl';n.tnuFlishl
etsn5 (f6r!
and cffrod, !7{,
lN6ianyPlends9''h.9gfun']yfuPo&
oE tr bri D. rtu brlddrne osM,i o) tsd6
}t^btr8'wd€xi'd),iM46j]yd*:kh
d hooth Nd.&4t6
!h
LnPGesr
3nd (z)
NU wru {hd'
b cod
lc i
r&s[ld
op.iurh,re, pq! Qnn., 14), i5 n ipFre4dy
(8hEd$!i
od srd8h, D6j 8ru8nii.
F$)
rds, d
Pq'ry PFlne &ra drd Fn!
Pt o Ph y t'h!y
sn d e 4 i e e h 'n |o fl |)o i l d
d rE whkrfr(
ad. ltudih.
rsrr 3od,
rst. ftrbP, s. osl !$,nr
Pbddoph/r5
i rhqr h'irs (Ph6 4 iid 5) ind rhr dsqbrir
PIh{mldPE$ioB'rN*hglre|s.Gc
(rbE 6), whnh inpry rhd Lhe wrre LN ryii
cr',ulir
d,li,.,'d
d c r.ddry(fhG5)
saqBN[}dsu]eJb}nfbi!uids'fuF
qk nrh! rrdepiJ.
sru! 0t{t rctd.d
^k^!
($! 30.r,
r27i'rudh{diw6
idlia'if
'*e
doi d
h!4mi!
Pdre0J R{* Eidcd
'hh
h c{r,,1a4,
ts prGrcd
T[' d|v
bcr oes) oNidlrlt
cw,rnir,D,
(Frno n re) &4 h h aDP{f!
bn.
Auri!.
Bbaisrr
i
(?4i{r!r
wi,h ahr
rhq d! d.hh{'
(d. !\rrb{'
clib
j *(P
($ (moideEisdiuhesurpturu)
Run h$
a
id iody i
r$r 1@) Ar uPnshi, unbnn.tr n$.rcssLb
t'lhott!i|h{hrhbqgPil]illyanP@^d
io6 1T:5]e1)
wfni0
E r tubbb!(Robhs rnd trrlni
resr (hian
ird,ohNoo red; cd,rNm,
fudh{6!b!Niyllbsi:ft\ls|!'Fs)
in
I rhr
re35b).
strNh 0e*) s{drql
8 b f u ! F I 3 n a d4 n |]$ t!d !'!fu mo d .l
idj blltq (!Y ., u) )d mofride, h4!ts
rE! trn\
rF ehcdie
sd44trr4
be rakhbFi
lre@) rhr
tyP€h6dibcnFmgnizdFcliQd' hs d
rp (dl
hund Pc
E4ndd
trciJl ind ,ndr .rrsrrs
' I Ros6t rfl.
bv!.I elTsfldE
*rdn8*furii.uynqthh|bdrsibly
Gnd
(re8et NFlkd
i hi8tr diw6'y
t!! s!
iidT4'fiij[LhnnskPb.d66'.f'h.n4
hw€ (Phr 2,, io 3) &a!*
drPr*ans
d
rqd I 6[
'ha
PhndoFhts
Pln8$'bolnoiphdqnddDmdgsMddlhc
ind ohb'
irf
luElylkjdiisiFPr oPdko,{ |he€!&}j
nr hnhdo$
tlir
drynnsPrn
Pdko h*e
ppdei!!dr dhqp} ' !oh!( dFb( a@
rnd ar
r
bP d
'h!
'he
du'
kn$
{eudr!
4m]f' hgs$ebusmoii' d{ PdoM@ !
M!Te.
lf
t$
Edits1 F$. 13) fnd anc rnm
Prdtrt {r,d$ rlr ,2, u, 5) snd hMtrr
P'4rl!r'
rd41'&! (nr! rtr !€F 6und
lr$srhi,0ra),
(.(id
i so/(vre
d$dy (s.nbL
'h,6rh 814
'hd
!@n (7 +
|$n, IM),
ft!9 nnF
qn oq ry 3 5 .0 wid.), .d4 out!
'rcm Laa wnh
LhLlrtur'le
d noird
ih
tfu{d.hi'lh.innr{ryi6Pqm5ioJ'Ftr
6s{sigpltlNindq\ui|$zsdP.lBk'
THE MIDDI,E
trry..Md ninws ipriry
CAITNIAN
MECAFLORA
lPhr n, id r)me
orhd{ldc?olhtnidecirnhimegdld*
!{Dr{
iir.dr6),
nne! n hdb( b hr4'4
LrDclel
dra. clrinr M.knrh{ee,
6n4t
(cqii,
D:hr8rtr d d, u8s) lnd $D,{k,
pLd ri e.,
a3o hw
dn, D77) a,..fnqurr
n no. ,). roD rdlh
rtur dis
b hdds
tud
!h.ri/l,llitsb
. hrr.rrlrsr)d$qird
Phderw,
!d &a& rron Hmmr cQntt
$hrhL'&itibsedodii*r'lryhlh,
str isEdi edD r, noB sb3s
+i(a{
cf.k (!r srf r) q ts qrr cddr
cdi., hs
E@!.td16n.s6sie'eei8h'fuguc
roiB euss crcr fLsb o, !i bd 6u d wbd
qolh'h!sd'c{nb!ion'IomtkRth0.ld
l!sh' ThBndaKcbdhsliq,Pl$!0rotud b ndroa
and 5[6bns on (P d
5ib diynd.i
iid shihs. rh.
Ihds r harn€
bsdlrtuus *queme bdo$ b ecs3
0e&t
,4Pe.h|lryccckMmjb.'ryhid@!dts
drc,.urd,r'*'ri3'ririfi
1,",.,,r,r.r'.i,i4r4h
fu5i46crc€kdq:cdoDhikdbysyMc.
zd@
4!
one&n.
A 5nrb
nrnb4
E$lt]ol5p{i!'Pk'q,g[4n:p|(u$'i[n
d Pl \ nc
i5i|'dq{oPLfu(riilhqdovgllh*api|gF|
Rdd 6.r*
d s/us&
/ drph, i !4t
iid qa,
ren,b,6.6i!
rN P,trdyrli
b Lb Nonai F E(FPe (c s , G, , r r! {(
,ud 3) b( *fr,
r
in.n'{
m rI
rd,r \! frn.tr
Pi!64n{fsdqlnPrAddlE$(Dh}
rh! oirdb ciiij'i
R@), rh€ nidd r.ht.cirnln
upF sbdb
l
r o.btrq k,o{b^s h ftfrEyLqriqltud, rr6el
A6drh rnd klhlr
res), r&n'ddk.L'q()r
$d$ (^5i. rrs), .Dd r& middh Lic .16Di
rrr
(rihk 3) foqrnpc,
$e
7) @nFi$s i6!d 4 b{, d whih 2{ t1q, ) r.
pkidopnybe lnd rsi! nrs lL ! , qyprqanel
Np Rnere$o rqs !oD6r!d (M.c r ribts 3)
(Dk6{,
bu, d rfth f (Ia) ir ryprlBlDi
fuvellr)illil<b5hio49(co.1,1969,'1/mq
0, c h rhbh 3){sbin46hr,
r4r r!
MECAFOoSTI
AND PALYIiOFLORAL
C}IANCE INTHE CARNIAN
anbffd
(34)i rk nid€
42 sP.o4 0 .omn
FrF6r{i4P6y
lrlE
.(
e Fry
onyll
(riHe 3) qin
clDbi
hishq nunet d {P'od!dw
€udP6n
o,nhrf
(I 3r ), w ldr L
re
o E.odrd
d(tr\€|e,degimi],ntyh.Fasod}'jishlr
aiii.EiseaFLy'DrulPhdec6i$tdq'ib'
dn'iol|owdb'ajgnijionld+b9heh
Lrcrftn
rn!(:*
llbk 3). tu rrFBr
ii
oaolt[656'idPbhhbin,ruyhfl.
horcetd!cF.4eePhtdi46aud
!rtc&u!6hd{dEFDdaqJ(qPdlbl
mrr dcd a h$e' trhL (i c , 6d6)
@rd
@ edqrol
1@) As i on*quei(
fth6 Gr ce d t ,
d dcFad
innud wn(
d'dlny
bils 4 sP<k (rru? ,) d rhc Fmdu{ o, inrln
liKCdrldJgby,Ic!''loPjNdioBbowr
e4|ic'edbtbroEiDdd*Bindh|4Ai
hkoedbbKdqi6|'m.tMnPercnnd
*P:ndd'crcJhF|heoPPqfunitybic{hnh
s , byo n F . l o b s P l d u Qd s{4 b 5
tib1. 4), onry one d wlib hs nd yd hd
dnd
Th!A!trlodd6rnsft!!hflon|dieFity
hBay'6rc!3hqPlndldad€c'dhindmal
|!ih!aeooellnihle6wgihe.'l'ald
!e non GDnons, s$, ss7) d slshiy ruqisei
!a! (Ronemund, rs) h!, FDdu.d :hu{ r4
dd hkc{ru.
ib6c3)
rolr.n L1u (s:'53 snplEd
b 33) dunry rhe cny
(i r! hahsr hvd (76.31) t! h. N!!ek
.!$.d
r 8j'nno
cdniinlDbb3)
A31 3+ idiu*
nqn'h(afuPie'lrcd!J9Jew5l8'dtdt
fuunusDnyhghpilvnonoddlgs!'yde
ddr
Gnhi
9e h! libb 3) sn &$Phbd
b|riNrc$[d|icr'oodPbhhabldl!'hi
nDns|viducNdta!
lih
b4. bb, and ddhsd{4
hisi,rs
blsibd{6[fto4h'hlTw|gyBEi.h
tubs&
id
0mdr:hi
hoEq
q dq4r.
bshs (olan.
rer6) ody drq
br rcstuo
lppn{h
rtu wdtrd
rhe dLQsiq ot $c s'nr
b'[[pN{NedbdhneePh'noBddnraL
phylh3 r&i rypd {olen er ,r . r93) Fo! ddr
'dodsollh.,|drb|i6&{|oPcd$*hihe
(oLen, rso
Mi@Phtbs
@ds
raE5 d
ft ,ndvrivrL,.d
&4ryrl,
tF
dfuE
rBt
rnd'-'rr3 rh Prt6n
d l6ds
q.h5*hd'Lih.cFlxrdhe
bm.dd (onmir/ Nr) Pdim! ot rri*.'tk
(ok d.r., r%) srhrhny, &fiP"r&u
'PP
la!h, re?, reu ), Nfth ! drd dumiedry rcd.
r]06|d{ihjp|yIhnutrvLnjnmtihIdive6ity,
dinr.n 0..., rqrkj
hdr{d,
'er
M
Ffn&ssrrn
djh
n4 rtd dmi9r E\iruibDry rEsuc
(etd by rri nMt, kl !h Plo*4rsdy i
rfi*P.tu
trr $vreri$ LtrkNnunbrEaod
du' dld upiid rrrr ru'{Fr 6t'ily lrun Ri+n
drr hd r .tntkinr
d'rn4p
dq'4 rE bF
CoMPATISON O' EUROIEAN AND
NEWARX PALYNOFI.OMI CH IIGE
fu|4iEE'|Noiu||yL!F.4i66iF
T16{ft(L|dplku(..,Eqd,
rotlld. .'ryrr,
rd AoltbriFc
s!id,
rs; eKi, ru)&mdd
hlrLr@
lk
x$
d'rrs
d tluqr rh.,u,.sk hi
sddlY
Edrd (d!P&dr) bv rlFFD'
6 ft Ldl
(vi$i,
cEhisr
$Nr sn'ldl, ft.eb
ddln$trr
||txrl $lir'M'mld*fu
th.omunMnr^bt!ry[tlDPfs5.
hyF,c,an, dudrcPtd dudq
'kcn
ntuoa(bmdon rdren d du!
re$t. domlnftd otrryj,trris! ft.ro,or rh!
Nrwi* sq'qrouli (cdi!, reNd thE r(cro6
orrh.chdn'llplJhlM! nr|! rl'!lrp'sri.!
(nridy
\dlrldi,iJ
i! !$(iN!
{Mb
d ,irtIl
c.idu
trrrhry
FDupd rhr (dq
h tl[ d.(h or liaftn
d
d rli$rtr nnddrhs
{drd
ex,ctrrdt. lsn
rhlt plrrri (! 3.,
'hou*h
erEdid
rnJ re,^2i,qr'!EE,
r*) !.
dhr4i6r rhtu!3holt e
FFi{d
dydhdr
(idd,
wrd.{nun
rt :c(d,
r@}
|lfu Ntoae b tu (hrrPidhx
c.&,
dhj'd.$rl.lnl6ricd!qa*
rl,ldd
ii & wnr
u.nr
LF :fu
(ce'b
AiluPohlePdknllrrPFd6i.ody
.r u 6 e | { n E,lu h s' fu tr ' { X4& & !
bq8iri .r!*
d kdr
nd brrc
hl.5x6&rh.d
rLnbcffidi,
qldrnJl!e*,|9^'cdli|do*.llsj
ds'I%]|h!.'diftMrLq'g),1'E!
D rF
r%:
(buer llad M.mbc) h {uthtm Ns hne
rsr 6P'd dr$nrrior$ (qmd, $et $E
$qfnll'dllRilydNPFdIin.iyo''r/+9.6
(orEn, ri*t drNvNd Mnri0rcur prm! bed!
th€* ei/
snn (Mrddr!rrh(t)lIlyiorloru. trlynDrbar
fpds,
MdditrFrrA ,riddt6,
dr e.iDoidj&todcrh
biiii, tu
&op tovu
'hE cdllina,
h1ii (mrddhr!ri' rdri ror)or Nodh
d A d
tu&
(Lnvin, rs)
y 6d
r{r.
Drrr.^nr lP{k
e
*lefi6lore
d d-
(Midrs re6ir Dnrmrn, Dm) ftow hish oi3h!o. ridb* nisorruhrwGnrndbn)doush
[r br n6$tr w[h !a LPLdceor dtNtun n
th. GdhtrNdbn b.undi'y tu hthe! adN
i rhe
rion In turcr. ( 16lFria) lxrRn
(8orn, 'M.d
t sioluisl. bidlry
rB)
h (mprlEfr, MadtuFllnt+
FtdqE
d rhc n ddh Gmntr lribL 3), {rh
paLyno6qph sp&ies rtu qrhdb!
rhc h$ d 47
ind de dFh
(smFridR*(!,
thr.iircuiFi
e@rhiy
hld k. Drsrqfy. N{rr
r4r
^ir.
^{,
Les)
ith!Tfu$t]Jssjt6ouilirUcilu.hnq!
od d rh! cdnan
0\tdd[
r!nsr),
lodd b!
ENpe kodary
Aio{u
Nw*r
epituc or rld
b Arh, re36). In Drope, nu.r
(pdyidno4hl
. ! hs rd d L , *a F F q F ,ft|o 'd l 1 .j t,n
spiLe h rhq bNr Jqr$r lraLh 3).
!trErpond-
^
h6l^ ' *l M u b g ! 7 ' oL sd n ,1 9 d 7 )o i y
bish qss
rhr rfi$
ol(d,i
bouoddy rhc bb
scshr
r,r-src
fthfoi
!i{isirysfP!\
thee chlFL noid \rys ro hbs€r64labour
(abodr 6 ni$)
LhdoN o ir! iddr! .iii .D (11. i!nM,
pdynorcrFh ff6r GNn(G
toisirdiDit
5r h d! h€ Nodin ti e . turdint
prfidqphyr! krrpqin)
dn4rBh ft Nqbtr no!
tud
. nij.r
llbk
r
pb
Asno
f.ic hbrdft
cbout 12{i&4
22
e+ dtrrh kr
^rl
tuhr4d ruid bs an
3)
spo6 d$ h.€iird
5 ePldcs o0*) b n
Pqiid d r qr
qrindhn
ton
rrlm rEh diq,ry
$r{dd vqdibi
donhnrr
6yphnro06yrcsmd+idoPhytssk'lo{djtFil'
trErPoi, rn ou jouncy r ehLf
r (4s m).Ar r,7sh (55 o)i h€e drctup of
plbbsii dishdtsmrhr0$e rh r 6 h orr
.t
630i) rhchar 6tu isihr bdr
^rr,77ri,
rctur\d
snifu! bsid{ r R !rter.
r,qi n ($3
m) dE sb$ c'!ck MeFberigih !n4rs
^'
od dr rh!
!r cd h tb m lGPNd y$ Ib d ,ndi nbrcry
smr
li ! hiors
&idciry
auadnnsh
dris 12)
rrhEddbr rru*in.
scljucie (weoms,F3i).
hrk end wdk wcd ( n 0r s.ur dhtin
tsu
vle,absorvA
nodr s6t,bou Ini n (30h)
k, b,ids! N( s'i3s crcek (F$. r?) o4 rrt iqr
pri
rds rhr d{*
hnk dowNrlio
(|o"h)
roL
r00 [ (270o), so$i sDdrsdL] atrd
^r
rid8e, !d!ib!r
cnnre qof5 od r0 n (6 n) trr
(?s0 d) ,'run8 th( h ir, !rcs
oEDde
{cnds bi
neep{idcd lrirc,
r (16 d of shs
cre
ri{olt
o& mt,
Ar2,03d
n, t65 o) . o$ i rmdi su r, Nd n
2,1oIr l@ n) [t tBr expoN]c d wdr+edded
sindsores d{ Prad by wgN 04tu) ifthc
Menbq (steos, rql ]934 rhfsPGurcDd
]o ' n l6 n ' { n ity$ d n o r cr r e dd.dd0'r04i
(05 r.0.n) hrqFc;tudd D3phtr$arodcrh.d
nd€s Noa anddiF ibod 6tr\.
n
rh!ldilNd hihideis i smiLl
'heesd
Natu dsswreussh*
re+€o.qiln ir!!!
(r 3 n) Lislr-sntr dirtr sfisbnr &d r drc bsc
or$i!fqfR
tr !.h! ftr4 sisnifrrd rrdrr6!
d i r[d3. i r.]o* tdhq rhin r hdeN ir
strd$orcsudi'g)ibo{ dr sGs crcekM!m6d,
sindlbie ind &rr 8roy
&d^2,r{..
nr,!tui
dkoic qMsF m irrc a\poRd in rhr odjaeni
bqr d shss cEeL lco!n4, rryi; Pnrqr
rmldrdydeyord
rEGvtu
r,r0 ft 1:.{ 6J, kad $16
c45 o) aos inotliersmirrF{\,
(sr rn)m u ro rhcb.$ da *e
Lcu*rir rrtr\ ind mudnoi$ (shrsFFhr
sdior r F3 u)*p,!in'70ft
(2r6)'opur
(r,rjotr l31s irj)
lEek eds
d sbdB
\ v g y Po s ' y { { e d trd F l ,$ |y{i 5 & vd
rod rni*t
utands intueftLr
io rhe $dh,
in scD€dlld sdh
r or wclos (re36), rar
AArc M<dn8 F dd rip 4 cunrbook (c.od,d
r di. suG4irirda!
.r [r! ,op (Fi3 13) abor
.he !and,
tr
o 36{!
Ei
!:
*\
'
b rri.!
(4 n) pirr' a EEdud rEtrdri,n
b o4ani!
{tuer
(2 n) ridr an .brupL tansrio\
ri a4
*"/
"..2,-.,.
(Fis. 13). me h.u*
ne btld
*ind dr
ldyno|%ijlybltNd'h€ihlghPJyiofulPh
lhtr PoknlyPsl' Ftlj|y[Pr cs l hc ba&
h &dmond
dnbms ucud wds$dj
!dh'FJgoflqdsdonmledbyh$dePd
hnwElyPia|lyloundblnhgo4adgih
hhd
r!3r a6dft
of ln$Phqts
4ar tu1n5.
bsh
hlis (cond,
in r& Esjid or fllvilHdbi
1e3k) Fish-d iveEiry bLN!€b p d kn tr*n6h3.s
(i.e., &ri{r&irr
ibueGe
drd vd&vli 16)
it rP ji ! Pn ' h ' / b i h |.fi i i ro l d e l l d cl a l i s
nwd (.t. comd, rtT^r orlndi,
Pojk'6bboedomhl.dbyEnldePdhtr
!^)
(e0 rn) Lhc Lli be8he b rle.or
ft (40 n), rhen d{G
b d6.sd
i d6bN€
d 130
ro rh! kn nlq
,iEr d.prh ippirnit
shdrorcd {oush by $n
ph jn,s\!L *3 6r riJullrd
is6tr (! 3 , Fd! r )
of pcd (noq i i rm rNd fta aul.
dlpoftd
(eiqD?) oude rppiicrriy
ri gE{rh p6lbn
Ghea, bdibvblt
naprdry
dirupli
u
(Ph€ 13, nc. r3!nd r1) arrf
iiiy hiv. d( hd
b€du*
hn r r,*u n 074 n) !rc n rjN tu ,,er tr {tl
b 3r n) rhe h.n PurbL i dlqi !,d nukt
irddi d sh$ cr {k (htmi s h $!dm 1 ot
w4ff, r$h) rrri; inr.^2r is ptuMNy oDp6ed
dho
dt!
!4
hakd
iht
0 ,5 rii.
(0 4 kn) ro
rhe 4hr ro,3 i! k (coodwin d d rss) a
2,e10r. (3r3D) rh tLd $hss ,ishr ioud rh!
tu?d!ri s ry ind c\rs i 2,e60tu.€33 n) onroi
h $s,4dyiiF"h
fnqd"
(*iy
E. r tubbi5,
Rt€ d tu qncy ind qPoss s'n'
kdir
, (Fig. !). Beddiq *ril,"s Nao's
snprrr 'he
qahn
diecnytr'fP|.hLtq|+rinplLslhit(ths
tint ryprs b!s&, r, q, urr! d,! NiqiN
d rr
0e3oa),iid is odsop 3 d siop r h rho &i${i
inddn!6tyd.onmhdldPhdldtks$trP|y
N{0i,
xiPr
ow
'Mdt
nb(n
(r.3 , Pbb a) \sE !!rc{cd
*c 1r1*. ,4, id re).
6y $mter
hkryns
f
.rcn
LhD4h r0,
(i e , bd@ wile Li{
od rtrdi.)
Dn6 b' dd/{
alplit6i:,
(Phb 2,
!
Pb'
\ru'
3) tron Lk [n€
kdboo.'heliqhr(sdh)sidcof
rr.
'hecqcrE
iod !), iriqdq0,rrybrh
.rusrm4 ,r ,4r,i/.ri''o (fhr! 11,4s rsrid6),
'dFonqPhancdh'hckn€cndDP$'|P|I
lis
toor r r !dr + i( F3
M{'tti'\,.vr!'tuw
oGd;.-
,itri, h.Ntr tudhimn(rkt
21,ro tN),P
r&hd?b lPrab 5, noi { dd r), sA'n\it
i,h,(nder2,
no e), d sPtuePrus,ridry
(sd! !4, no. 17), s&r@drs
rus,lntr,
aod
h4. .yal ![ *dr (PLr ,2, tu. 4 noii the
bdow rhe n*ur
Frtr q boih or $nddone otr
$e bn (rc*h) sid. of
oc; d ,v&rhdq.
'h!
!
ri
ai?
gi,-,,.
!fuc
I
r&!
.m
'hc
.lqrdr
r.d ithrr!
F1I----
-*
M
ht
@rd
rh. nEi r. dditun, 0N hi!
dym tPrrF 5,
rc. tr) !d crt*h
wiq, t,a. srh rh. I@
flon m ,[
r,.ui'hu
uin {Ep|€red
b},
'dddr.
s';'sip
. scdsi ? lia,n! ,ih-eP]i/d
liv*ri8pod.d)
rard
.hips od Fhd
5€quon tn*. !) Nt rr . hdrr nas h nqlbl
ddh( rdiiry
a dar dan.cr wr pn$rbly !b.n.
trm€kdbymc${cd[3vd.h..icl
lrd uPlu pdN b' (ind saidl
6G,
trFrd
Fdbry
cu,b rh' 8rw rrqs
Ery rturc o4.ft
Nnm
(!r* !J, rhl €dr
dd
tu tu
(1.3 An4ry[w,
h0irea),
PG$r. oe6
(s.3 , Arq,r!
&idrd),
rnd Febb
1e
tu'n, c 3., crr[4'ry!diF*)
kteolrb
IdFsDi.sn9dnlgmd,lFb|pffi'6
dlilPLe'rnd41d.R.{lbfu'bq'eh'hc
h.ktu&dr
d (Nh tu'r
cbsofiB
d i
lis
rirD hPly rhd dlPanls
rsq
bdN
wdc
doftlndsnEiuicidkrPr'dsic@agql':
tu PitFd@
rD6 I d4!
frcn b$<.ar por
|!idonldnehsmPl.heru|*]bicnlPoc
hrryi
,2. jnPrFB a hE
doBtiluc
h srcc
rhn ron ! qiqd
tJynomq+h tuuc (t
b o m Po | l ( f a | l l n 3i o a u l d b 'b d g E c
(a.! 3ruFin3 on i rre oi ixr bd).
lel'hdmrgidae,eou$lcqs!.ry
h,sh6 d3. d rM ba$ (Fi8 12) rh!
nd)
GPid'buP$d
hccaa h b4rcund
Frki Ein
(tdm eryb hErEr *3 ,o #) h" hdkx! i
idiil'
or tum rk (]nFddi
d undedyhs
lgtlthoB]nut'hcTi'bEveb*,igh.
d4j(tuk
iut jmPr*i0N
or.{. 5/44k's
2!, m. rr, . F6LPEiddFm,
o@r jut
hL{ ib{nrin'
irr rrJ8tunb D' stt&lle
in
rrih (mnp 2, no. r), i p6,rbk sbrmhyr!,
lbdl}'ddjilbrE@nPllsu$lhebPds!
iEr'ibth6rndPMdePEibhRid
urorhg
md rnEPod'bn
hb
hrr or did
'ht
@trnunik8ryngdoo3rhmirsh$dlhs!
d prrriqnqph5
ind
rnp ild hy ( D prcxNrbn
lsr.urich{ (2) Fmnor iu.srbodt, and tunF
s/furur ild idr trisncdi.
!d
hb rh. fr (Fis. !). &qs(
rftifll
oi i ba$no'
12), srrkh" nay
idq bb.k (.8. 'h[id
o) suspdd
r smn6. Ih! prlyiorlurul.rtu- sr
Ltrllr +r) sowi ishMtoddtrrh!
ni ($nph
LnspoE!
bdos lrq. l4) rr r ruip,i'$i!!snbk
(k ir
ibtrr$rs/ddr
trr F$!i
lr r6G
d h flE
nIr Err.y troo! b thr ks,
n niy ior h pNrbL!
0on d icrNh
*dtuddronmk(l3.,
Nro.
d rrch i 6n ii hre bv.L.
'ioo)
tu&[
s.Ddnons,
rhcPrrytro.
tu+hrow
rqi GoPr hcod *7) ,?Pidry chii3c non
ebwbongdfunglyddnhrfodbyfid|'|jh'l
norcNrdc porrn (As r4).6c,rdi!
peNll
;*i6highe*k*ldl:I]dnPlgdhfrqlidm8
br hrB aJ r,.rchd@Pr,!
s1'33cc!
m*.
i,tori G.3 , n*e 12)octu in i 5!re q depGEis
fnDd6oruEfu:idklsmqb'y',hoh/,@ti,,j
,r trrr.nr
rEid! (fh'c a, nq. f ind ,0) end
| ! t 3(q n u $ d L . ! , !|d a !n 5 a rco n n m
iukl (e.F.,rlrE re) e
$rbd
rh4hr
sae
pbnr dtrJr\
lihiblndi
thd turd&xtiot4(
bboE. Pits
,ey
'(h
r&.d(r4kN
rys'tdi
dq
rPhG 24. i6 E
fsm ihis
rnJ 16).Tli. rilrNnorut
'
(snr!i. mReb fi 6) lhow i eGhtbr'qullEhca*
pr^e|4r
h4r{srihrik
iGPqn eolrh d cmt$
ddh tFis r4t inpryi4
he dhFry ordir.ln
d.hmsarc
eF
rin sG drroP
Po{biadq'o,&d$*,sinihb'hI'Dn
M@,'ic'bhrciEocwbtlPocrs|
o.6u6dd)
&tun46bPr)
?raia
flw;l'nddoa€
iPP.' (ris. s) h{
trind.bbwn (bck'
'ieldedegmPl6o'pu4s[(9idcm6hhr
{ts
(e &, carin, rr,r; v b). rsd addidonr
oIlBP.jn''dd|h5idFh'Pq'
!,.n 4 n lv.ftui ud0340)
b dE e\r rd Inr$tr{c
hbiKL
wil
2es **r
r lBrd.
a Gbd
lrbd
6 6i|!t,
[ 3 mftsr .nd
ur (ibqtr 0.3 nr6r. cr dr LicEbb 6 d rb
riErrxi {shod Puhp), id r!m nshroNou.s
(an ibd
r , ni*)
]l rhc DRp nw hsb rd
r!dp, R[ kroln bhn5dhtr
rur 4h odo vA &!'c 6 (Erq
qn a!!ius),
wc'
4ed
'nd
G4k'nnrod)
0r 35
0.r5
t!, rad cilrh
tu.d, qssde
tus rish /Dd!'zs
5P.)
ift.
oEbth!iEhtrc{lhehghat
Bdnold aqrry
rryo d cofd!
sro.
4
wrh noqftk
,i \{idrothid
auidhngrc
cig. s). LaL 37
ddhrtndqbhclin
36@bd aulq(c4rd$i,
DnD rr B!$qu aklir
dres
n*iFo"hr
ddidjied
sdinedry {.!s d'h. nnhhqd
bar (i3 15) ind +ows anpbrnies or dr hlr.
!!ntgdn'h!w$'gnmdgind
(is., vnrhio
d€veloPld h
(re778) PirFd%i
q
Menh{is.
A$7 it. ([i.a D)
sdhN{s
<,fr ron jLN' n
d
Mi^ikin 1vA@ 1 trdr vA DPpr
Mf. Rs ) cn<\NrlEd odyd{k
ro Coodwh d r.1re3t, rhiqu{ryNd
q'dy 16oth n n , Dd), ind . q@q Lss d
udy prcsd ii th. iia rJr Dr2 aRdctu, D3).
ri! Blsabd au{ryalirhs
rhc oiy ulv aood
dpq\urus h rr! b6 n, lnd drlyh cben sLicd
krldyo
i.Li3s{rusEn dqprckLbN (sr&bI
,N;ocsdd,19s )
rhc oair Pld r t[! Bosd,rrd au{ry
frrpped 6 snrrc
I d!
BNns lsh! tc i trd ftod{oft,
(skr!!, rers), Plrcrubq cn
c (cdwh
d d ,
144, rlrrc 4hc qyroii! (R$trhr i^d rt[],
1e3e),dd sonodilrc
DZt
3n!ii5 (Bob}|nrfk,
h d! ei{ d ri! qu0ry (tu
sccob€r as4
or
'h!
Lu.! sbnc
r5).
i miju@4-diPP46r'
(c..r,ird
n, M6;
Rsshr ind rirb|
$3e) rhr iGlpirb'i,
n
dd0Drotr
tcoorwb d r , re&) dqd bqrr @E
hor dib (c. c Fox tBssbd shic co t, P.s
qDq , Deo), nrrd deFoai$b
a rcrr EPid
tud tu^idr
Howtr'
ds€ Aanhnh
lh Jv2
?!hJji|*.n'|.iBJJLlr.nfjrR:fd14.
i,
ro
r [. r r r r r i
]
r r !r d r lis
1 7 ) .,r itr
J , ni ui np
r:J, Ucr)
15n!\ tr ! l lll tNlJ, !r] l]
1?*,
I :T:::1,':::i,
6toa-8.-r.-
w tlLtltP-**"
\
qekodrcd'aesaRocPtm$'yd{{'
Ms$$
MeDbq (srirer iid hbodwqrh, ftre;
Rdb4b, r94; fthae,|*iid M.Doni]d, ]%), bd
lhcq@!r)'$quM!!imP]yePosido!h.nqt,
h o|*tr dn
042) er
se sdbn rPreenb
F|y@bg,GPgcDllylhedriiyd'{ljobhlnd
rroFd spors (robic 9), rhc 8.Rbd audry
h.o. Akhoud
rh dbrur6n
d wrleolrcd
Borobd oury
bkD$ty
or doh
tu$h.y
n'h{
rc4
'han
roinhr
li€d by k$dtr
ind rayror 0e6e) fo.
rE os sidr or se bich (sbP 4).
ft
.ooprlbry
uiknosn
in thc
inr
sdined{y
sbda * & ,tuaay (Fjs. 6) aff€r
b bc rsq,ld hro i syrcdE (G@dni + al.,
a6). oo rhe e{ lide qr rhs oursops, dBh dp
os [email protected].{*
nond 6dk hde ju!
bPosd Puset thishs, $6h asd* ord{
oo{n) $Bh rron wsr b s$ th.* hoh show
b6&d!in[NDo$[r
d!Bo{ d' iad.} ,'
,osh!dly
rr, $n, b {Nerr
c h.
v r J \!
or .r
5r ,i i tr ,r tr i r
r !D{ a
1[i35 16in1 s),
,sJ trlodlqs,
\($d.00(c
aii
P {5 Nn D.
r e+ r ) .
.{ ir i( F{
|slJ, ( \\
h) , \d [u5!,i
tlii 1' J
r!
lRse) c [r! xo ioiA ir l.'$
r N Bo!( di
awn
'
9N'
w i [ [( 1r
Rr F nlie
$PL!( s fi r r s i .[ui
dri
rtu Bo$obd olany il th€ ubiqunous Eirfieldiid
pdrcfiscirorm Di!rr.B$ zmaM (Rd,nu) L),erl
(EF', 11 rrd 17), whi(h r d[Eceli?ed
by a n"e,
E'
g,
E
(1e^) * Dttr"pr!.
by Srhaerid and Mtudid
,'ermis6sh}cr5thetJpjolgkd]soIPbE,
bd$b&€etrsci,dl''r,f'D''gb,iseG
ry
Jrh @pL!dks, pqhil€ nide by a cocbanih 05
cm Loig),
abmdint. Itr odly riipdd
turdhl
-.
I
,rd,rrir
r tu riyloNi(s
b!5h by wcens
0e30b). InvqGbuks paen' iidude only smnl
l.*;
l
l|findmi.bdbyidl4tiatbi*ftbpd||s
( hbh e), i1d o,aiDi( rsrdlc
oiin
d!.h
ri tlr Bo*obel Qqday r is easi*t b tLnd Idssils
dons 6mirL t urs ddiqur b e
F,
(<1 mn) 3 r!ea, Ihe sulhr$
b€un h !r'e qunr
& rd G$ sdbs d tr! (dr6oid h'r ru! ft
A, siiiy itrd secblld
,aneeN
G!e.m
no^ rsflrs M lid c5 f Mrklr d i , ie8E, B, 16!+
rhs lnob P6lbi
whor
or ylridr i,€ oft.l
i1d nu.r' or rh. .:!6cd
'ud
on whih s{haeftur and MooniLd (1174 brord
rher d*aled desdprbd
of Dia43.
rfitrl&s
Md"D'"'i&b'|@hP!!$i.*.oltdldby
c
!!d qhdoq'h,
!dog.
r4e)j c, @+<rbq
d&soE!
asrr).
oI rharcad rmm BG.obelOuady
*h vA norE 6. r"m 4ni (ed)
haEd or 5c
red
r50
lar rt6t onb vA tu
(sEr tud).
650
ce,
dla [N iPPrcrimre
oturdihsedqduhs
tu Lie
e|deshdE' @ 6ey ei B
&t@
d o!ftd
d!( r,r!
ne6dedydeilld.
A 3o!d et or rBhu bm r.r'
r. * c,E.. r{ b'et! 6rr&
e.g.o{'hh||hm,.d€P
ftrnt{.l
cn'i..tur
'h.
k€g.d!d'''!idtniy
hbn
Mo&.4qf6.ah|hJnF
cfuifuNinlfo|!&noElLy.
rnk$€d .6P. Nr oi th{ i$'
.srlcy
Fih6crh@db.
h 'i e 'u n n
o r onr h.r idr
,thr i6r bei4
cc'
er rh! iPpdhk
b(Eh6|!'G6!€6nfu
Mmoid
tun
lid dtrs"
rtrhin$
Lrlr(
(l*
(F4.19.ri. 7
sroP rlrkrlro o"r-Y}
'
hd
rdrnwrrdnrn
oryllE'runrr
H -o 5ud).r...F
liffiip (br r t otad
d r L.k d crtolc,
tb EbhF
prrMrdqy
gupdnNPhd'o$rry}oq'yki'w4'Rr
cdt
iohr rMdrmm
rhsd,hsnrmra'rF
n€ a sP<hobny
rih ftP're i*mbb8s
h rb
A sud
symFid
b rcFesdd
by i noiy
*lh
rcadside 8u,r, dkc(rerd
by sE. or*n
h Jury
th. Ho,nei *! lcn (63s. 3 aid r9), h r9s3
but * }d ulrmaE4
{and an *{.bkd,
!ish' dsr liny bdh{e&ul8
robable ndim),
bry md isobbd pstaninc bdh trts ra) rhr
(En
@rcdotrlrcn rhe low{ cumo.k rordrion
noB, 857). lhed h tu Md'e
by ib oigl
site,fu.d€dby3€$&!n'hcN'jom|6s.
rhe oukEp5 q<u! jun e*
ur the eat bhn(h or
BEzr (Hopsm 3rd (!hhs,
1e2). rhe ndedn
crcP,rufthglbughfuboreP@dK4gunit'
Li€!
&Pro$ro6 td4ri44{
dhq 5rdire{
sP(hen (6e
sened rha, dE ody hM
horo9pe) d Mrro@ndo, r4!,rorrrr
upon @6.
cmbry Md
A Pc.db! nq mhosurnn
rcPrle b rtP
E*ntdbyFiboldedg@|dndandvaftus
shnq irdeodwdih
039e)aetr
dtl8bhdtddulThEdithdeddsnd6
rhc xdion
(Fi€. 20) atutb
or 3 pddry oxpos.d
rrhosrc$
srnimp ud sn,les upMds
iiro mssiE
(suchir) rltr cosdikrik?
pt@rn oI
NJdone
rtsmb|an*bfuWllil&odthcFa|lirycnek
sd.bbd j,ws (ris. 2r, skdls, ind skltrns,
ro
r\.
r.rg. runb.f
of bdh. FK,
md boNs de
phybsu*
(bdh 0t ms shE), oth* d.ho.
$uoooPhs,,'hnodq'ts,Dardjfutolds,
a|iPo$6|yshnssqfIoFAlauDllB ''
sfPtsb4dAPd1990' ngr lhiaull'T i a
mrhn
+naPdds (or4roLrk
EP{n61
ond L
dElakjLadhlddadlyc:lfunsanbMadg
.u@rbn
!* 3!'n {Fiq3. rlc a 1 21) (Ses and
orlr,
h prea) r i5, hs<Er, 3umcildry dinq.
cd&':lhrern!spedfcrlysmihhetrmd
$urh.d Ario. wnl e possibh de?don
Phyb9u6,ifuidDPd6uro'rcn'heboihawk
oi tne
|31c,$ovDFlcqied|h\'wnhst
prcd(iq unr,(or6dA)irutihoisarr
b so* d{hh4
tuur4
F $s rry|d'i
N.mbh'.iJi3h'|yddg|hmdbwd|-lnowi
hmhdnr(bd
nd orrcr,N
sin0il
|
'
DrqDrrr4,Dd
deeLndi.Jseh(iR|'$JLryrcnih[r
trucd ! pnyruam (rrbh r0)rypnn or d€ mirdtp
w d{oP ! , , t r J i s i . 8 l . W ' | p o s l ' P ro { d
Roid (y^ &idc 651 r, eo! risi
run rdr oft on dr. tuld (v^
Rodr &7)x
Ptu.ld$dh.
up${flilio{sdncBEn.h
4,r0 tu 0j3e3n) w[ dntNd to
(sERo) h F35, ato roc€d ro
!n!dd!QahlI'ghrudol
youssilib$r
6@). comnu.
0{e cinnn)
south on oibr
r|[ risfr (w$r) side r rhe !ftd
coi !rs{q!
rr rldlr*
?:j
sr
r trni{f
{r oudcndr
rjq 11)
tx
ilrlll
n& d ccrbo
tuid (h!h rlniFairr P@br:/
'sk
byr.d.in
(r33r).
^[ho4h
in dorn!
h6{B6iboeJkN(idx'lNlalrc'd{
NnPt{d'ldlro,'ni*ronhiltwkaideBi
^Bodd!18n.!.tr'uBpl!n||!!N4€o
dh4rfo$i|uD'hm!3htkwii!l''o.li!|on,
n.{nl]3Dll\csttbiknid'onhb'|N'
|q &h ,d
EirB *dir
!d riiY$ L'y Rfif!,
&,he cshu,2
*!ll lris
otrifprdAdLriiii'
h rhi
h
z).lhrwrnkrydkEdhn
*nrdd
pnrroFh'd,
bprris
dkiif n{ hh'4t!
ad'dP|ibdcPqjb,fa€'qvirennh!lor
se 3o!{h
$d
oi danb
r|qoidon
n!m,adiEldo?Gb*e'6frul6b
had ar in.!r.d
d e miE (wrki,
nwhr
thqirc hC6l(hi€$Bbd|hcBanq*!ld|
{Fs. 3), borctJ
duc nqdrre*
$me hri N ton8-qryhs G 3., rg'/iRriid is?
'',Nd,4/5.'(['gb6'4!'M.oko,o'|4il
44rli6rr)
md txG
r*3) lr
d winbpo.k
d rony isds
Gry
i seam q$he
rhe dugnn
or rhc ctowr
rn(ushoo(
'h.
(c F.. c3d!r'6
ohrertc
/,s,.
c!iift"!@
ualraunn
Fd64p,
3wa6t u, znd sltt\w
eknl]6fotr*il|q!bb.ctjdrdbfunlrre
b ssr (tu. 2). Mjic tuds
lhow u{
tt!, dik
nsr h d*! oi8 24,Fndn'drs0n
(46n)
rhikdirbisusir, rh opdyhkhhd
mft l3D
Lr) ebw smu'd k4r (3cL). ftr bp or rh. hih
dircdt d pbds Fibh ?) h
! q6rvinded
&mund9othcb5hP.oPr'ly'hcq!r.yHs
rcide.b
6 !
Lulrr, Pe6 @Ile,rF0)
trN
rh
fin !-
qr4u*tud
4n,
ind d 6,(5{ ft. e,0?, n) ocl h rb
jn
ft7,
dr ,hs
nr
conr€d di lsr lnd brr(d 6r
yos lA. I
chJl.l, t loo| tsidcd, pds' 'nrny
om'i , 193',
rq cd
Gten
^Pnr
w@ hpondrt
by
'he
Ecf aid in ,oftr6uE
'o
r32, zs)
Alrhdush r!
hcar dErryd
d(d.
f0 ol|lidk
d. &ishrhr
nduiyd|owshliebitlmhou!'un[r.c,n
din phdi r 0,! $^tr' c];i FoD(ir
(weber 1e35'd, whid d4 P'€s!d
MhiB
et Msro
vq
'
rldsorscnhc.^!n
(1.2m) $d d{r on.
3n 1r m) 5hrc pd'ins \n' oi{d f{F
'dnsr
0{r(s,
1q3). tu
lhde Parh3 b rl]c Fmi'y
dwdq
nqJ domhftd by .ed?r[6, r!@er
4trd.'rndI*ldE'oeredokqr|k*
bt s{y rn hss
G+., fhr'qhr
3r,!/t{{{d).
cfts.n'dhundqfudhgdiybcMddiosn
c)tad!6n G s. zddnet,
G s., hi*rltor,r!),
and i.(rophyEG 3., r.rud4oli,) lDtuion.
s6su,EfdBryshrh'P5'qhft,lFoPhybh
B!go,llA'|43'AditTdltll}db*bbdi
{*.5
n Dn Det
!'or i Fobh4r
ri i!{
pi.Fr
dEor i! d a{ ki\!rd,
,ormi 4 rr cNra!i s0i
indw
h!{
e ieiii lrlurd
I a/u
liqn
ii!'/oi
o4d4,
3:ra4N
I sdht
^
$q
r'. rrtri! dl!6aon re rJii
hr,p?
i/r ki I *?rf, u s./ fik{/
Ahdii
h rri,rv/!
d,ir., r ri r{,44
riLlr
dr
rr,r,
u^i dnde
rli i lrrrd
h i4 itdi,
Mci !(,!1
r6i !, d!4,
K pi
i/fir 8,1d4\4,,{
riorhLsL,I!.4r
D L
rrtu ,
/rqituiri,
ri
d{{
i d ,!d!
ogy d s4rioi
,r @ r r M !-r!
,ir !^r i on!4
hr trr rr did i! e,iB
di N8i.
L{t ! w ! ' ! c . u d H ' r sq h !*/J.p /L i
r4!rlni.rrtqrri
!ri1tr$ ii,tr ! ufP
rh4 \t .f .kbus. vq
ft rrr <u(
rln
r@iLdtJlrpi,rlr
'i!
v fhi
r4!n
hnid!rf
ir'4qir
l/L
g}trh,
r lhr! !&fd..i
a|!n
w8h
i
R webq r$
A jdd'
nithla
l i/
cnrc, r R. !s. r6jq dd6 {i
gnNP'
a{t1
$' h oi,;
Tt til!$
D4tuny
ll1b m,wrt1tu)6,
L. H an
Fr' otrhts h s!
d, o1,J;' il3y,
dd,q
h urlrlirrrri4
A.6ql''M
4s' 6'.i,dbrc
b tr' !@ddJ! if
4. oda 14@. tld, r4i& ur crhsri sr
addr n,
olnlJprd.
ftuhe t0!nb
t\y: rh@ t!fl tu hR hi.Mtbd
car!\N
liftJ
es !q(
s
$. E .ftlodi
st41
biin@ stu chn irhsis radi, $r@) h
srdln $r! F64r er rd$@ r4rr., & r&sd/n
lli'rE,q&,<d'R.h$$,E,[3'!ht'n,n
'.od{Gkr@q'elifuid|0/h0r,oil
g o d i d d i s P |'l d ru td i o i !|9 'kn l 'a
Ri$blh
rartu
ru
h Dd,jo4r /{{u@, o/r }f$tu 4t
0r!flart
s],t,
it le Dt4,Nat
"trrbrr\
., r frdr Ndth c,o i r, u.s A. e ini o/
d 48Eer
i!i6
d trrrc4.
([d!pri{!!.
i)dltht t ardi,
tu .! o/ aL4rra!
hh\
k44ttt
or
rlmki aeh4i!!,
v4hi! yf,i
M4{d &v rr, &},0/ rddJhE
4d.i/yroi!&
r,Jhi
r5!'l
-
o4.i,N$.
& okr.tr*Nrdou
clrF'dr
ri*o1.t
! ii{si(
b$.
r4db
rdd
.Iii
D *
r lieL)rb
rr4r
aeh c@bsd6!rb.
"5.i4a
^.aq&arc,
d, kvituhjr
&i3{ v. s. s$ L}[oF\4d!*j
bqhtrFrprv
u({todkld!P6l!!,M!tsi&J|y+f6l
rrh$i.-rd4i<?)
tush.#
rr dh, !i€4h
Etrdd6, E re
Lrsisiy @i
sr,11b.11s
Rdrios
Rore d ardlr4
srd h vGir
4Bm o/Md'd.d,ii4,
!3ii cdioB d $! .6 ; bi auJiisi!,
visftvlahhDuqodWJR!n[4$j,
]!dd
4$dd
s (ik'
L'd,RI
)rs.
le8r lortu qei,
llscbhd
fdiA.i@lNtedBdJEvusldi!ltrh.odooo
cod!4
B, K, R l ns1
c P wfu,
qwry Gdr.
^s&oido|dfolDlunc!!lq!tMadB
caG,
f r 4Ds
roF dir r{d{E
rta,l!
M6@i 4 6,tu, tFkn
A, J
$tr
^@6,
G!!ch@kfulw'D'c''A4enoce}hFb!
$y!*dEfuEjRighihluuiilre'frd,
a,a Nt!@h|tqi rpdn .f41\ Mtnli tit hirr,
rar! r N.nr //{*r i, q!. n D oui !i(L P I w
drple!
d
b,1! 8p@r d
lP@) .oje
Ltrwh, R r., iFd ,. r rbs
!t &r@ib/oj
tu4hdoa
4d Pdyrc
dlafuqPqd0t€4iUsllMdk6oJoF'
.pr tuttuM ur rbtfitun 121ot4.
hrd dE A{m.( A! o q!i6n h Msi9d*
ii6
ia, atihid
t41tuL an t4 qi{i, t r. Atlqti
futrtrdF$'aruP'im'4'^'Nlw\6!|ilkihr
M*b, ( L, c L v
wJ. P4rs, i,r D c.
^ikr
nh*i
RnnNqd h5h, vqih
h rnidt4Bir
nfi4, dfuryrd hFbq ltr rr oin,4 tu
^thin
Mo6o, s I iqs rhrlr)n$r
GiiphydLrrke
^!si|'@,'44,n,0lli75
Phdlglc+qcilli!d4ud@bBhadoshlol
ar{io.
Hdsi,
H. J 1rru 6!d!r dr h$
uirrrq
H{ri,a!.Dtr7|le6$['o!dscoql,sod'
rn. ald'rrd!
tu dhh
d4 cii
^
[E Miri .&d& rrican !0&roJB,o/bbe
riqr6dryNd{G
&h@rd4k
r s'ri!llrr]4
Zsrs
attwnh{r, pd FlnN&)ttwl ntry 4 ety unE,r
l!?h' !,k@b,i/l!j@,J91]|o*!iid
o$4
-
r&rdhn
srd
P3., Pl.w [email protected]
sidebdE
'nn
^ocdq',lld!']frJcal+hlo4N,c/,e,fr
Frd lJ,' &. hdd arp cMs&ftI
!r
ND.,
'4d45.
cndadm d rtu s,t Mdud! rr{!*
b! wdlbhrq
FLftDdt ?N6
^idb
slFneP
r,!n,r./
ansrcjuh$i
rin
!ft@p
ra{yi'|-'14,6n!@e%fujgrtrd{utgii:PLh
dtft[Frlia.oJnrdlb/!4tds.dfi]+'
HDtantuttu$
rM 4tr
Mi6rqs
ron rhenF Mh edior
N6iei!'liftehfug4}i'@u1B2A{
&e,uhi
suBhF
d d€ bic.
sod
&!rdb,
b.bFd
A'idbi
eBr
c!
t
etr@id
LielL*ic
ad blt J@sr *drba6l
iid p!tr.rc d rhenn$r hNic tsuiFod !!ci
tun. h nE bnuhq4 e. tN,4 dii&a, kuid
&/B de" & li4lict i{$L burai4 d r hrbi.
rh. PLnFe{ng
lf hh,ehry
d&'ni
b Hd44
qr ht!turq!
11t 6
(iP shw&l
;bidl
w N Ds
'thj6,1'l,,4uhl-i!i&4*
sN,c' w' ds} csj6.fuPdqgnD '.
( jln&!hk' { t' slh4J4ilqu.
sdF",
snoierd
rn nr@i. t@4ii,rlrl{
erd.,
Ld44'qdd.tanq.]fuAbttMr4d!B'|w
od;rh
l!r$nf)
&sh. rn 6oltrn
r4nF
r ,ddr
r shnh $1 {A
eAi i s s d
dris. h{Ldi
rlLhini,A
fd
ti4d 4 &,r! rrlots$l
Fr@,{ r,rir. orrri d; rnP,{r
tfllne,
&r4et,r,Bhhi
im o,,
A. Ds
!i,h
nrh4
&41n<{dhicFb.lolsDddJffddTiP
an$k Pdr id,{di
sofldviB$
rj rcdro,
h tr!r;6 t d4 lir'! M"rd. turrr
urds!r!,
ds A, larid eid
iii4o,
,mhn r44,
eh&/{r/r,
d w rrcPrd,
dei31
r$di'ft/
!i tublfudr ad{
r! ! r.ri
D{doe
rqs'
, I r$ Nlidhrdc riid( cr15 ru)
lieh' tr yh{ !IlBhPjttdJdaol nN !.J
dtirc(
hmq,A,.idl!
M &dihe Fo $4$,tM$n4r
!d L r thrd,24r$
us
I'!!itu,rde.tor,
lu,N
tht tott h4tu1. Brin
*FEmN'rhfti
/,4h{
rreir
t,6ti
I h€ chliDbpidhcse. h ot3[ iir'
l*r!tr, j !s
.,itri
d c B &d, *!47
d.y4&Pd,
4^hd
/! r,i6sb ldd
Nos AEena Jlrdr old4he
!!rrN
s,iid)
$d)
B h\nerh.1$e
sinb!. M ,, ard A !
co|4yd
R!trdL se.rmi]@isd
ii iijoflfi
I Fihn"J*i,
d R
d.did]@,s
ftqw/i
ynid€a
.ile{eA'ddbl,!i!,Mqb'
k@R[]%cdolild&'llykFikbe,
ho@! crot
v!8idi. c,rrieriru
4'Nt'err6?'
.1e3t kw)
-.$2
edDqr,
rddh
f,.
rl tu tuidq M.\
cptw
r4;,
uEid
0 frre
arnnan,
AdrF
Mi4revt&ffiqfi{
ai'b
d mrenr &@|E
!ve,
c ., s r. ,ertlo
iad * c. Mrrd as
eqd tu irtd
aty @dc
t tu,dN
4r
q!tu
v,xr,
vrqitu Deei
!, Miilnr RF
b a4
Nq6i
ol auqia sihth
ctr
qd nitn],e,tu
4 tr.
utr66 Di6trdMrft€r ^+h,r
wqE'rDr,Milwld|Pl|iBlnhtk'd'
r( d Em+Fnh.
d5. Mdd uEr,
sc,ore
tr4d.
a.
(-25M.)
F $pdo .rem sdi,!!i!
ntinar\26.
ht
fuulh
fvsd
( I!
rc$ iorns (Ri, Rr rt
hdqdie
c@rMs$cs
inolber, tu) n6Nd
haf, r&r!y 8Fn.h !nQ*b(
Rv) fttund
b6h, vinh u€d, menbq rt riyroc!flc
bash,
snalls ( Il,Rr)
bd.reidred
,ldiLd,
TABIX 2
cy?hrJ 4r.., r., R., R!, Rr)
or
i sPP frc, rs, k, {!; Rr)
ctofidi,rys 4d r (s.hidrq ind M(ftiruu
re3) rcv !on5. (Rqbdionym
Drru4r!.
4.&ri schdffu ind McDutrd 1%l
(rt rs, Rc, Rl R')
Drrwry*! qra{d
/@n dr4 ri0,,!trtr"
(uunbmri)ron':re.
a.'. u! , oi,{,ri. Foiahc
A Ei ,froprlyl,B todahs
A /.
' ui dNiri/d'f tufbin.
$rcoPblynj
chd./rrbrsni,r
!nLdqrificd baics({0
aN$bqry) hd (-
c
d 4 ' ,d 6 q ih lo n te e Pb tslo in d|.
c/d'p]ldGPqld@'i'io6*FonbjncPblcl
chrrc,dldi Do,io]ll4 (Rtu,si ) Btungnh*
rcw slns
d L{l.!w
(tu)
ncw 8!nus .r ,],inm,4dd
Gn
cdrlt,no ,inr dsi tEhnons) Bo.r (
l!.ivrPrc,'iwli.mbFodihemdr' ,he,riii Fdnhho Pb&\ 4, 5, ,nd e.
cv*oFft
d{/i 8Gk, 6und onry r 1!h1!r
o@oF,4
|ldnrryr lrodacc)Bo.L, tu!
ftDoP*4ii!a.fu.1'i'laFln|nifui;
trEDr uddqmicd
61Dsa0
Efltdisrd0!fudBod,dtli$uGhdLyE
udee'iEd
eeth and sdre (tu)
+is'r4
ied!, (Dubry) Bo.k. Plar r
ontt
ctrid4rd
(!ortee)
ddor
8xk,
6uM
ory
*
,4t4i!lot.74hd,s$lntdwtrb
Nd//d[s
srbrxm
orilt4!
$dfu (Emmo|'
5@3sitr5 dt@
(^shi re6e)
s,r/$nrs
den d i tr< ft4j 6rid
&@
(
nnqql
-
rlrdrr/!4rrs
Bdk, po$Lblo rprudw'ic
$riiud
d Mid1hN4trtrr
r44d4
round
'
(Roses) s.6ihps,
4i$rrd?i
i@l,,Ird
uiy
1Rqq4 slhiipsi
d$
Jtq,
cj,i";,r,h!".,,.",",",..,",,.".,",.d
",c"tu..
crrltDn
r^nirf
Bek ( = c ftr
lNelb.ry)
plyDForaho
rossibr$y(ryn
cftdo,ndr
i,/ll&h toaahe.6rd
r viinks n
n
rthpl'dtb
lihrri
aa.r t= bmhtm66
sDirrt Fohhr), 6u!d iorMrhhbi
dd NrsisP{N
bqqaaq,
(cqad,
caePP]t t= .
ree).
Latu
d
r{,r'dmr
cr4,![ru
Pb4ir/r@ 3rrldr,
lbsim. onr4rJr,
(rDntu4
dsr4i
(6rrr)
Pdtdi,
,t r N*hoa"
ln
6utrd d Mararhhn
PrDrrryxrfl brrra (Lidby & !dbn) @v
ani
thrbi. odrut4r4n rer0, (Lid€y &
Hdbn) 6daic r$t, rouqdn Midbdriu.
trbn4bd by tu$r
046) i eeP tuei frod.
z{irsrdre
fultryrD
lhsba
I
TABI-E 3:
ir'ir;,
P!ru/ryriD
,kaplLi,
i wdbrP@k
pha6 EhooE (= Adioh,&F*
rArtqra
irudue
r! rdd'Lr h4{etu Lhdhy & rlnon 1= Prr
4qbiroiii!9,
$tuchrlJ irh chrrrcpd ind
Pt6|1|!na|bih4.!4|kb2c
rMdi,/6
(nqo t foirih!,
rdirritu
N
N( {d wrh cr{ddp4n lnd .bo&/rDr
lsPfto,
s.[
tu^d;dr *wjrhrPocr P,! 6
r@4iitu dd b&, lbr d r r{ tun;
4'fr
,,.nhr+,e4
drtird
(hhDe)
lrl]nbdr
Bsry ( =
j\r,;l$,er
tRiscEt tudhe ,nd
Brcsnnd) Phr! L.
'0ft4r
nF$lfi
P4
'4?'ii
zd /4e,ii
,,!Dh'
wrdh
r ,rci6rhr fDurL oir
s/.ied
sP']@PIves'h,giBodrht2'
r,e,rcPr,n! rrdF (tnmom) Bkk ( = .. /nir&
!4 Fdiitr),
ds4ikd
ldy wnh chr,Pbrn;
dr rLrdi,e
rl,rc/n
,n8b6
loct
rouid i*
whrspqk
n@. m6b
tonubo fsl,
nlY @4b
hdihe
b3rt,
P,'ol]!/iD
i(r$o
o4 h cunbqhid
(EnnoB) 6nd^q
r6nd
aio, v4inh cirowir€
hd
PaL, riiriubd
by *iB
{ns
/.ud*.!r4?oq6rtrr(8!nbury)f.dibc
chdrDrdis
z4inoitf
(irrhsn.) Bffg
cjrrtuFrru
srcLe66
(.mnonr
n. nih
6..k ( =
^tri
DdloP'lllfi,P,6undod'inD4PRu]bsb
sm r$reE {e 3 , 12 cn lLde 5y $r
'fle,I6rid@d'itrcB@rid;tinsbkbyn,
rr6dr6 !r!^i (!uob(y) bcr Phr r.
Mr'toh,ibr
mnr,4r
ltuga!) $hrdPer
,h.drtdrrri
trctusit$t
d,Fiiih
(tu)sd5) shhPo,
kr6 (Bunbury) !o!hi&
rhc,3
N?Wh4r6 ui{himh
(6nbhc) Bsry { =
scdol!,
lRosst FodihL .nd
/,,n!r/6
dr4{r.
ira,r6
BoBnhn). fhb r
k4iuirs
b'ri6hrrur (Roslt .odahq sso.n
Prto/,f//'
dtuiau
cePFd
Phrs 16md t
s ? n 1 l 3 h ' *! L N $ , 6 *|q fl 'i 'n 6 6 'l 'l d j
UPpfiL,ll.oobin6gmaiiyL?Ij{.
,PP , &E/0ri6
sPP. (Phrc 2r,
'rs 2), lr!?s,
qrd!'rLrrlgc
i.
(1au n,
r), iird moFnuoDs
^o
tnu,llha. c&t turqv !r|"tm.
M.k8r6
hrhtB. Dtty!fl\k
4 5P..
TABLE5
r,
4) nrd
wirh (mDon $dr
hft ^omiA lPlare 2r, no o in a sriy
no+eo
qlhtcd
noodPhir dja
3 5 c &l '@ki m& & d .4 & !,8
no 3) h bresnd4
,P.otr!1,
.'dq,'d!
d r rD
ii (Dr4}qt}')
anoE,
turMmk
&@,rdk rjdLy & Huno. ( = P
,4u6' hddn4,
src.n€d Nlh crr,oPrab
d*e
,nr Pqhlwt
twu1Mt
ivrhhrptr
riBhr 8ny $ndt .nbbo€ 6FE,
Phtvrrhut
Innnkmn
coeppsr l= c. bwrcdwn
PkFpr!/l!
k]rtud (r iirlE
@ob. lhnoi. cre{,4y[
& Hdtun) hddis
fst
cqo h hlp Rrys iroE
& rlurbi) rq
(Lide
'nhdnkd
'4ri4,
by tul
rhbb;tuh24
sb}1t'ldllhDlinnq.sbg.crGr
h,rdr6
irlktru
(Bohry)
c!dqrnr.!di@3r,nmoN)
a?4qunfiifti'!ruId/P6'!id'
.1kr*
qhri
Mrrchd'r4tr
M&nrMi,l'urr
'*
Guiery)
LDlr4u$
My,&ri
&d
0bpB)
!hrrrr{4
tbrb
6nhhe.
kk(=
&@
(to fin ilr
in!i,.'r
.!drs
k&i@n
tu6h
(wb.
i6t.
hb
r.ne G'dqE)
kr ( = &i,r nr,i
trtrft
/tu torrriG). Phr !d r1i|e 2a no e.
d. s/@qr'.i
,rer4i tuk. e€ ,i rk 2r,
Phk Ir fraF ,3,
aurd @d0i tonhft (h Fmhhe lnd
6owlo'
13s)i 6ui otrry6 rrrcw,colnr'
s(hhper
(nosN) $hinpei
fld.
rsqn crulr). ndc turPr,r!r{, io !e
2'5 .&&derdd/diy'
!7'Mkujqh.i|@itfu
4tM|enc
rdbe!b,,4d.d
esiqwtud'tuM
I- t.66h)
turhrh
stktdtG
btstii
E8itkdts
DrDrryb/
*hdk
sp.'
c = c4pr@
o€ridophyb, spEreprrte or rlophyh)
c = Blnrelpqn
(drh'y Nlnd
h ibpd!. of liy dhq 4 dun)
kG!!tr$ 3ono6 03*j rsr
Ged st)i ctrEr otzbt 06
ForLi@ (@)' wMrd lrd tude! oes); Rr
(drE(re39; R c H!p! (pq' @Dos,
d d. lres), as6r[
'
a (|Qr o. lsdidLn
h'
odr)
:;
5h+DlrpRtlbsnmqdbdP!|iNfbn
N = drr,' niddL Nqhn oiPcPc' G
R = hb Ndd! (nbdbij
crr.p.q
c!frylbus, ,nd Ne{dk bsi!
rryidbi
(jtrn ipik nnsrnnr
B J. = bier JUE$I \cm{
ku
ri! LNr) piirndoc.
{& r nddschePod!ndhs!o
F$rd
in rh 5ucadis
(rcu$q)
e|od
I
o = iunbqdPavroflsds
(^unbodPdynoooryn
{
=
^n$
o. +ii6cd
a
F!
(ob!i!6)
6!Eb6o!.
a
(*)
of Pdynofloruts
o = 'dq
ftrynotud zo (cdid, srrr'
(Dubt
-
dP| Foro?tuPs
= Aqs d amiffon'
(dbr)
(\h6rh.
rtuh4'ulhri6ri'(mDrtN
L'3l&h.dulls'dufumlili&hd(mmnP&d.4ogEfuo||.,!sF'*lo(rdm
5ebqq(sdnnufilh$|(trn!
THE FONTAINE AND BOCK
RICHMONDTTJLORSTfl IE FIOXA
A|phe|ic|LslgfrthP|'bkl.Gffi
*ddid
tiitrlrt{r,
Gdery)
*&,qrddI{ili|Dfueh')
cU4jL64fu(N{&fy)&d
cf'rrtivw
{drdd!
(bhdr
M
c[dAi!d,A?knl(6iiioB*r
!n1,rr4,
sDiiii,u, Fsh
L' rrirr.rvrr4i
(!Dmd) &!!
&tr k,!i/!4.m!r4
! (e8s)
kDh,r/d
'4itfu
!P. thkb
^{i|llr{
(r&8flt
bflioh
is
irbd6
k eu,lrddnft h{\
,tur (rrNi!) [xr
)
sP€de
dk hdrn.d
Dudurbtrs { dued
idF@d b iiu"€'ioi
frcn Fon6e (4e) ind
en4,tr@
sP orid!
erjd,
himr)
,A
.{,M
EIr ise lit.s
tich n o td ? nti t
L e p to c) c1 o t.t
o ^ ./ica n(
Sphenopteris
titholeti
Clathropterit
netis.oides
Plar6
3
ct.thoJorna
.dratin.nsis
k
Crathotorna
crdthaJorna
cdratiae'sn
penti.a.po
C!d t hoc at t is
ca.otinersis
P td ri.lo c d rli s
Pteridocoalis
I hbmbifot nit
Jatialis
Acrottl.htt.t
ti,na.a.lolluN
Plare7
M.rt.nsid.t
brllatrs
Al.1.h.nit.t
distan!
t . ! lo p h o r o
a . t u ! i t h o id .t
Adn"rslk
*tffiH"
-wdil
clathoJorna
Mzrt.nsid.s
nrntiratpd
hallara
c t, d.ph!" is'"
Lon c h o p t . r i s
o b l o ig a
"
u tt" t. a ta
ctrdophl.bk
Ct rdophl.b i !
auti.(lata
p t . r n o q h i t bie tsis
CIaA.Phl.bit
fl.ricona
WWffi
A c I os ti c hite'
t tnnaeaetottu s
A
\$,
M a.roto I alortz ris naEniloti a
M{
u,c,oiii'"iopaas
nas" ilalia
ratnioPat*
dd innt d
Ma.rota.niopt?tis
Tria:siJbrn.t
ffi
stdndilo.n
P h t o p h !llt' n
b r u u n id .tn
P Ir o p n r llr r t
Er n r n ilo tiL r t
Sph.nozanir.t
rogersialrs
M,
V
M
M
Po daz t nit . s
ldt.eolatrt
^ss.cir..d
g
w:lfi lt.toPhrlhn
Plale 20
PfiOIOCX.AIfllc
rut'ls
s,rsrtdr kb
16
ffi.1d,.tA.r$^.fr!k
d.|d.frdfr''q'*&'d
{qtFdl{g(.4!e6qdk
q,'e4dtue6drr*
s1 ful3u. & bl' D q e ' L d b d ' y ,
!Trejh|hi5l!lll!!lt!l1ePl.bG
@@i
h r*!$
M rl tud *rr
sdrs!4i{
!$iq
nLJnlrre
dytr e4 cd r'd rqrit
*rbi I rit rn* !:hr ,5
{EFix)166dlPdsk6oacfrhq
qnnql'@}th[trrylIDlIi'Joi6
d?,lBdqfuh4Rui'Lilb!'y,
,m,fr{r
Mr
&d4d
M.
Afuht$4
rmdq
turkd{.rb
n64
re
6r h
M15|P,db6d|94dr'&.hd'
*@ t d kdt
tu6dr!dv&13odr.liF1).
'EdF'llkl6|,6d14lFi
E6''d!.'hhFn'd!|qd'+d
E4tud.drEqE
b
4
qdtuqd
qPibebt'!s4F
Fno!!.tudres,|4bbri+
fu'didft+d.ndjk
Fll&lw.kfful'lds*'d
s
s 6 t d q t ' d ' d l h P f u i P l d h |l 'l
M.7
L+*d{!.d
erd[trPru
a@cR}Phdh
s<,hi r r4ii vFrs hkry!
hrr6 rq (d4 f6!r
hdbB n'rf
hIFd'bsrxlb'ut!r'lElkuh
oner6@trdL$r,,asEiir'ip
grollffck3
d&N'wi.i|N!i,
rd
'!|&.\i.'ldtM|LRrrldd'r't}
b3
AJan66dr5
s,d'irinrkb
s*.srdDrdt
r, rq*dtu
t
15
6 ,/ffiqrdqri*
3r*lcdcrd
bm,
kderd*
krh
,, 6
rEde
h.i
rt(tuuo !) r.{r ri (d4rEh
M 6 M&*dtoi!
i !4risd
|d' gnllr .,ii( k' lnatqn.b'qtur
rly'H|'P|*fr..w'*ls|
M 17dglr *.r t*' gr ycd' l.h.F
x, edtrte
*'F
1 1'6 eq*
,1'it!c!,ehitlFd'Fllt
M r
str.!eri,,,
hdstd*
*dd
bEr dhkiFkis
slsc(*
rsd rdry
r, rm Fhd
n 6rL
P,hr
h tdtr.h.
No. r0 .4ria
.p r(a). srqr ( id
9 , d l ' c ! a | h ,'.|6 [i !l h E a |,5
d*cr*nrx).6t'li*i|h(4blk&ti$diGry'fudqF*
M n h d b ' Pr ' w l s q g GrP $ d kn l }
tuln
rdbh''awBso',dd
aq*de!'4
!&rFiMd.qLsk,tr{!Bb
Mt
phd
adrrsn!l'6lanrdr6tjry
risho $d6r
c-' Frn
kbr lM.npL*td,llr l.&$
!hns4*
en'bnphk ndis r, ir{ Drrl b,6er 13
lFdlN[)sJ'.nNidoEuhtrlll3h)lli
dMiEd"
'u+dornlokdv''lh4i!],h
e,
ao4!1tr, n4nffl
sls.drPld
!'ygdlg+{rkbr,lM!!'!hi
,91ngwll9tsdlDih!fu6d)
spr Er br br Fbr r dd;dihdll9tldFfu'h(i7pdh
kd,
ftd@dald€Ns
md Eilebmr
h
6e bdr*
pphtuMondddTaylodle
lfu
pevid. Se bd dMkd
tad.Nuandfl@tuha*nNdd
hed.a.Ttuf,okdfttutu,
lFFas,
*nr
Sdopfir,
F k w h F 6 i e * Ih d d 6 a d
Cfadal.E,
and cffift.
ffi-ile
E@s
*o
ledtus€ehss
c()E
hd
ilusrftn:
h s€ hd
h
SpeF
kre
FGd€
Insecb
k6
kffidor
5ft5
and
6r
d rrtu!.d.
0f h.d.a
tudle@deaeqFb#
Mrview
d tb tlora dd IauM of th.
tudhfiddftrydpdd
tu Dyl(Ml€
bh,
*bl.
aho gi4
ffi@hontuh%ftEdekp
tuhM,whdb,srnffidde
ednond
hq.
k
h
d
Bb
tu@&' tude@d,
ddE ddg
rk Cddar
a the {h
f,d
dwairy
was 6. h4he* tu any
N.@ksel:lwa968&s.